The ribbon representation is a way to visualize the 3D structure of proteins. It is a good way to view the structure of proteins because it shows clearly the helical, pleated-sheet structures, and direction of the side chains. The major disadvantage of the ribbon representation is that it does not show the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the protein structure.
The ribbon representation is a 3D diagram format that can be used to view the structure of proteins. It shows the backbone of the protein, with arrows that represent the direction of each amino acid.
The ribbon representation provides a good way to view the structure of proteins because it helps to highlight the secondary structure of the protein.
One major disadvantage of the ribbon representation is that it can be difficult to interpret the details of the protein structure from this type of diagram.
It does not provide much detail about the individual amino acids that make up the protein and the hydrogen bonds.
Additionally, it can be less accurate than other methods of visualizing protein structure, such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.
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if you were writing about hylobates agilis and homo neanderthalensis at the same time, would you need to change your abbreviations? why or why not? if you needed to change them, what would the new abbreviations be?
Yes, you would need to change your abbreviations. The abbreviation for Hylobates agilis is H. agilis, while the abbreviation for Homo neanderthalensis is H. neanderthalensis.
If both species are being discussed in the same document, it is important to differentiate between the two. This can be done by changing the abbreviations so that they are more distinct.
For example, H. agilis could become H. a. and H. neanderthalensis could become H. n. These more distinct abbreviations will serve to avoid confusion and help differentiate which species is being referred to.
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why is less atp produced by anaerobic respiration than by aerobic respiration? anaerobic respiration does not make use of an electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration uses a final electron acceptor that is less electronegative than o2, which is used as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration does not make use of the citric acid cycle. all of these answers are correct.
Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration because anaerobic respiration does not make use of an electron transport chain. The correct answer to the question is "anaerobic respiration does not make use of an electron transport chain."
The electron transport chain is a collection of proteins that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is utilized by ATP synthase to generate ATP in the oxidative phosphorylation process.
An important point to remember is that anaerobic respiration uses a final electron acceptor that is less electronegative than O2, which is used as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. The anaerobic respiration process occurs when there is no oxygen in the body.
This lack of oxygen forces the body to convert glucose to energy through fermentation. The fermentation process generates only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. This energy production process is significantly lower than what is produced by aerobic respiration, which produces 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
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the cell membrane protects and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. which organ system is most similar to the cell membrane?
Answer:
The skin
Explanation:
spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (rbcs). what do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect?
The consequence of a defective cytoskeletal protein in red blood cells (RBCs) is spherocytosis.
Spherocytosis is a type of human blood disorder that is associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the RBCs.
Spherocytosis is a type of hemolytic anemia. It is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bloodstream.
The hallmark of spherocytosis is spherical-shaped RBCs. Because they have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio than normal RBCs, they are more easily destroyed by the spleen.
The people having spherocytosis, their red blood cells are likely to suffer from hemolysis, that means they break down too quickly.
Insufficient RBCs in the bloodstream can lead to: Shortness of breath, fatigue, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), inability to exercise.
As a result of a defective cytoskeletal protein in the RBCs, it is suspected that the consequence is spherocytosis, a type of hemolytic anemia that is characterized by a deficiency of RBCs in the bloodstream.
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Which of the following is a common danger of commercial fishing?
A.An increase in biodiversity
B.Improved water quality
C. An improved human diet
D. An increase in human fatality
Answer: D
Explanation:
tony is diagnosed with acid reflux. this is a condition in which stomach secretions which contain hydrochloric acid or hcl, regurgitate (reflux) out of the stomach and into the esophagus. stomach secretions are very acidic with a ph around 2.0. the acids damage the esophagus and it is felt as heartburn. this painful condition can be treated with over-the-counter (otc) antacids. what do you think these antacids are?
Weak bases, like sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Antacids reduce heartburn, acid indigestion, sour stomach, and stomach distress by neutralising stomach acid.
A component called simethicone, which aids in gas removal, is also found in several antacids. Aluminum and magnesium are two components found in some antacids that may result in constipation or diarrhoea.
