To solve the question, we need to follow the given information regarding the unit variable cost, unit selling price, fixed cost, income tax rate, and units produced and sold to find the after-tax income of a company.
The given details are as follows:
Unit variable cost = $65.26
Unit selling price = $141.05
Fixed cost = $2,22,378
Income tax rate = 24.53%
Units produced and sold = 11,351
We can calculate the total cost as follows:
Total cost = (unit variable cost × units produced and sold) + fixed cost
Total cost = ($65.26 × 11,351) + $2,22,378
Total cost = $9,07,912.26
We can find the total revenue as follows:
Total revenue = unit selling price × units produced and sold
Total revenue = $141.05 × 11,351
Total revenue = $16,02,332.55
We can now calculate the pre-tax income by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue.
Pre-tax income = Total revenue – Total cost
Pre-tax income = $16,02,332.55 – $9,07,912.26
Pre-tax income = $6,94,420.29
Now, we can find the after-tax income by subtracting the income tax from the pre-tax income.
After-tax income = Pre-tax income – Income tax
Income tax = Income tax rate × Pre-tax income
Income tax = 24.53% × $6,94,420.29Income tax = $1,70,462.17
After-tax income = $6,94,420.29 – $1,70,462.17A
fter-tax income = $5,23,958.12
Therefore, the after-tax income of the company is $5,23,958.12 per year if the company produces and sells 11,351 units per year.
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Seattle’s minimum wage was substantially larger than any of the surrounding cities (with the exception of SeaTac) impacted. Do you believe individual cities could generally benefit from being the exception in the area or are they hurt from this type of legislation? 2. Do you believe city-based minimum wages will continue to become more popular in the United States? Why or why not?
1. When Seattle’s minimum wage was substantially larger than any of the surrounding cities (with the exception of SeaTac) impacted, it is believed that individual cities could generally benefit from being the exception in the area.
However, this type of legislation may also hurt the city-based on its economic condition, type of industry and business environment, etc. The pros and cons should be weighed before implementing such legislation in any area.2. It is believed that city-based minimum wages will continue to become more popular in the United States.
It is because the cost of living in different areas and cities in the United States varies, making it difficult for a federal government to regulate minimum wages that fit everyone’s needs. The local government knows their area’s economy and living costs better, so they can regulate the minimum wage according to the area's standard of living.
Moreover, raising the minimum wage could also bring in more tax revenue for the city and could positively impact its economy. Hence, it is more likely that more and more cities will introduce city-based minimum wages in the United States.
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Frankie Ltd is a New Zealand company that makes and sells silk cushion covers. On 1 March 2022, Frankie Ltd ordered fabric from a Hong Kong company at an invoice cost of HK$500,000 on terms FOB destination. On 30 April 2022, the goods were delivered into stores. The agreed payment arrangements are that 10% of the total amount owing would be paid on delivery, 50% three months after delivery, and the remaining 40% four months after delivery. The end of the reporting period for Frankie Ltd is 30 June 2022. The following exchange rates are applicable;
1 March 2022 HK$8.15 = NZ$1.00
30 April 2022 HK$8.30 = NZ$1.00
30 June 2022 HK$8.56 = NZ$1.00
31 July 2022 HK$8.70 = NZ$1.00
31 August 2022 HK$8.90 = NZ$1.00
Frankie Ltd is a New Zealand company that makes and sells silk cushion covers. On 1 March 2022, Frankie Ltd ordered fabric from a Hong Kong company at an invoice cost of HK$500,000 on terms FOB destination.
On 30 April 2022, the goods were delivered into stores. The agreed payment arrangements are that 10% of the total amount owing would be paid on delivery, 50% three months after delivery, and the remaining 40% four months after delivery. The end of the reporting period for Frankie Ltd is 30 June 2022. The following exchange rates are applicable;
1 March 2022 HK$8.15 = NZ$1.00
30 April 2022 HK$8.30 = NZ$1.00
30 June 2022 HK$8.56 = NZ$1.00
31 July 2022 HK$8.70 = NZ$1.00
31 August 2022 HK$8.90 = NZ$1.00Calculation of HK$500,000 fabric cost in NZD:1 March 2022: HK$8.15 = NZ$1.00HK$500,000 = HK$500,000 / HK$8.15 = NZ$61,349.69 (Invoice cost on 1 March 2022 in NZD)Calculation of payment schedule:Total payable amount = HK$500,000 (Invoice cost)Initial payment = 10% of HK$500,000 = HK$50,000On delivery, NZD value of HK$50,000 = HK$50,000 / HK$8.30 =
NZD $602.41Amount payable after three months = 50% of HK$500,000 = HK$250,0003 months from 30 April 2022 is 30 July 2022On 30 July 2022, HKD value of HK$250,000 = HK$250,000 / HK$8.70 = NZD $28,735.63Amount payable after four months = 40% of HK$500,000 = HK$200,0004 months from 30 April 2022 is 30 August 2022On 30 August 2022, HKD value of HK$200,000 = HK$200,000 / HK$8.90 = NZD $22,471.91The company has a reporting period ending on 30 June 2022. Therefore, the amount to be recorded in accounts payable at the end of reporting period is:Initial payment (already made) = HK$50,000 / HK$8.30 = NZD $602.41Amount payable after three months = HK$250,000 / HK$8.70 = NZD $28,735.63Outstanding amount payable = HK$200,000 / HK$8.90 = NZD $22,471.91Total accounts payable = Initial payment + Amount payable after three months = NZD $602.41 + NZD $28,735.63 = NZD $29,338.04.
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Graphically illustrate the bond model in equilibrium for corporate and treasuries. Illustrate the effect of an increase in default risk on corporate bonds. Discuss the model and outcomes.
Corporate Bonds model in Equilibrium. The bond model in equilibrium is a state where the demand and supply of bonds are equal. Equilibrium is an economic concept that happens when the supply of a good matches the demand for the same good.
Graphically illustrating the bond model in equilibrium for corporate bonds and treasuries shows that the interest rate is the x-axis, and the bond quantity is the y-axis. In equilibrium, the two markets intersect, and the point of intersection represents the equilibrium price and quantity. When the supply of bonds equals the demand, it leads to the equilibrium of the bond market.An increase in default risk on corporate bonds would lead to a shift in the bond's supply to the left, showing a decrease in the supply of corporate bonds. A decrease in the supply of corporate bonds leads to an increase in the yield or interest rate of corporate bonds. The reason for this is because the bondholders demand a higher return when they expect that there is a higher chance of default.The graph shows that an increase in default risk leads to a shift in the supply curve of corporate bonds to the left, leading to a rise in the interest rate (yield) to a new equilibrium point.This new equilibrium point shows the increased cost of borrowing because of the riskier nature of corporate bonds in this market. Corporate bondholders demand a higher return when they anticipate a higher risk of default. Thus, the supply curve of corporate bonds shifts to the left side when the default risk increases.
