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Case Study: The Kennewick Man
The most contentious case in the history of NAGPRA, and one of the stimuli in moving this legislation forward was the case of the Kennewick Man. In 1996, human skeletal remains were found by canoers along the bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, WA. Upon further inspection this skeleton, dubbed Kennewick Man, turned out to be 8,400 years old and at the time was one of the most complete skeletons ever found in North America. The primary basis of these results were radiometric tests to determine the age and the inspection of the skeleton by several trained osteologists. Once Kennewick’s age and origins were discovered, scientists immediately recognized the significance of these remains to understanding the peopling of the Americas by over the last 13,000 years.
Almost as soon as Kennewick Man was discovered to be an early American, the Columbia River Basin Indian tribes also recognized that this individual was likely a distant relative and, therefore, could be repatriated (returned) under NAGPRA. The primary basis of their case was oral history of the peopling of this area and long-term residence of contemporary tribes which indicated he was a direct tribal ancestor. The problem? Under NAGPRA "cultural affiliation" is usually determined using burial goods, burial style, and other "archaeological" (read "scientific") markers of culture. Oral history is not considered evidence of cultural affiliation.
Thus was born the ethical and legal dilemma:
Under NAGPRA the remains did not have to be legally returned.
Scientists working on the remains argued the following:
To repatriate unaffiliated remains would be unethical as Native Americans are not monolithic and contemporary groups’ burial practices aren’t identical to their early ancestors; in other words, Columbia River Basin tribal burial practices are different today than they were 8,000 or more years ago.
From the standpoint of beneficence, these remains belonged to all of humanity not just these descendants. To rebury these remains without studying them could set research on early diseases, ways of life, etc. back centuries.
Tribal leaders working on getting the remains repatriated argued the following:
It would be unethical to keep remains unburied and in a museum given long-term cultural norms about the dead.
From the standpoint of nonmaleficence and autonomy, the tribal leaders noted that this ancestor had not consented to being studied (much like Henrietta Lacks in the 1950s) and this individual and the community would be harmed by not being able to decide the fate of Kennewick Man’s remains.
Over the decades Kennewick Man went from storage to research lab to storage and finally was placed in permanent storage in 2002. On February 17, 2017, more than twenty years after his remains were found, Kennewick Man’s skeleton was returned to the earth in a private, unmarked location. While the issue has technically been resolved, the ethical dilemmas from this scenario continue to inform the way researchers think about further research.

President Johnson's plan focused on a more lenient and quick restoration of the Southern states, the Radical Republicans in Congress pursued a more ambitious agenda that sought to protect the rights of freed slaves and establish a more equitable society through legislation and military intervention.

President Johnson's Reconstruction plan, known as Presidential Reconstruction, aimed at quickly reintegrating the Southern states into the Union.

On the other hand, the Radical Republicans in Congress, led by figures like Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, advocated for a more aggressive and comprehensive approach known as Congressional Reconstruction.

The Radical Republicans also implemented military occupation of the South, divided it into military districts, and required the states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment as a condition for readmission to the Union.

This approach aimed to ensure the enforcement of civil rights and prevent former Confederates from regaining power and subverting the rights of African Americans.

Hence, The Reconstruction plans of President Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress differed in their approach towards restoring the Southern states and the rights of freed slaves.

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Answer:

The United States Constitution

Explanation:

The document that provided a model plan of government to other nations is the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States, ratified in 1788, established a framework for the federal government and outlined the powers and structure of its branches. It served as a model for many other countries around the world as they sought to establish or revise their own systems of government. The principles of the U.S. Constitution, such as separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights, have influenced the development of constitutional law and governance in numerous countries.