Antacids include, for instance:
Aluminium hydroxide gelCaustia carbonate (Alka-Seltzer, Tums)hydrated magnesium (Milk of Magnesia)Rolaids, Mylanta, Maalox, Gaviscon, and GelusilPepto-BismolAn antacid should be taken exactly as prescribed by a physician or per the directions on the packaging. To get faster relief while taking the tablets, chew them thoroughly before swallowing. To avoid taking too much or using too many antacids, be sure to adhere to the label's instructions.
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explain why it is important to have a variety of organisms in a community of interacting species give an example
It is important to have a variety of organisms in a community of interacting species because each species plays a unique role in maintaining the balance and stability of the ecosystem.
A diverse community is more resilient to changes or disturbances, as it can better cope with changes in environmental conditions and species loss. For example, if a predator species were to go extinct, it could lead to a proliferation of its prey, which could in turn have cascading effects on other species in the community. Similarly, the loss of a plant species could have negative impacts on pollinators and herbivores that rely on that plant for food or habitat. Therefore, a variety of species ensures that different niches are filled and the ecosystem is more stable and sustainable.
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Please answer the questions in the image.
Obligate anaerobes are organisms that lack the catalase E-Coli bacteria and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes.
Microorganisms known as obligatory anaerobes are unable to tolerate or survive in the presence of oxygen. For their life, they are reliant on anaerobic (oxygen-free) settings. This is due to the environment that oxygen generates, which is poisonous to these species. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such superoxide anions Mnin E- Coli, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are more frequently produced in anaerobic environments. These ROS have the potential to harm cellular building blocks like proteins, lipids, and DNA, which could result in cell death.
In order to protect cells from the destructive effects of reactive oxygen species, the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase transform ROS into less dangerous molecules. Superoxide anions are changed by SOD into hydrogen peroxide, which catalase then breaks down into water and oxygen. Obligate anaerobes are extremely vulnerable to ROS damage because they lack these enzymes (Cu-Mn).
In Eukaryotic cells Obligate anaerobes can be found in many different settings, such as soil, water, and animal gastrointestinal tracts. They are crucial to numerous ecological processes, including the decomposition of organic materials, nitrogen fixation, and carbon cycling. However, some obligatory anaerobes have a crucial role in medicine because they can infect people with impaired immune systems and contribute to the development of specific diseases.
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what explains the differences among the four illustrations? is there anything that confirms or contradicts the order in which you arranged the illustrations?
The differences among the four illustrations are due to the presence of lave and mutation within the population of mice. There is no information that confirms or contradicts the order in which the illustrations are arranged.
The illustrations likely depict a population of mice with varying characteristics, such as fur color, tail length, or other physical features. These differences may be due to genetic mutations that have arisen over time or to the presence of different genetic variations within the population.
Additionally, environmental factors, such as availability of food or predation pressure, may also contribute to differences among the mice. However, without more information, it is not possible to confirm or contradict the order in which the illustrations are arranged, as the order may have been arbitrary or based on some other criteria.
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What is interspecific competition?
What is direct competition?
If the population of a species increases or decreases, what happens to the species that consumes them?
What is adaptation?
What is a mutation?
What is genetic drift?
Why is genetic variation beneficial?
What is altruistic behavior? Give an example.
How are artificial selection and genetic modification similar?
What is natural selection?
Are organisms able to adapt to their environment quickly?
What was mostly responsible for the “great dying”?
The competition between members of different species is called interspecific competition.
What is an example of adaptation?A variation can be underlying, meaning it is an actual piece of the organic entity. Behavioral adaptations can also affect an organism's response to its environment. An illustration of an underlying transformation is the manner in which a few plants have adjusted to life in dry, hot deserts.
An illustration of mutation?A transformation is a change that happens in our DNA grouping, either because of slip-ups when the DNA is replicated or as the consequence of natural factors, for example, UV light and tobacco smoke.
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Answer:
The competition between members of different species is called interspecific competition.
Explanation:
what type of mutation is huntington disease
HD is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called huntingtin. The defect causes the building blocks of DNA called cytosine, adenine, and guanine (CAG) to repeat many more times than they normally do. Most people have fewer than 27 CAG repeats in their HD gene, so they are not at risk for the disease
microfauna (small animals) tend to be better indicators of climate and environmental change because:
Microfauna (small animals) tend to be better indicators of climate and environmental change because: they can adapt quickly and respond to even minor changes in their surroundings. In addition, they have shorter life cycles, which allows for more rapid evolutionary adaptation.