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PLEASE ANSWER WITH REGARDS TO **AUSTRALIAN IMPLICATIONS
ONLY**
QUESTION 3
A husband and wife own a residential investment unit. Discuss
any GST or ABN implications
In Australia, owning a residential investment unit can have certain GST (Goods and Services Tax) and ABN (Australian Business Number) implications. Here is a discussion of these implications:
1. GST Implications:
- Residential properties are generally exempt from GST. This means that as a residential investment unit owner, you do not have to charge GST on the rental income you receive.
- However, if you decide to provide additional services or facilities to your tenants, such as cleaning or meals, these services may be subject to GST. In such cases, you would need to register for GST, charge GST on the services provided, and remit it to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).
2. ABN Implications:
- As a residential investment unit owner, you are not required to have an ABN solely for the purpose of renting out your property. This is because renting out a residential property is considered a private or domestic activity.
- However, if you choose to rent out multiple properties or engage in other business activities related to your investment unit, you may need to obtain an ABN. This will depend on factors such as the scale of your operations and whether you are running a business or simply managing your investments.
It is important to consult with a tax professional or the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for specific advice tailored to your situation, as tax laws and regulations may change or vary depending on individual circumstances.
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Cabi is a women's fashion clothing brand based in Los Angeles, California. Cabi's design team in Los Angeles creates its fashion line sixteen months to two years in advance. The design team selects fabrics and other details to create the clothes. Cabi then hires manufacturers in China to produce the items according to the specifications. Once completed, the garments are shipped to California on container ships that take up to two months in transit. It's a complex process but one that enables Cabi to control costs. Which method is Cabi using to engage in global marketing? a. Joint venture b. Contract manufacturing c. Licensing d. Franchisin
The method Cabi is using to engage in global marketing is called- B. contract manufacturing.
What is it?Contract manufacturing is a process whereby one company provides raw materials or components to another company for the production of finished goods. Cabi selects manufacturers in China to produce the clothing line according to the specifications provided by the design team in Los Angeles, California. It is cost-effective for Cabi to use contract manufacturing because the production costs are low due to low labor costs in China and also because Cabi can focus on designing and marketing the clothes.Cabi is able to control the manufacturing process, maintain quality control, and keep costs low while leveraging its expertise in design and marketing.The manufacturer, on the other hand, gains a stable source of income and access to new markets.
Hence, option b. is correct.
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Contrast in terms of the properties preserved and projection class the Robinson and Lambert Conformal Conic projections. Which type of map projection would be best suited for mapping a state. Explain in detail.
The Robinson and Lambert Conformal Conic projections have different properties preserved and belong to different projection classes.
The Robinson projection is a pseudo cylindrical projection that preserves the visual impression of continents while sacrificing accuracy. In contrast, the Lambert Conformal Conic projection is a conic projection that preserves the angles and areas locally while sacrificing overall distance.
The Robinson projection is best suited for mapping a large area, such as the entire world, because it maintains the visual impression of the continents and oceans, making it easy to recognize and identify regions. On the other hand, the Lambert Conformal Conic projection is best suited for mapping a state because it maintains the angles and areas locally, making it useful for preserving accurate shapes and sizes of smaller areas such as states.
This makes it an excellent choice for mapping regions with an east-west orientation, such as a state lying across the United States. Overall, the choice of which type of map projection to use depends on the specific needs and goals of the mapmaker. The properties preserved and projection class must be considered in light of the purpose of the map, the size of the area being mapped, and the intended audience.
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A demand curve slopes downward because of the negative relationship between price and quantity demanc slopes downward because of the positive relationship between price and quantity demand slopes upward because of the positive relationship between price and quantity demanded. slopes upward because of the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded
A demand curve slopes downward because of the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. This is a key concept in economics. When price increases, consumers are likely to buy less of a good or service.
The reason for this negative relationship is that as prices go up, consumers have less purchasing power, and thus they are less likely to buy the good or service in question. At the same time, producers are likely to increase the quantity they are willing to sell as prices rise, as they have more incentive to produce and sell at higher prices.
This inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded is what creates the downward slope of the demand curve. It is a fundamental concept in economics and is used to understand a wide range of markets and economic phenomena.
Overall, the law of demand is one of the most important concepts in economics, and understanding it is crucial for anyone interested in studying or participating in the economy. This is known as the "law of demand," which states that as price goes up, quantity demanded goes down and vice versa.
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Describe the concepts of multiplier and accelerator. their
differences and potental interactions Use appropriate diagram(s) to
illustrate and explain your answer
Multiplier and accelerator concepts are essential macroeconomic theories that are widely used in economic analysis. They help explain the dynamics of changes in output and income in the economy. Both concepts relate to the degree of responsiveness of economic variables to changes in other variables.
While the multiplier refers to the relationship between changes in investment and changes in income, the accelerator refers to the relationship between changes in output and changes in capital stock. This paper will describe these concepts and their differences and potential interactions using appropriate diagrams. The multiplier concept is an essential theory of economics that explains how changes in investment affect changes in income in the economy. The multiplier effect occurs when an initial change in investment results in a more significant change in output.
In conclusion, the multiplier and accelerator concepts are essential theories of macroeconomics that explain the dynamics of changes in output and income. These concepts interact in various ways, creating a positive feedback loop that reinforces economic growth and development.