Answer:

Lewis and Clark reached the country of the Nez Perce on the Clearwater River in Idaho, and left their horses for dugout canoes. From there they made their way down the Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia rivers, reaching the Pacific Ocean by November 1805.Sep 16, 2020

The phrase that best completes the graphic organizer is "OC. Causes of  World War I.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, as mentioned in the graphic, was one of the key events that triggered the outbreak of World War I. The assassination took place on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, when a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke and his wife. This event heightened tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, eventually leading to a series of diplomatic and military actions that culminated in the war.

The graphic also mentions that powerful countries were locked into alliances with small countries. This refers to the complex system of alliances that had been established among European nations prior to the war. These alliances were intended to provide mutual defense and deter aggression. However, when one country in an alliance was attacked, it resulted in a domino effect, pulling other countries into the conflict. For example, Austria-Hungary's ally, Germany, became involved when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Additionally, the graphic mentions that the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires began to weaken. This refers to the declining power and influence of these empires in the years leading up to World War I. The weakening of these empires created power vacuums and heightened tensions in the regions they controlled, contributing to the overall instability that led to the outbreak of the war.

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The Slave Dynasty, also known as the Mamluk Dynasty, was a period of Islamic rule in Delhi, India, from the 13th to the 16th century. It was established by a group of Turkish slaves who rose to power and became sultans of Delhi.

The Slave Dynasty in India began in 1206 when Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a Turkish slave of the Ghurid dynasty, established himself as the Sultan of Delhi. The dynasty was known for its lineage of rulers who were of slave origin. They were military commanders and bureaucrats who had been brought to India as slaves and eventually became powerful rulers.

The dynasty's influence on architecture, administration, and the arts can still be seen in various historical monuments and structures in Delhi and other parts of India.

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The specific action was taken to stand up for the rights and laws designed to protect the Chickasaw people by Tishominko. One notable example of his dedication was his involvement in the negotiation and signing of the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek in 1832.

Tishominko, a respected figure among the Chickasaw people, demonstrated his commitment to upholding the rights and laws designed to protect his community through his courageous actions.

The Treaty of Pontotoc Creek was an agreement between the United States government and the Chickasaw Nation. Tishominko played a significant role in these negotiations, advocating for the rights and well-being of his people. Through his efforts, he sought to secure fair and just terms that would protect the Chickasaw's land and sovereignty.

Tishominko's involvement in the treaty negotiations showcased his commitment to upholding the rights of the Chickasaw people. By actively participating in these discussions, he aimed to ensure that the treaty would provide adequate protections for his community's interests, including their land, resources, and self-governance.

Tishominko's actions demonstrate his dedication to standing up for the rights and laws designed to safeguard the Chickasaw people's well-being and preserve their cultural heritage. His role as a leader and advocate for his community showcases his unwavering commitment to honor and dignity in the face of challenges.

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The incentives of the colonists and the Virginia Company differed in their motivations and goals. The colonists sought personal and economic opportunities, while the Virginia Company aimed to establish profitable ventures and expand English influence in the New World.

The colonists who migrated to Virginia in the early 17th century were driven by various incentives. Many sought economic opportunities, such as the chance to acquire land, establish successful farms, and engage in profitable trade.

Others were motivated by the desire for religious freedom, political autonomy, or the chance to start anew in a new land. The colonists were primarily focused on their individual goals and aspirations, aiming to improve their own lives and secure their own prosperity.

Overall, while the colonists had personal and economic motivations, the Virginia Company was primarily driven by the desire for profitable ventures and the advancement of English interests in the colonization of Virginia.

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The new Iranian government prioritizes the preservation of fundamental Islamic principles and the rights of the public.

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In the 1800s, some politicians wanted Indigenous people to adopt White culture. This idea was called: a. assimilation.

The correct option is: a. assimilation.

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The term for the 1800s idea of Indigenous people adopting White culture is assimilation. This was a wide-spread ideology enforced by politicians and authorities, often resulting in the loss of indigenous cultures and languages.