Microfauna (small animals) tend to be better indicators of climate and environmental change because they are abundant, have large population sizes, and are distributed over a wide range of habitats. They can be found in soil, water, and air, and their diverse life histories and ecological roles allow them to be used as indicators of different environmental conditions.
Microfauna (small animals) are also important because they can be used to monitor and assess the impact of human activities on the environment. For example, changes in the abundance or diversity of certain species of microfauna can be used to detect pollution, habitat loss, or other forms of environmental disturbance.
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Why is it more of a strain on the eyes to read a book for two hours than to watch TV (20 feet away) for two hours?
Reading requires focusing on small, detailed letters for an extended period of time at a closer distance, reading a book for two hours is more strenuous.
How does the eyes get strained?Reading a book for two hours can be more of a strain on the eyes than watching TV (20 feet away) for two hours because reading involves focusing on small, detailed letters for an extended period of time at a closer distance. This can cause the eye muscles to become fatigued, leading to eyestrain, headaches, and even blurred vision.
Watching TV from a distance of 20 feet is generally considered to be less strenuous on the eyes because the eyes do not have to work as hard to focus on the images, and there is less need to constantly adjust focus or accommodate for near vision.
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which biogeochemical cycle can be influenced by human activity and cause eutrophication of a local water supply? responses nitrogen cycle nitrogen cycle carbon cycle carbon cycle water cycle water cycle oxygen cycle
The oxygen cycle is the process by which oxygen is released into the atmosphere and then taken up into plants and animals for respiration. Human activity such as burning fossil fuels can lead to an increase in air pollution which can lead to an increase in nitrogen and phosphorus levels.
These nutrients then enter the water supply and can cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is when excess nutrients stimulate the growth of algae which then consume oxygen from the water and lead to an oxygen decrease in the water supply.
This can lead to a decrease in biodiversity of aquatic species due to the decrease in oxygen levels. Therefore, human activities can influence the oxygen cycle and cause eutrophication.
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Scientists investigated the role that beak depth plays in the ability of one species of seed-eating finch to reproduce. The scientists calculated the average beak depth of finches in mating pairs and then observed whether or not the pairs produced at least one offspring that survived to the next season. The data are represented in Figure 1. Percent of Pairs Successfully Producing at Least One Offspring 3 4 5 6 Average Beak Depth of Parents (mm) Figure 1. Beak depth and offspring survival in a species of finch Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the concept illustrated? (A) Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness (B) Parental pairs with a specific beak depth ate the most nutritious seeds. (C) Finches with a certain beak depth rarely find mates. (D) Increasing average beak depth results in increasing finch fitness,
The concept illustrated in the figure (See Picture) describes parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness. So, option A is correct.
The graph(See Picture) shows that the reproductive fitness is at its peak at a particular beak depth of the parents (5 mm). Increase or decrease in the beak depth beyond the specific depth (5 mm) decreases the reproductive fitness of the parent pairs. Hence, choice A is the best one.
Option D is incorrect in terms of its accuracy. The graph makes it evident that, as the beak depth increases from 0 to 5 mm, reproductive fitness increases, and that, beyond 5 mm, reproductive fitness diminishes for each individual.
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b. Describe the fragile ecosystems in your environment that need protecting.
such as wetlands, desert areas, riparian areas, forested and deforested areas,
etc. How are these areas protected? Provide data from your research to explain
your answers. (3 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
Fragile Ecosystem is a system which is very tender and under threat of loosing it's original condition and has reached its level of threshold beyond which it would not be able to sustain any damage.
Factors which make an ecosystem fragile are the following :-
1) Anthropogenic - Man is a major agent of change in our ecosystem and is doing great damage to the existing avenues.Distructing ventures of humans can be further divided into :-
a) Economic- Ecosystem equilibrium is disturbed for meagre financial gains.Minerals exploration and Tourism are two major factors for disturbing the
ecosystem.