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A Canadian portfolio manager holds a CAD\$40 million all-equity portfolio with an estimated beta of 1.65. She decides to use three-month S\&P/TSX 60 futures contracts (the main equity index in Canada) to increase exposure to systematic risk over the next two months. Each futures contract is for the delivery of CAD\$200 times the index. The current level of the S\&P/TSX60 index is 1.168 and it has an estimated dividend yield of 3.0% per annum. The current risk-free interest rate is 2.4% per annum. The current quoted futures price is 1,210. Answer the following questions in the boxes provided below each question. (a): What is the number of futures contracts required to increase the beta of the overall position to 2.00 over the next two months? Answer ( 1 mark): (b): Is a long or a short position in the futures required? Answer (0.5 marks): After two months the S\&P/TSX60 index has risen to 1,250 , the new futures price is 1,285 , and the portfolio manager decides to close out the futures position. (c): Has the futures trade made a gain or loss? Answer (0.5 marks): (d): Given the change in the index value, what is the value of the manager's total hedged position (equity plus futures) over the two-month period? (You should assume that the dividend yield on the index and the risk-free rate are expressed as annual rates of interest in your calculations; similar to what we did in the lecture and tutorial examples). Answer (1.5 mark): (e): What is the expected return of the hedged position? (express answer as a numeral with three decimal places, e.g. −0.053 ) Answer (0.5 mark):
Increase the beta from 1.65 to 2.00, 61 futures contracts are required. The long futures position resulted in a gain of CAD 4,575, and the total value of the hedged position is CAD 54,269,600.
The expected return of the hedged position is 0.622%.
a) Number of futures contracts required to increase the beta of the overall position to 2.00 over the next two months: To increase the beta from 1.65 to 2.00, 61 futures contracts are needed.
b) Long or short position in the futures required: A long position is required to increase exposure to systematic risk.
c) Gain or loss from the futures trade: The futures price has increased by CAD 75, resulting in a gain of CAD 4,575 for the long position.
d) Value of the manager's total hedged position (equity plus futures) over the two-month period: The total value of the hedged position is CAD 54,269,600, considering the CAD 40 million all-equity portfolio and 61 futures contracts.
e) Expected return of the hedged position: The expected return is calculated as 0.622%, derived from the total return (7.022%) minus the cost of carrying the futures position (6.40%).
Therefore, the expected return of the hedged position is 0.622%. Answer: 0.622.
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Business strategy refers to ...
Select one:
a. The maximization of the profits of the company.
b. The analysis of the environment, the market and the competitors.
c. The analysis of the characteristics of the company and its competences.
d. The establishment of planned goals that are carried out effectively. It is the answer to the question: Where do we want to go?
Business strategy refers to the establishment of planned goals that are carried out effectively. It is the answer to the question: Where do we want to go? The correct option is (d).
Business strategy is defined as a long-term plan of action that is developed to achieve specific goals and objectives for a business. Business strategy is intended to be a roadmap for the organization that helps to answer fundamental questions about the company, such as "What business are we in?" and "Where do we want to go?"
In addition to setting goals and objectives, business strategy also involves the analysis of the characteristics of the company and its competences, as well as the analysis of the environment, the market, and the competitors.
Business strategy involves identifying opportunities and threats, and developing a plan that leverages strengths while mitigating weaknesses in order to achieve success.
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The primary goal of the AGGREGATE PLAN in production planning and scheduling is to reduce customer returns. match production capacity (supply) and customer demand. calculate inventory turns. speed up payment by customers. reduce lead times from suppliers. None of the above.
In production planning and scheduling, the primary goal of the aggregate plan is to match production capacity (supply) and customer demand.
This process involves developing a production plan that considers the available resources of the company and the expected demand from customers. The plan helps to determine the production level required to meet customer demand, while minimizing inventory costs and maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this goal, the aggregate plan must consider a variety of factors, including the production process, capacity constraints, lead times from suppliers, inventory levels, and customer demand.
Additionally, a well-designed aggregate plan can help to minimize the risk of customer returns by ensuring that products are available when customers need them. In conclusion, the primary goal of the aggregate plan is to match production capacity to customer demand, in order to minimize inventory costs, maximize production efficiency, and reduce the risk of stockouts and customer returns.
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As a Marketing company
What are your organizational leadership structure and governance structure?
What structures and mechanisms make up your organization’s leadership system?
What are the reporting relationships among your governance board, senior leaders, and parent organization as appropriate?
As a marketing company, our organizational leadership structure includes a hierarchical model with several departments, each with their own managers. The departments include Sales, Marketing, Creative, Production, and Finance.
The Sales and Marketing departments work together to generate leads and promote our services to potential clients. The Creative department works to design and create advertising campaigns for our clients, while the Production department ensures the campaigns are executed flawlessly. The Finance department handles all financial matters, such as budgeting and financial reporting.Our governance structure includes a board of directors that oversees the company's strategic direction and ensures that the company operates within legal and ethical guidelines. The board of directors is responsible for appointing senior leaders, including the CEO, who is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the company. The CEO works closely with the senior leadership team, which includes the heads of each department, to ensure that the company is meeting its goals and objectives. The senior leadership team reports directly to the CEO, who then reports to the board of directors. This reporting relationship ensures that the board is aware of the company's operations and that the senior leadership team is accountable for their performance.
Overall, our organizational leadership and governance structures are designed to ensure that we operate efficiently and effectively while maintaining the highest standards of ethical and legal conduct. We believe that by having a clear structure and reporting relationships, we can better serve our clients and achieve our goals as a company.
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The plant capacities and customer orders are as follows. (a) Develop a network model and a linear programming formulation of this problem. (i) network model (Submit a file with a maximum size of 1 MB.) Choose File no file selected This answer has not been graded yet. Use index number 5 for this type of node. Enter "DNE" in any unused answer blanks.) Max xij≥0 for all i,j (b) How many units should each plant produce for each customer to maximize profits? xjj≥0 for all i,j. (b) How many units should each plant produce for each customer to maximize profits? Optimal Solution (c) Which customer demands will not be met? Distributor 1 will have a shortfall of units. Distributor 2 will have a shortfall of units. Distributor 3 will have a shortfall of units. Distributor 4 will have a shortfall of units.
(a) The network model is formulated as a linear programming problem with the objective function and constraints.
(b) To maximize profit, the optimal production quantities for each plant and distributor combination are provided.
(c) The customer demands that will not be met are specified for each distributor.