In the 1800s, there was an ideology among some politicians that called for Indigenous people to adopt White culture. This idea, termed as assimilation, was based on the belief that it would be easier to merge the cultures and eliminate cultural differences rather than maintaining separate and distinct cultures. This ideology not only affected the native inhabitants of the Americas, but Indigenous peoples around the world.

Assimilation promoted the European lifestyle, compelling Indigenous tribes to abandon their traditional practices and customs in favor of those of the Western world. Politicians and authorities in the involved countries often enforced these policies, leading to numerous injustices and often resulting in the loss of indigenous cultures and languages.

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Answer:

A. Developed

Explanation:

The answer "A. Developed" is the most appropriate because a high life expectancy and literacy rate are commonly associated with developed economies. Developed countries typically have well-established healthcare systems that contribute to longer life expectancies. Additionally, they prioritize education, resulting in higher literacy rates and a skilled workforce. These indicators reflect a higher level of economic and social development, aligning with the characteristics of developed nations.

Answer:

It is further anticipated that by 2050, without appropriate response, coastal Louisiana will lose an additional 630,000 acres of coastal marshes, swamps, and islands. This coastal trend indicates loss of land and increased vulnerability to storms and other natural disasters.

Explanation:

The name of the civil rights leader that best completes the title of the graphic is option B. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a prominent figure in the American civil rights movement and advocated for nonviolent resistance as a means to achieve equality and justice.

King strongly believed in civil disobedience as a tool for challenging unjust laws and practices. He emphasized the importance of peaceful protests and demonstrations to bring attention to racial inequality and discrimination. Through his leadership, he promoted the principles of nonviolent resistance, inspired by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.

Another aspect of King's political views was his commitment to desegregation. He fought against racial segregation in various aspects of American society, including schools, transportation, and public spaces. King believed in the inherent dignity and equality of all individuals, regardless of their race, and worked towards creating a more inclusive and integrated society.

On the opposing side, King strongly opposed expressions of violence as a means of achieving social and political change. He emphasized the power of love, understanding, and peaceful dialogue in resolving conflicts and advancing civil rights. King also criticized political compromises that perpetuated racial injustice, advocating for comprehensive and transformative change.

In contrast to racial separatism, King advocated for racial integration and unity. He believed in the importance of breaking down barriers between different racial groups and promoting equality and cooperation.

Overall, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s political views were rooted in nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, desegregation, opposition to violence, rejection of political compromises, and a vision of racial unity and equality .The correct answer is b.

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The complete question is :

Political Views of __?____

Supported:

*Civil disobedience

*Nonviolent resistance

*Desegregation

Opposed:

*Expressions of violence

*Political compromises

*Racial separatism

The name of which civil rights leader best completes the title of the graphic?

A. Booker T. Washington

B. Martin Luther King, Jr.

C. Stokely Carmichael

D. Malcolm X

This statement is false. Instead, the correct statement is "The earliest civilizations developed in fertile river valleys, not in the mountains."

In conclusion, it is important to recognize that the earliest civilizations emerged in fertile river valleys, where access to water and fertile soil provided the foundation for agricultural prosperity and the development of complex societies.

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Answer:

. Her pioneering work paved the way for the modern digital age and motivates future generations to pursue STEM careers.

Answer:

The answer is D.

Explanation:

After the civil war ended, the system of sharecropping became more white prevalent as a way for white landowners to exploit newly freed African American slaves and poor farmers.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

since sharecroppers were African Americans working ex-confederate farms but had to pay back landowners for produce, but never got out of debt with the high interest the landowners asked for, so the in-debt sharecroppers had to work to pay off impossible debt.(worked forever practically)

Option A is the correct option. Statement best summarizes American business in the 1950s is A. American companies found new markets both at home and overseas.

During the 1950s, American business experienced a period of economic growth and expansion. The end of World War II and the subsequent post-war boom led to increased consumer demand and prosperity. American companies capitalized on this favorable environment by finding new markets both domestically and internationally.