Ex - Increasing number of hotels coming up in sensitive zones as WESTERN GHATS.
b) Political - Despite continuous reports ad committes on the worsening condition of ecosystems, the recommendations are not executed owing lack of political will and lethargic attitude of
administration
c) Psychological - Inhabitants as well as policy makers don't consider the protection of ecosystem at war footing because psychologically they dont consider it as a real threat and hold no responsibility for the outcomes
Regions in India having fragile ecosystem are:-
1)WWestern Ghats which are also under biodiversity rich list of UNESCO
2) Himalyan Mountains ranging from Kashmir to North East India.
3) Sunderban which is the largest delta in the world is also a fragile zone.
India has a well researched strategy to support the fragile ecosystems but effective implementation along with general awareness among the masses about its crucial role in the environment needs to be emphasised.
POV: you are Zheng He writing to yongle emperor about trade goods what would your letter say?
Someone pls help me this is due tmr
Answer
Greetings Your Majesty,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to update you on the latest developments in our trade expeditions. As you may know, our voyages have been successful in establishing trade relationships with various kingdoms and empires along our route, and we have acquired many valuable goods that can benefit our empire.
During our recent voyage, we have procured many exotic goods such as spices, textiles, precious stones, and rare animals. The spices we have acquired include pepper, cinnamon, and cloves, which are highly sought after in our empire for their medicinal and culinary properties. We have also obtained a variety of textiles such as silk, cotton, and brocade, which are known for their luxurious quality and intricate designs.
In addition, we have acquired precious stones such as diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, which are highly valued for their beauty and rarity. These stones can be used for ornamental purposes and can also be traded for a considerable profit. Moreover, we have brought back rare animals such as giraffes, zebras, and ostriches, which will be of great interest to the people in our empire.
I am confident that these goods will be of great value to our empire and will help us to establish stronger trade relationships with other kingdoms and empires. I will continue to keep you updated on our progress and look forward to reporting back to you on our next voyage.
Yours faithfully,
Zheng He
Even before the structure of DNA was known, studies indicated that the genetic material must have the following properties:
•be able to store information
•be consistently replicated between generations
•be able to allow for changes, and thus evolution, to occur
Explain how the structure of DNA gives it these three properties. Write one or two sentences per property.
The double helix structure of DNA allows it to store information in the sequence of its nucleotides. DNA replication is possible because of the complementary base pairing, which allows each strand of DNA to serve as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. The occurrence of mutations during replication and other processes, as well as the ability of DNA to be repaired, allow for genetic variation and evolution to occur.
How does the complementary base pairing of DNA contribute to its ability to store information?The complementary base pairing of DNA allows for the specific sequence of nucleotides to act as a code that stores genetic information. The order of the bases determines the genetic instructions for the organism.
How does the process of DNA repair allow for evolution to occur?The process of DNA repair allows for mistakes or mutations in DNA to be corrected, preventing genetic abnormalities from being passed on to the next generation. However, mutations that are not repaired can lead to genetic variation and may provide an advantage or disadvantage to the organism in certain environments, ultimately allowing for evolution to occur.
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all of the following characteristics are seen in phylum arthropoda except group of answer choices bilateral symmetry. an open circulatory system. protostome development. a pseudocoelom. three embryonic germ layers.
Bilateral symmetry is not seen in phylum Arthropoda, as these organisms possess an exoskeleton and typically have a segmented body plan that does not result in bilateral symmetry. Instead, Arthropods typically have radial symmetry, which can be seen in the body of a spider or butterfly.
Other characteristics of Arthropods include an open circulatory system, where the heart pumps hemolymph (the arthropod version of blood) throughout the body, protostome development, which is the development of a digestive system from a hollow blastula, a pseudocoelom, which is a body cavity formed from mesoderm and not lined by epithelium, and three embryonic germ layers, which are endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
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true or false? drink driving is dangerous becuase the alcohol in the driver's body will decrease his reaction speed
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Drinking while driving slows a person's reaction time. This makes you more likely to crash.
a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure is termed:
The condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure is termed as "Relaxation Response."
The relaxation response is the opposite of the body's stress response, and it's a state of deep rest that enhances the body's ability to heal and recover from stress-related symptoms.
According to Herbert Benson, M.D., who founded Harvard's Mind/Body Medical Institute, "we use the relaxation response to change the fundamental state of our physical and mental functioning, causing a reduction in anxiety, insomnia, and hypertension."