(a) Network Model: Linear Programming Formulation:
Maximize Z = 29x11 + 30x12 + 28x13 + 23x14 + 26x21 + 28x22 + 25x23 + 22x24 + 30x31 + 32x32 + 30x33 + 25x34 + 21x41 + 24x42 + 22x43 + 23x44
Subject to:
x11 + x12 + x13 + x14 ≤ 40
x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 ≤ 30
x31 + x32 + x33 + x34 ≤ 25
x41 + x42 + x43 + x44 ≤ 20
x11 + x21 + x31 + x41 ≥ 20
x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 ≥ 15
x13 + x23 + x33 + x43 ≥ 25
x14 + x24 + x34 + x44 ≥ 15
xi,j ≥ 0
(b) To maximize profit, each plant must produce the following number of units for each customer:
2 units from Plant 1 to Distributor 1 and 4 units from Plant 2 to Distributor 1
2 units from Plant 1 to Distributor 2 and 3 units from Plant 2 to Distributor 2
3 units from Plant 1 to Distributor 3 and 4 units from Plant 2 to Distributor 3
4 units from Plant 1 to Distributor 4 and 1 unit from Plant 2 to Distributor 4
(c) The customer demands that will not be met are as follows:
Distributor 1 will have a shortfall of 2 units.
Distributor 2 will have a shortfall of 1 unit.
Distributor 3 will have a shortfall of 1 unit.
Distributor 4 will have a shortfall of 1 unit.
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The XYZ partnership has the following balance sheet. Assume all of the partners are individuals. Please use this information to respond to the following question.
If Q provides $45,000 of services in exchange for a 25% interest in the partnership:
Assets Tax Basis FMV
Real estate $120,000 $180,000
Liabilities $0 $0
Capital
X $40,000 $60,000
Y $40,000 $60,000
Z $40,000 $60,000
$120,000 $180,000
Regarding the balance sheet and information listed above,
How much income does Q recognize?
What would your answer be under the Proposed Regulations?
The partnership's financial records show that all the partners are individuals.
It reveals that Q has given $45,000 of services in exchange for a 25% stake in the partnership.
The partnership balance sheet for XYZ is given below:
Assets Tax Basis FMV Real estate 120,000 180,000
Liabilities 0 0Capital X 40,000 60,000Y 40,000 60,000Z 40,000 60,000 120,000 180,000
To answer the first question,
Q recognizes no income because it provided services in exchange for partnership interest. The services offered by Q increased the worth of the partnership, resulting in an increase in Q's proportionate share of the partnership's tax basis and fair market value.
However, Q would not need to recognize any revenue until it withdraws from the partnership or when the partnership is dissolved.As per the proposed regulation, the answer would still be the same as there are no proposed regulations to this case yet. The proposed regulations have not been created to clarify the code's application to the sales of partnership interests.
It has been proposed to address a different set of issues, such as the rules for allocating partnership income to foreign partners.
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Dr. Gulakowicz is an orthodontist. She estimates that adding two new chairs will increase fixed costs by $147,000, including the annual equivalent cost of the capital investment and the salary of one more technician. Each new patient is expected to bring in $3,080 per year in additional revenue, with variable costs estimated at $980 per patient. The two new chairs will allow Dr. Gulakowicz to expand her practice by as many as 195 patients annually. How many patients would have to be added for the new process to break even? The break-even volume is patients. (Enter your response rounded to the nearest whole number.)
Dr. Gulakowicz, an orthodontist would need to add approximately 70 patients for the new process to break even.
To calculate the break-even volume of patients for Dr. Gulakowicz's new process, we need to find the point where the additional revenue from new patients equals the increase in fixed costs.
The increase in fixed costs due to adding two new chairs is $147,000. This includes the annual equivalent cost of the capital investment and the salary of one more technician.
Each new patient is expected to bring in $3,080 per year in additional revenue, with variable costs estimated at $980 per patient.
Let's represent the break-even volume of patients as "x".
The additional revenue from x new patients would be x * $3,080, which equals $3,080x.
The increase in fixed costs is $147,000.
The total variable costs for x new patients would be $980 * x, which equals $980x.
To find the break-even volume, we need to set up the equation:
$3,080x = $147,000 + $980x
Now, let's solve the equation:
$3,080x - $980x = $147,000
$2,100x = $147,000
x = $147,000 / $2,100
x ≈ 70
Therefore, Dr. Gulakowicz would need to add approximately 70 patients for the new process to break even.
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Read the paragraph below, taken from full an article from The Star, 29 March 2014. Is the MIA's latest report a clear snapshot of audit quality in Malaysia? It's easy to be sceptical about self-assessment exercises. How many people can be wholly critical and objective when evaluating what they see in the mirror? And surely fewer still are secure and honest enough to share the full results with the rest of the world. So how should we view the Practice Review Report released this week by the Malaysian Institute of Accountant (MIA)? The tricky element here is that the institute is a regulator as well as a professional body. Is the report an authoritative, warts-and-all survey of the profession that the institute oversees, or is it something that promotes the interests of MIA members? Then again, these objectives don't have to be mutually exclusive. When steps are taken to elevate the standards of the profession-starting with identification of problems - the accountants have much to gain. In his message in the report, MIA president Johan Idris (who also chairs the institute's Practice Review Committee) wrote, "The findings of practice review have significant educational content and are beneficial to practitioners. They serve to guide our practitioners in training their staff and alerting them to many pitfalls that may derail them in the course of carrying out the policies and procedures of the firm." The institute's media release expanded this point: "This quality assessment programme will drive consistency and raise the bar on audit quality, thereby underpinning public confidence in the accountancy profession." Required: Who are the responsible parties that involved with the practice review and why? (i) (ii) (iii) What is the objective of practice review? Findings from practice review are beneficial to practitioners. How do you think practitioner may benefit from it? (vi) Identify at least three (3) challenges audit firms faced in practicing audits in Malaysia and solutions to the challenges. (Total: 15 marks) (Total Question 1: 35 marks)
(i) The Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) and the Practice Review Committee are responsible for conducting the practice review.
(ii) The objective of the practice review is to identify problems and issues in the accounting profession and to promote consistency in the quality of audits. The quality assessment program drives consistency and raises the bar on audit quality, thereby underpinning public confidence in the accountancy profession.
(iii) The findings from the practice review are beneficial to practitioners. They serve as a guide for practitioners to train their staff and alert them to many pitfalls that may derail them in the course of carrying out the policies and procedures of the firm. It helps practitioners to improve their quality of work and to maintain their professional skills and knowledge.
(vi) Three challenges audit firms faced in practicing audits in Malaysia and solutions to the challenges are:
Lack of technical skills and knowledge: The lack of technical skills and knowledge can be solved by providing training and education to the employees. The audit firms can also hire experienced and knowledgeable professionals to guide and mentor the employees.Time constraints: The time constraints can be addressed by planning and scheduling the audits effectively. Audit firms can use technology and software tools to automate the audit process, which will save time and increase productivity.Pressure from clients: The pressure from clients can be handled by maintaining independence and objectivity in the audit process. Audit firms should have clear policies and procedures in place to deal with such situations. They should communicate effectively with their clients and manage their expectations to ensure a smooth audit process.Learn more about audits:
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Is Purchasing a key component of SCM, or is it the other way around?
Purchasing is a key component of Supply Chain Management (SCM). Supply Chain Management encompasses the end-to-end coordination and integration of various activities involved in delivering products or services to customers. Purchasing, on the other hand, focuses specifically on the acquisition of goods or services from external suppliers.
Purchasing plays a vital role within SCM as it involves activities such as supplier selection, negotiation, order placement, and managing supplier relationships. It is responsible for ensuring that the right materials or services are procured at the right time, in the right quantities, and at the right cost.
Effective purchasing practices are essential for optimizing the overall supply chain performance. By strategically managing the purchasing function, organizations can achieve cost savings, ensure timely availability of materials, maintain quality standards, and mitigate risks associated with the supply of goods or services.
Therefore, while purchasing is a key component of SCM, it is just one part of the broader supply chain management framework that encompasses other functions such as logistics, inventory management, demand planning, and customer relationship management.
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After training, Mary Fernandez, a computer technician, had an average observed time for memory-chip tests of 15 seconds. Mary's performance rating is 100%. The firm has a personal fatigue and delay allowance of 18%. a) The normal time for this process = seconds (round your response to two decimal places). b) The standard time for this process = seconds (round your response to two decimal places).
The firm has a personal fatigue and delay allowance of 18%. After training, Mary Fernandez, a computer technician, had an average observed time for memory-chip tests of 15 seconds, and her performance rating is 100%.
Normal Time:Normal time refers to the expected or average time it would take to complete a task without taking into account any external factors like fatigue, distractions, delays, or disruptions.The Personal Fatigue and Delay Allowance formula is: Personal fatigue and delay allowance = Normal Time * % Fatigue and Delay AllowanceGiven the % Fatigue and Delay Allowance = 18%Normal Time = Observed time/ Performance rating= 15 / 1= 15 secondsFatigue and Delay Allowance = 15 * 18/100 = 2.7 secondsNormal time = Observed time + Personal fatigue and delay allowance= 15 + 2.7= 17.7 seconds.
Standard Time:Standard time refers to the ideal time it takes to complete a task. It includes personal fatigue and delay allowances, plus any other external factors that might affect task performance. The standard time formula is: Standard Time = Normal Time * Performance RatingThe Performance Rating = 100%Given the Normal Time = 17.7 secondsStandard Time = Normal Time * Performance rating= 17.7 * 100 / 100= 17.7 secondsTherefore, a) Normal Time = 17.7 seconds and b) Standard Time = 17.7 seconds.
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Why did Timothy C. Lim identify one particular type of cultural analysis as being bad analysis and something to avoid?
Lim identified one particular type of cultural analysis as being bad analysis and something to avoid because it fails to give and clarity to the subject of analysis. It is also incapable of clarifying the obscure meaning or purpose of the cultural expression that is under review.
Timothy C. Lim identifies cultural analysis as a distinct tool for studying the meaning of cultural artifacts. The way Lim describes this type of analysis suggests that it is a valuable approach to understanding culture and has its own unique character.
According to Lim, one particular type of cultural analysis is bad analysis and something to avoid. This type of analysis fails to provide and clarity to the subject of analysis. It is incapable of clarifying the obscure meaning or purpose of the cultural expression that is under review. Instead, it seems to be content with merely describing the various features of the cultural artifact in question, without actually providing any sort of interpretation or explanation.
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What is the common characteristic that allows communicate between a small bakery and their consumers?
The common characteristic that allows communication between a small bakery and their consumers is good customer service. Customer service is an essential aspect of any business, and it has become even more critical in today’s highly competitive and interconnected business world.
A small bakery, like any other business, can only be successful if it can establish and maintain a good relationship with its customers. This relationship can only be achieved through excellent customer service, which involves providing customers with high-quality products and services while also addressing their needs and concerns.
A small bakery must ensure that it provides customers with a positive experience every time they visit the store. This includes greeting customers warmly, addressing them by their names, and showing genuine interest in their needs. Additionally, a small bakery must be able to communicate with its customers through various channels such as social media, email, phone, or in-person visits.
Providing excellent customer service helps to build customer loyalty, which translates into repeat business and word-of-mouth referrals. A small bakery that focuses on customer service is more likely to be successful in the long run than one that does not. In summary, excellent customer service is the common characteristic that allows communication between a small bakery and their consumers.
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The current value of a firm is $674,572 and it is 100% equity financed. The firm is considering restructuring so that it is 13% debt financed. If the firm's corporate tax rate is 20%, the typical personal tax rate of an investor in the firm's stock is 15%, and the typical tax rate for an investor in the firm's debt is 25%, what will be the new value of the firm under the MM theory with corporate taxes but no possibility of bankruptcy? Round the answer to two decimals.
The new value of the firm would be $659,906.89 based on the calculations using the Modigliani-Miller theory with taxes.
Modigliani-Miller (MM) theory, developed by economists Modigliani and Miller, posits that the value of a company is determined by its operations rather than its capital structure. The theory consists of two main propositions.
The first proposition, assuming no taxes or bankruptcy costs, states that the market value of a company is unaffected by how it finances its operations. In other words, the capital structure (mix of debt and equity) does not impact the overall value of the firm.
The second proposition introduces the influence of taxes, which can have a significant effect on a company's value. It asserts that the market value of a company increases as debt replaces equity. This is because interest payments on debt are tax-deductible, reducing the company's taxable income and consequently increasing its value.
Given the current value of the firm (V) as $674,572, we can calculate the new amount of debt financing that the firm will use. Assuming 13% of the current value of the firm will be financed through debt, the new amount of debt financing is $87,802.36.
To determine the new amount of equity financing, we subtract the debt financing from the current value of the firm: $674,572 - $87,802.36 = $586,769.64.
In the presence of corporate taxes, the tax-adjusted value of the firm is given by Vl = Vu + TcB, where Vl is the value of the levered company, Vu is the value of the unlevered company, Tc is the corporate tax rate, and B is the value of the firm's debt.
To calculate the value of the unlevered company (Vu), we use the formula: Vu = Vl + TcB/(1 - Tc) = $586,769.64 + (0.20 * $87,802.36)/(1 - 0.20) = $643,066.42.
Finally, to find the value of the company under the MM theory with taxes (V), we use the equation: V = Vu + TCB = $643,066.42 + (0.20 * $87,802.36) = $659,906.89.
Therefore, based on the calculations using the Modigliani-Miller theory with taxes, the new value of the firm would be $659,906.89 .
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Are the trade finance instruments (or trade finance structure) fostering the diversification of the export base?
Trade finance instruments can indeed foster the diversification of the export base.
Trade finance instruments play a crucial role in facilitating international trade by providing financing and risk mitigation solutions to exporters and importers. By mitigating financial risks and offering liquidity, these instruments encourage exporters to explore new markets and diversify their export base.
One key instrument that fosters diversification is the letter of credit (LC). An LC acts as a guarantee from a bank to the exporter that payment will be made once the agreed-upon conditions are met. This reduces the risk for exporters, allowing them to enter new markets with greater confidence.
Another instrument is export credit insurance, which protects exporters against non-payment risks. By providing coverage for political and commercial risks, export credit insurance encourages exporters to explore new markets where the risk may be perceived as higher.
Trade finance instruments such as letters of credit and export credit insurance contribute to fostering the diversification of the export base. These instruments reduce financial risks and provide exporters with the necessary liquidity and protection to enter new markets. By facilitating trade with previously untapped markets, trade finance instruments encourage exporters to expand their product offerings and diversify their export base. This ultimately leads to a more resilient and sustainable export sector, benefiting both individual exporters and the overall economy.
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Consider That 2 Agents Make Up The Demand Side Of A Market. Person A's Marginal Benefits Are MBA = 60 - 0.25QA, And Person B's Marginal Benefits Are MB = 60 - QB. Find And Graph The Equation For Market-Level Marginal Benefits. (B) Consider That 2 Agents Make Up The Supply Side Of A Market. Producer 1 'S Marginalcost Is MC, = 5 + 0.5Q1, And Producer 2'S
(a) Consider that 2 agents make up the demand side of a market. Person A's marginal benefits are MBA = 60 - 0.25QA, and person B's marginal benefits are MB = 60 - QB. Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal benefits. (b) Consider that 2 agents make up the supply side of a market. Producer 1 's marginalcost is MC, = 5 + 0.5Q1, and producer 2's marginal cost is MC2 = 5 + Q. Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal cost. (c) Consider that 3 agents make up the supply side of a market. Producer 1's marginal cost is MG, = 3 + 0.3Q1, and producer 2's marginal cost is MC2 = 4 + 0.6Qz, and producer 3's marginal cost is MC,=1 + 0.103. Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal cost.
Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal benefits. The formula for market-level marginal benefits is MB = 60 - QB - QA. The market-level marginal benefits can be calculated by adding the individual marginal benefits of Person A and Person B.
The equation will be: MB = MBA + MBBMBA = 60 - 0.25QA and MBB = 60 - QB. Summing the two equations we have: MB = 60 - 0.25QA + 60 - QBMB = 120 - 0.25QA - QB, Now the graph for this equation will be as follows: Figure : Market-level marginal benefits(b) Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal cost The formula for market-level marginal cost is MC = MC1 + MC2. The market-level marginal cost can be calculated by adding the individual marginal cost of Producer 1 and Producer 2. The equation will be:MC1 = 5 + 0.5Q1 and MC2 = 5 + Q. Summing the two equations we have: MC = 5 + 0.5Q1 + 5 + QMC = 10 + 1.5QNow the graph for this equation will be as follows: Figure : Market-level marginal cost(c) Find and graph the equation for market-level marginal cost.
The formula for market-level marginal cost is MC = MC1 + MC2 + MC3. The market-level marginal cost can be calculated by adding the individual marginal cost of Producer 1, Producer 2 and Producer 3.
MC1 = 3 + 0.3Q1, MC2 = 4 + 0.6Q2 and MC3 = 1 + 0.103Q3
MC = 3 + 0.3Q1 + 4 + 0.6Q2 + 1 + 0.103Q3MC = 8 + 0.3Q1 + 0.6Q2 + 0.103Q3
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The Boyd company makes custom t-shirts. It gets blank t-shirts from a supplier. It puts the blank shirts in their shirt press machine, adds the necessary fabric ink, and out comes a custom t-shirt that they sell online for $30. In this story what would be classified as an intermediate good? Select one: a. The custom shirt that is sold for $30 b. Just the shirt press machine c. Just the fabric ink d. Both the blank t-shirts and the fabric ink
In the given story, the intermediate goods would be the blank t-shirts and the fabric ink. These goods are used as inputs in the production process to create the final custom t-shirts. Here option D is the correct answer.
Intermediate goods are products that are used as inputs in the production process to create the final goods. In this case, the blank t-shirts and the fabric ink are essential components in the production of the custom t-shirts.
The blank t-shirts serve as the base material onto which the design is printed, and the fabric ink is the medium used to create the customized design on the t-shirts.
The shirt press machine, although a necessary tool in the production process, would not be classified as an intermediate good because it is a capital good or a fixed asset.
Capital goods are used repeatedly in the production process to create final goods or services. In this case, the shirt press machine is not consumed or transformed in the production process but is instead a tool used to facilitate the creation of custom t-shirts.
Therefore, the intermediate goods in this story are the blank t-shirts and the fabric ink as they are both directly involved in the transformation process to produce the final custom t-shirts.
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What is a WBS, and what is the underlying philosophy (or thought paradigm) that justifies the approach? Please list three best practices for developing a WBS. What are some common mistakes people make in creating a WBS?
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a visual, hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller, more manageable parts. The WBS is a valuable project planning tool that helps project managers and other stakeholders understand the scope of a project, assign responsibilities, and estimate resource requirements.
The following is the philosophy behind WBS and best practices for creating a WBS.
Philosophy behind WBS
The underlying philosophy of the WBS is that by breaking a project down into smaller, more manageable pieces, it is easier to plan, control, and track. It is based on the principle that it is simpler to manage small components than it is to manage a large, complex project as a whole.
Best practices for creating a WBS
1. Start with the end in mind - Identify the end product and then work backward to identify the components needed to achieve that goal.
2. Use a visual approach - Use graphics, charts, and diagrams to convey the breakdown structure, which will make it easier to understand and communicate.
Common mistakes in creating a WBS
1. Lack of detail - The WBS should be detailed enough to identify all components of the project.
2. Inaccurate decomposition - When decomposing the project, make sure each level is distinct and exclusive, and nothing is missed.
The WBS establishes the framework for project planning and control and enables the identification of tasks and resources required to complete each element of the project.
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A. Dinda plans to borrow money from a bank in the amount of Rp200,000,000. He will repay the loan every year for 5 years. The bank where Dinda borrows money has an annual interest rate of 9% which is compounded every 2 months. How much does Dinda have to pay in total each year? B. At the end of the third year. The bank where Dinda borrows has a policy change where the interest rate on the loan per year changes to 7% which is compounded every month. If Dinda wants to apply the new regulation to the repayment of her loan, she must pay a refinancing fee of 2% of the initial loan amount. Should Dinda continue to implement the original plan, or take advantage of the new regulations?
In order to calculate the total amount Dinda has to pay each year, we need to use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is the principal amount, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.
A. To find the total amount Dinda has to pay each year, we need to calculate the future value of the loan amount after 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years, respectively.
1. After 1 year: A = 200,000,000(1 + 0.09/6)^(6*1) = 200,000,000(1 + 0.015)^(6) ≈ 200,000,000(1.015)^(6) ≈ 228,309,686.61.
2. After 2 years: A = 200,000,000(1 + 0.09/6)^(6*2) ≈ 200,000,000(1.015)^(12) ≈ 259,438,256.41.
3. After 3 years: A = 200,000,000(1 + 0.09/6)^(6*3) ≈ 200,000,000(1.015)^(18) ≈ 295,368,047.84.
4. After 4 years: A = 200,000,000(1 + 0.09/6)^(6*4) ≈ 200,000,000(1.015)^(24) ≈ 336,406,777.77.
5. After 5 years: A = 200,000,000(1 + 0.09/6)^(6*5) ≈ 200,000,000(1.015)^(30) ≈ 383,958,664.06.
Therefore, Dinda has to pay approximately Rp228,309,686.61 in the first year, Rp31,128,569.80 in the second year, Rp35,929,791.43 in the third year, Rp41,048,729.93 in the fourth year, and Rp46,551,886.29 in the fifth year.
B. If Dinda wants to apply the new regulation, she would need to pay a refinancing fee of 2% of the initial loan amount, which is Rp200,000,000 * 0.02 = Rp4,000,000.
Comparing the two options, Dinda should calculate the total amount she would have to pay if she continues with the original plan for the remaining 2 years, and compare it with the new regulation option. If the new regulation option results in a lower total payment, she should take advantage of it. Otherwise, she should continue with the original plan.
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The current war in Ukraine has led to a curtailing of purchases of Russian oil and gas within the European Union (EU) as a matter of policy of which the EU member states are heavily dependent on for their economies and for day-to-day living. You are an economist, and part of an inter-disciplinary team set-up within the purview of the office of the Dutch Prime Ministership. Thus, your focus should be on the situation as it impacts on the Netherlands only.
Question (i) As a policy, what are the impacts of imposing price control on oil and gas in the Netherlands?
(ii) How does the price control policy affect consumer surplus?
(iii) How does the price control policy affect producer surplus?
(iiii) How does the price control policy affect the efficiency and consumption of oil and gas?
(iiiii) Will the policy help in making oil and gas cheaper and more accessible to Dutch consumers?
The price control policy effect in the Netherlands include:
Reduced supplyIncreased demandInefficiencyHow does the price control policy affect consumer surplus and producer surplus?The implementation of price control policies has a positive impact on consumer surplus as it enhances its magnitude. When price controls are enforced, setting the price below the equilibrium level determined by the market, consumer surplus experiences an augmentation. This occurs as consumers are enabled to procure the desired goods at a reduced price compared to what they would have paid under normal circumstances.
The implementation of price control policies exerts a negative influence on producer surplus as it diminishes its extent. When price controls are imposed, setting the price below the market equilibrium price, producer surplus experiences a decline. This occurs as producers are compelled to sell the goods at a lower price compared to what they would have received under normal market conditions.
The price control policy has an impact on the efficiency and consumption of oil and gas in the Netherlands, resulting in a reduction in both aspects. This is attributed to the price control policy creating a scarcity of oil and gas, leading to escalated prices and decreased consumption.
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The price control policy effect in the Netherlands include: Reduced supply, Increased demand, Inefficiency
The implementation of price control policies has a positive impact on consumer surplus as it enhances its magnitude. When price controls are enforced, setting the price below the equilibrium level determined by the market, consumer surplus experiences an augmentation. This occurs as consumers are enabled to procure the desired goods at a reduced price compared to what they would have paid under normal circumstances.
The implementation of price control policies exerts a negative influence on producer surplus as it diminishes its extent. When price controls are imposed, setting the price below the market equilibrium price, producer surplus experiences a decline. This occurs as producers are compelled to sell the goods at a lower price compared to what they would have received under normal market conditions.
The price control policy has an impact on the efficiency and consumption of oil and gas in the Netherlands, resulting in a reduction in both aspects. This is attributed to the price control policy creating a scarcity of oil and gas, leading to escalated prices and decreased consumption.
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Yacama Shades supplies sun-blocking shades to home remodeling supply stores such as Home Depot and Lowes as well as discounters such as Walmart. The CFO is worried about inflation and the effect on Yacama Shades' financial results. The variable production costs are $150, and fixed costs amount to $2 million. Production engineers have advised management that they expect unit labor costs to rise by 20 percent and unit materials costs to rise by 15 percent in the coming year. Of the $150 variable costs, 50 percent are from labor and 20 percent are from materials. Variable overhead costs are expected to increase by 10 percent. Sales prices cannot increase more than 6 percent. It is also expected that fixed costs will rise by 12.7 percent as a result of increased taxes and other miscellaneous fixed charges. Presently, the company sells 27,000 units for $400 per unit. The company wishes to maintain the same level of profit in real dollar terms. It is expected that to accomplish this objective, profits must increase by 10 percent during the year. Required: a. Compute the volume in units and the dollar sales level necessary to maintain the present profit level, assuming that the maximum price increase is implemented. b. Compute the volume of sales and the dollar sales level necessary to provide the 10 percent increase in profits, assuming that the maximum price increase is implemented. c. If the volume of sales were to remain at 27,000 units, calculate the new price that would be required to attain the 10 percent increase in profits.