At home, the demand for consumer goods surged as the population experienced a rise in income and standard of living. American companies catered to this demand by producing a wide range of products, including appliances, automobiles, and other consumer goods.

Moreover, American companies also expanded their operations overseas, taking advantage of post-war rebuilding efforts in Europe and other regions. The Marshall Plan provided aid to European countries, leading to increased trade and investment opportunities for American businesses.

Overall, the 1950s marked a period of economic prosperity and growth for American business. Companies found new markets both at home and overseas, driving industrial production, consumer spending, and economic expansion.

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Which statement best summarizes American business in the 1950s?

A. American companies found new markets both at home and overseas.   B. Manufacturers struggled to return to civilian manufacturing, and many went bankrupt.

C. American companies faced increased competition from overseas companies that were willing to undersell them.

D. The construction industry benefited from increased home ownership, but other industries declined.

Answer:

Explanation:

the last Ottoman Sultan was Mehmed VI (also known as Mehmed Vahideddin). He reigned from 1918 until the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1922. There were no recorded instances of Mehmed VI being abducted during his reign.

However, it's worth noting that the last Sultan faced significant challenges and political upheaval during his time as ruler. The Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, and Mehmed VI's reign coincided with the final years of World War I and the subsequent Turkish War of Independence. The empire was disintegrating, and there were various factions and movements seeking to establish a new order in the region.

Ultimately, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led the Turkish National Movement and established the Republic of Turkey, effectively ending the Ottoman Sultanate. Mehmed VI was deposed and went into exile in 1922. He lived the remainder of his life in various European countries until his death in 1926.

The correct answer is option D. Under the Monroe Doctrine, the United States promised to fight any European country that sought new colonies in the Americas.

In conclusion, Under the Monroe Doctrine, the United States promised to fight any European country that sought new colonies in the Americas.

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Answer:

C. Borrowing from the citizens of the southern states was not a significant form of financing for the American Civil War. The Confederacy primarily relied on other forms of financing, such as printing paper money (known as "graybacks"), selling cotton-backed bonds in Europe, and borrowing from foreign governments and banks. While some individual citizens may have lent money to the Confederacy, this was not a major source of funding for the war effort. The Union, on the other hand, primarily financed the war through increased taxes and the sale of government bonds to its own citizens.

The Catholic order which was most prominent in the early colonial period and encouraged syncretism with mass baptisms were the Franciscans. These religious orders were instrumental in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, in which they were used as a tool of cultural assimilation to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.

The Catholic order which was most prominent in the early colonial period and encouraged syncretism with mass baptisms were the Franciscans. These religious orders were instrumental in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, in which they were used as a tool of cultural assimilation to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.Franciscans were the first religious order to arrive in the Americas in 1523, and they were an essential part of the Spanish colonial project. The Franciscans' goal was to establish missions and teach Catholicism to the indigenous population. They encouraged syncretism, which is the blending of religious beliefs and practices. Mass baptisms were used to convert entire communities of indigenous people to Catholicism. They also established schools where they taught indigenous people how to read and write in Spanish. Their educational and conversion efforts were part of a larger campaign to create a more docile and controllable indigenous population that was loyal to the Spanish crown.Their efforts resulted in the cultural and religious syncretism that is present in many Latin American countries today. The Franciscans were instrumental in the colonization of Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. They played a significant role in the conversion of indigenous peoples and the establishment of the Catholic Church in the Americas.

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The Regulator Movement primarily focused on the rebellion of North Carolina farmers. Therefore, option b is correct.

The Regulator Movement was a colonial-era uprising that took place in North Carolina during the 1760s and 1770s. It was driven by grievances of backcountry farmers and settlers against corrupt officials, high taxes, and unfair practices.

The Regulators, as they were known, organized themselves to demand lower taxes, more transparent government, and improved access to justice.

The movement culminated in clashes with government forces, particularly during the Battle of Alamance in 1771. Although ultimately suppressed, the Regulator Movement highlighted discontent and played a role in the lead-up to the American Revolution.