The relaxation response is characterized by the following signs: Reduction in blood pressure, Slow breathing rate, Improved metabolism, Decreased heart rate, Reduced muscle tension, Less perspiration, Better sleep patterns, Enhanced immune function, Lower blood lactate levels and Improved mood.
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Obligate anaerobes which are sensitive to O2 would be found growing
A. only at the very top of a tube of thioglycolate broth
B. approximately one-third of the way down the thioglycolate broth.
C. only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycolate broth.
D. throughout a tube of thioglycolate broth.
Answer:
Explanation:
Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that require an oxygen-free environment to grow and are sensitive to oxygen. Thioglycolate broth is a common culture medium used for growing microorganisms and is commonly used to test the oxygen requirements of bacteria.
The medium in a tube of thioglycolate broth is rich in nutrients and contains a reducing agent, which helps to create an anaerobic environment in the lower part of the tube. The oxygen concentration gradually decreases as you move down the tube, and the concentration of reducing agents increases.
Based on this information, we can determine that obligate anaerobes that are sensitive to O2 would be found growing at the bottom of a tube of thioglycolate broth, where the oxygen concentration is lowest and the environment is most anaerobic. Therefore, the correct answer is option C: only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycolate broth.
which process may affect the evolution of color patterns in poeciliids?
The evolution of color patterns in poeciliids can be influenced by a variety of processes, including:
Sexual selectionNatural selectionGenetic driftWhat are poeciliids?Poeciliids are a family of freshwater fish that are commonly known as livebearers because they give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. Poeciliids are found primarily in the Americas, ranging from the southern United States down to Argentina, and they are especially diverse in Central America and the Caribbean.
Poeciliids are small fish, typically reaching only a few inches in length, and they come in a wide range of colors and patterns. Some of the most well-known poeciliids include guppies, mollies, swordtails, and platies, which are popular aquarium fish due to their colorful appearance and ease of care.
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explain what happened to the populations in both environments and why that supports or refutes the claim that yellow color is always an adaptive trait in a yellow environment.
When the populations were moved to different environments, their numbers increased or decreased, which supports the notion that yellow color is not always an adaptive trait in a yellow environment.
Coloration is one of the most typical and noticeable phenotypic characteristics of animals. As a result, it is frequently used to assess an organism's survival and reproduction performance. According to the background research, green frogs, for example, are yellow in yellow environments and green in green environments. The ability to alter coloration is advantageous for prey animals since it aids in their survival. The populations of yellow and green frogs were transported to different environments to test this claim.
When the yellow frogs were moved to a green environment, their population rose. This supports the claim that yellow coloration is not always an adaptive trait in a yellow environment since the yellow frogs thrived better in a green environment.When the green frogs were moved to a yellow environment, their population decreased. This supports the claim that green coloration is an adaptive trait in a green environment because the green frogs struggled to survive in the yellow environment. In summary, the fact that the populations in both environments increased or decreased supports the notion that yellow color is not always an adaptive trait in a yellow environment.
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which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production? which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production? use of synthetic steroids (testosterone) low sperm count interruption of sustentocytes' production of abp ingestion of a substance that mimicked inhibin
The following would most directly interfere with sperm production: b. interruption of sustentocytes production of ABP.
The correct option is b. interruption of sustentocytes' production of ABP
Sustentocytes, or Sertoli cells, are the major supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They are responsible for a variety of functions in the testes, including the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP), which binds testosterone and makes it available to developing sperm for their proper maturation.
ABP is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by sustentocytes that binds with high affinity to testosterone and its 5α-dihydro derivative (DHT) in the extracellular fluid, preventing their diffusion into the seminiferous tubule lumen or out of the testis. ABP facilitates the uptake of testosterone and DHT by germ cells and stimulates the spermatogenic process.
Therefore, interruption of sustentocytes production of ABP would most directly interfere with sperm production.
Use of synthetic steroids such as testosterone can increase the level of testosterone in the body and, if abused, may suppress the body's natural production of testosterone, leading to reduced sperm production.
Ingestion of a substance that mimics inhibin, which is a hormone produced by Sertoli cells that suppresses FSH production by the anterior pituitary gland, would also interfere with sperm production.
Finally, low sperm count is not a cause of but rather a result of reduced sperm production.
Therefore, the answer to the question is interruption of sustentocytes production of ABP.
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Complete Question:
Which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production?
a.low sperm count
b. interruption of sustentocytes' production of ABP
c. ingestion of a substance that mimicked inhibin
d. use of synthetic steroids (testosterone)
a molecular clock is best described as what? choose one: a.the rate at which nonsense mutations are acquired within a gene b.the relative accuracy of dna polymerases between two organisms c.the amount of divergence within dna resulting from horizontal gene transfer dna molecule (such as dna) whose sequence can be used to deduce ancestry
A molecular clock is best described as a DNA molecule (such as DNA) whose sequence can be used to deduce ancestry. Option D is correct.
A molecular clock is a technique that uses the rate of mutations in DNA or protein sequences to estimate the time of divergence between two species. It assumes that the accumulation of mutations in a gene or protein is constant over time and that this rate can be used to estimate how long ago two species diverged from a common ancestor.
Therefore, a DNA molecule with a known rate of mutation can be used as a molecular clock to estimate evolutionary relationships and divergence times between species. It is not related to nonsense mutations, accuracy of DNA polymerases, or horizontal gene transfer. Hence Option D is correct.
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breanna and kevin learned that fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, release energy when they are burned. breanna believes this energy comes from the ancient plants and animals that formed fossil fuels, but kevin says the energy in fossil fuels comes from the sun. explain who is right and why.
Answer: Breanna is correct.
Explanation: When fossil fuels are burned the ancient plants and animals inside create carbon and all that heat turns water into steam which goes into power turbines to create energy.
which of the following is correct about fermentation? select all that apply. glucose is only partially broken down. pyruvate is the final electron acceptor that completes the redox balance. atp produced is similar to aerobic respiration takes place whether or not oxygen is present.
The options which are correct about fermentation are: Glucose is only partially broken down. ATP produced is similar to aerobic respiration, Takes place whether or not oxygen is present.
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol. It is an anaerobic process, meaning that it takes place in the absence of oxygen. The process of fermentation releases energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, by using an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
In fermentation, glucose is only partially broken down, producing a limited amount of ATP. Additionally, the ATP produced is similar to aerobic respiration, and fermentation takes place whether or not oxygen is present.
Pyruvate is not the final electron acceptor that completes the redox balance in fermentation; instead, an organic molecule is used as the final electron acceptor.
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if a restriction enzyme that recognizes ggcat and cuts between the two guanine residues is mixed with dna that has the sequence ccgattataatcccgcggcatattagggcgg, how many pieces would the resulting product be?
The restriction enzyme that recognizes ggcat and cuts between the two guanine residues is HindIII. When HindIII is mixed with the DNA sequence ccgattataatcccgcggcatattagggcgg, the resulting product would be two pieces.
What are restriction enzymes?Restriction enzymes are proteins that are used in molecular biology to break down DNA molecules by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences and cleaving them. Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to create recombinant DNA molecules.
How do restriction enzymes work?Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific nucleotide sequences in DNA known as recognition sites. The recognition site is usually a specific palindromic sequence of four to six base pairs. Palindromic means that the nucleotide sequence is identical when read in the forward or backward direction.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA by creating a break in both strands of the DNA helix at specific points relative to the recognition site. This creates "sticky ends" that can be joined to other DNA molecules that have complementary overhanging ends.
The recognition sequence of HindIII is 5' G-A-N-T-C 3' and 3' C-T-N-A-G 5'. When HindIII cuts the DNA sequence ccgattataatcccgcggcatattagggcgg, it will cleave between the two guanine residues (G) in the recognition sequence ggcat, resulting in two fragments:ccgattataatcccgcggcat | attagggcgg (sticky ends are indicated by vertical bars)
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c) Fungi (aerobic)
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Taken in:
Let out:
Taken in:
Let out:
Taken in:
Let out:
Answer:
Nitrogen
Explanation:
Nitrogen is an essential requirement for growth, and the ability to metabolize a wide variety of nitrogen sources enables fungi to colonize different environmental niches and survive nutrient limitations.