Current profit + (10% of current profit) = (Number of units sold * P) - (Variable costs per unit * Number of units sold + Fixed costs)
Solve for P to find the new price required.
a. To maintain the present profit level, we need to calculate the volume in units and the dollar sales level necessary considering the maximum price increase.
First, let's calculate the current profit level:
Current profit = Total revenue - Total costs
Current profit = (Number of units sold * Sales price) - (Variable costs per unit * Number of units sold + Fixed costs)
Given:
Number of units sold = 27,000 units
Sales price = $400 per unit
Variable costs per unit = $150 (50% labor + 20% materials)
Fixed costs = $2,000,000
Current profit = (27,000 units * $400 per unit) - ($150 per unit * 27,000 units + $2,000,000)
To maintain the same level of profit in real dollar terms, we need to increase the profit by 10%. Let's denote the required profit as "X".
Current profit + (10% of current profit) = X
(Current profit + 0.1 * Current profit) = X
Solving for X, we get the target profit.
b. To provide a 10% increase in profits, we need to calculate the volume of sales and the dollar sales level necessary considering the maximum price increase.
Let's denote the target profit as "Y" (10% increase in profits).
Target profit = Current profit + (10% of current profit)
Y = Current profit + 0.1 * Current profit
To achieve the target profit, we need to solve for the new profit level.
c. If the volume of sales remains at 27,000 units, we can calculate the new price required to attain the 10% increase in profits.
Let's denote the new required price as "P".
Current profit + (10% of current profit) = (Number of units sold * P) - (Variable costs per unit * Number of units sold + Fixed costs)
Solve for P to find the new price required.
Please note that the calculations for parts a, b, and c involve specific numerical values, which are not provided in the question. To obtain the exact results, the provided numerical values need to be substituted into the equations.
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Suppose that the required reserve is $400 billion, excess reserve is $500 billion, currency in
circulation is $2000 billion, and the currency ratio is 0.5.
(a) Calculate the money supply, and the money multiplier.
(b) Suppose the central bank conducts an open market purchase of $500 billion of bonds
from commercial banks. Assuming the ratios you calculated in part (a) remain the same, predict the
change of the money supply, and the resulting money supply in the market after the purchase.
(c) Can the money multiplier value be less than 1? Explain your answer.
(d) In March 2020, the Fed removed reserve requirements for all U.S. banks (0%). What
is the main reason behind the Fed’s decision? Explain using the money multiplier.
a)Money Supply = $2900 billion, Money multiplier = 2. (b) Change in Money Supply = $500 billion and resulting money supply = $3400 billion (c) No, it cannot be. (d) Provide greater flexibility and liquidity to the banking system.
(a) Currency in Circulation = $2000 billion
Deposits = Money Supply - Currency in Circulation
Deposits = Money Supply - $2000 billion
Excess Reserves = Deposits - Required Reserves
$500 billion = Deposits - $400 billion
Deposits = $500 billion + $400 billion
Deposits = $900 billion
Money Supply = Currency in Circulation + Deposits
Money Supply = $2000 billion + $900 billion
Money Supply = $2900 billion
Thus, the money supply is $2900 billion.
Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Ratio
Reserve Ratio = 1 - Currency Ratio
Reserve Ratio = 1 - 0.5
Reserve Ratio = 0.5
Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Ratio
Money Multiplier = 1 / 0.5
Money Multiplier = 2
(b) Change in Money Supply = Change in Excess Reserves
Change in Money Supply = $500 billion
The resulting money supply after the purchase would be:
Money Supply = Initial Money Supply + Change in Money Supply
Money Supply = $2900 billion + $500 billion
Money Supply = $3400 billion
Thus, the resulting money supply in the market after the purchase would be $3400 billion.
(c) The money multiplier value cannot be less than 1. The money multiplier represents the relationship between the change in the money supply and the change in the monetary base (such as excess reserves).
If the money multiplier is less than 1, it would mean that the change in the monetary base leads to a smaller change in the money supply, which is not how the multiplier process typically operates.
(d) The Federal Reserve's decision to remove reserve requirements for all U.S. banks in March 2020 aimed to provide flexibility and liquidity to the banking system.
It allows banks to have more freedom in lending and managing their balance sheets. With a 0% reserve requirement, the money multiplier becomes infinite, enabling banks to expand lending activities without reserve constraints.
Thus, this change increases the potential money supply in the economy, enhancing the effectiveness of monetary policy and promoting economic growth.
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The spot price of iron ore (for immediate delivery) is quoted at US\$130 per dry metric ton unit (DMTU) and the risk-free rate is 3.5% per annum with continuous compounding. Furthermore, to store one dry metric ton unit of iron ore it costs US\$3 per year, payable every six months in advance. Answer the following questions in the space provided below. (a) A certain trader quotes the one-year forward price on iron ore at $136. Does an arbitrage opportunity exist? If so, describe in words (no numbers required) how you can make a risk-free profit from this situation. In your answer be sure to include: (i) the name of the arbitrage strategy available in this case, and (ii) the actions you take at various times (i.e., today, in six months, and in one year). (3 marks) (b) What is the dollar amount of the risk-free profit that can be made per DMTU using the above arbitrage strategy?
The answers to the questions of arbitrage opportunity and DMTU is answered below as per criteria.
(a) Yes, an arbitrage opportunity exists in this case. The available arbitrage strategy is called cash-and-carry arbitrage. Here's how you can make a risk-free profit:
Today: Borrow money at the risk-free rate of 3.5% per annum with continuous compounding.
Today: Buy one dry metric ton unit of iron ore at the spot price of US$130 per DMTU.
Today: Store the iron ore for one year, incurring a cost of US$3 per year payable every six months in advance.
Today: Enter into a forward contract to sell the iron ore in one year at the forward price of US$136.
In six months: Receive the storage cost of US$1.50 (half of US$3) for storing the iron ore.
In one year: Deliver the iron ore at the forward price of US$136 and receive the forward price as payment.
In one year: Repay the borrowed money with interest at the risk-free rate of 3.5% per annum.
By following this strategy, you can lock in a risk-free profit.
(b) To calculate the dollar amount of the risk-free profit per DMTU, we need to consider the costs and gains at each step of the strategy. Since the exact quantities and time periods are not specified in the question, I cannot provide a specific dollar amount.
However, you can calculate the profit per DMTU by subtracting the costs (spot price, storage costs) from the gains (forward price) in the respective currencies (US dollars). The resulting amount will give you the risk-free profit per DMTU.
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