Therefore, option b is correct.

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Answer:

The correct answer is A. Before the Constitution could go into effect, 9 out of 13 states were required to approve it. This is known as the ratification process, and it was outlined in Article VII of the Constitution. After the Constitution was drafted at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, it had to be sent to the states for ratification. The ratification process was intense and involved a great deal of debate and discussion, with supporters of the Constitution (known as Federalists) and opponents (known as Anti-Federalists) arguing over the proper role of the federal government and the protection of individual rights. Ultimately, the Constitution was ratified by 9 states by 1788 and went into effect in 1789.

Answer: Robert Clive, who led the company's 3,000-person army, became Bengal's governor and began collecting taxes and customs, which were then used to purchase Indian goods and export them to England. The company then built on its victory and drove the French and Dutch out of the Indian subcontinent.

Explanation: YIPPPEEE

The partition of France and Britain to the former territories of the Ottoman Empire was a betrayal of their promise of independence made during World War I due to geopolitical interests and the pursuit of colonial control.

During World War I, France and Britain issued declarations and made promises to various ethnic and national groups within the Ottoman Empire, including Arabs, Kurds, and Armenians, that they would support their aspirations for independence and self-determination. However, after the war, instead of fulfilling these promises, the two powers engaged in a process of partitioning the former Ottoman territories for their own strategic and economic interests.

The primary motivation behind this betrayal was the pursuit of colonial control and influence in the region. France and Britain sought to establish their dominance and maintain a grip on the valuable resources and trade routes in the Middle East. They aimed to secure access to oil reserves, maintain control over crucial waterways like the Suez Canal, and establish spheres of influence that would serve their economic and geopolitical interests.

In the process of partitioning the Ottoman territories, the principles of self-determination and independence for the local ethnic and national groups were disregarded. The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 between Britain and France, for example, divided the region into separate spheres of influence, primarily serving the interests of the colonial powers. This led to the creation of artificial borders that often ignored the cultural, ethnic, and religious realities of the local populations.

Moreover, the partitioning of the Ottoman territories resulted in the imposition of colonial rule and the suppression of nationalist movements. Local populations, who had fought alongside the Allies during the war with the hope of achieving independence, were left disillusioned and betrayed by the actions of France and Britain. This betrayal fueled resentment, conflicts, and instability in the region, contributing to long-lasting political, social, and ethnic tensions that continue to shape the Middle East today.

In summary, the partition of the former Ottoman territories by France and Britain after World War I represented a betrayal of their promises of independence and self-determination. The pursuit of colonial control, strategic interests, and economic advantages overshadowed the principles of justice, self-governance, and respect for the aspirations of the local populations. The consequences of this betrayal continue to have a profound impact on the political landscape and dynamics in the Middle East.

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The rights held by Washington's Indigenous nations include:

- To make tribal laws

- To form a government

The rights held by Washington's Indigenous nations include:

1. To make tribal laws:

2. To form a government:

3. To write new state laws:

It is important to note that the other options listed, such as ignoring federal laws, forming armies or navies, running gambling casinos, are not universally applicable rights held by Indigenous nations in Washington or elsewhere.

The rights and authorities of Indigenous nations are defined by tribal sovereignty, federal Indian law, and treaties or agreements negotiated with the U.S. government.

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Explanation:

the causes of french revolution can be narrowed to main 5 factors- the Estate system, absolutism, Enlightenment, ideas, food storage, and the Amarican revolution.The Estate system placed people into Groups based on birth and was know as Ancient Regime.

hope you understand the answer

Answer:    African Americans were granted priority access until January 1, 1867. However, a lack of agricultural resources (seeds, tools, and farm animals), the poor quality of most of the land, and persecution by whitesmade it difficult for African Americans to take advantage of this opportunity.

Explanation: does this help at all? Make sure to summarize

Answer:

The American Indians did NOT work on the railroad

Explanation: