Why aren't human populations evolving to produce immune systems that are able to fight off MRSA and other "superbugs"?
Answer: There are genes that code for different cell receptors that detect foreign substances. And for the immune system to fight these superbugs, the genes encoding these receptors must mutate and evolve. Humans have a slow rate of evolution, slower than bacterial evolution. Then not only human genes mutate at a very slow rate, but insect genes mutate very fast and can improve their strategy to evade the immune system.
Explanation:
A mutation is a random change in the nucleotide sequence or in a gene, which produces a variation in its characteristics and which is not necessarily transmitted to the offspring. They occur spontaneously by the action of mutagens, which are physical, chemical or biological agent that changes the genetic information of an organism and thereby increases the frequency of mutations above the natural level. In multicellular organisms, mutations can only be inherited when they affect the reproductive cells, called gametes (egg and sperm) A consequence of mutations can be, for example, a genetic disease, or it can also be a favorable improvement such as being able to fight against a virus. However, even if in the short term mutations could detrimental, they are essential for our long-term existence becuase without mutations there would be no change, and without change life could not evolve.
The immune system is the body's natural defense against infections, such as bacteria and viruses. The body attacks and destroys invading infectious organisms by the coordinated action of cells and proteins. Any substance or compound produced by an organism is a potential antigen when it is recognized as foreign by the immune system of another organism, whether it is of the same or a different species. In addition, the genes code for different cell receptors that detect these foreign substances. And for the immune system to fight these superbugs, the genes encoding these receptors must mutate and evolve. But, humans have a slow rate of evolution, slower than bacterial evolution. Then not only human genes mutate at a very slow rate, but insect genes mutate very fast and can improve their strategy to evade the immune system. Therefore, the human population may not have mutations that improve the immune system to help it fight againts these superbugs.
A condyle differs from an epicondyle in that the condyle ______. A) is often flat, whereas an epicondyle is round. B) is an attachment site for muscle
A condyle differs from an epicondyle in that the condyle helps form a joint. So the correct option is C.
Condyle and Epicondyle both refer to the part of long bones in animals. The smooth surface at the end of the bone which helps in the formation of a joint is called condyle however,
The Epicondyle is a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone which facilitates the attachment of ligaments, muscles and tendons.
Where condyle forms a smooth surface, epicondyle usually leads to rough projections.
Medial and lateral condyle are some examples for former while medial and lateral condyle of femur and humerus are some examples of epicondyle structure in bone.
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Full question: A condyle differs from an epicondyle in that the condyle ________
A) helps form a joint.
B) is a raised area above a joint.
C) is often flat, whereas an epicondyle is round. D) is an attachment site for muscles.
A gene contains 4 exons and 3 introns. Each exon may, or may not be present in the corresponding mRNA. How many different proteins can this gene code for:
There are three introns A molecule of pre-mRNA in a eukaryotic cell has four exons and three introns.
The number and size of introns differ widely. The mammalian DHFR gene comprises 6 exons totaling around 2000 nucleotides, yet the gene is 31,000 bases long. Similarly, alpha-collagen contains 50 exons ranging from 45-249 bases, and the gene is approximately 40,000 bases long.
Exons and introns are present in the earliest messenger RNA products when genes are transcribed. However, introns are deleted during the splicing process, leaving just exons in the final mRNA and utilized to determine which proteins are generated.
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Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called:
Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called endocrine cells.
Endocrine cells launch hormones into the intercellular spaces, from which they diffuse unexpectedly into surrounding blood vessels and from there in the course of the body. Micrograph (b) of the anterior pituitary gland indicates the standard capabilities of endocrine glands. On the opposite hand, endocrine glands secrete their materials at once into your bloodstream. They're referred to as ductless glands. Endocrine glands are a part of your endocrine system, and that they secrete hormones. Examples of endocrine glands encompass your pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Endocrine glands launch hormones into the bloodstream. This shall we the hormones tour to cells in different elements of the body. The endocrine hormones assist manipulate mood, boom and development, the manner our organs work, metabolism, and reproduction.
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Which of the following is the correlation coefficient a researcher would most likely obtain between scores on a measure of exposure to media violence and scores on a measure of aggressive behavior?
- 0.80
- 0.00
- 0.30
- 1.00
A moderate correlation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior, with correlation coefficients often falling between 0.30 and 0.80. 0.80 is correct .
It is likely that a researcher would obtain a correlation coefficient between 0.30 and 0.80 between scores on a measure of exposure to media violence and scores on a measure of aggressive behavior. This is because research has consistently found a moderate correlation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior. However, it's important to note that correlation coefficients can vary depending on the specific measures used and the population being studied. A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate no correlation between the two variables, while a correlation coefficient of 1.00 would indicate a perfect positive correlation.
Therefore, 0.80 would be the most likely correlation coefficient obtained by researcher.
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What are cilia and where are they located?
Cilia are microscopic, hair-like projections found on the outside of eukaryotic cells or internal organs, and protozoans.
Several internal organs, including the lungs, trachea, and digestive system contain epithelial cells with motile cilia. They are also present on protozoans, such as paramecium, and aid in motility. In the dendritic knob of the olfactory neuron are the non-motile cilia. Cilia are structures on the surface of cells whose function it is to propel water in a specific direction relative to the cell. Like many single-celled organisms, this process can either cause the cell to move through the water or cause the water and its contents to move across the cell's surface.
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Each of the animal cells shown below is in a different stage of mitosis. Select the cell that is currently in metaphase.
Answer:
The first one is in metaphase
Explanation:
Answer:
Picture !!
Explanation:
I took the test
Which is more appropriate?
a phytoplankton - fish - shark - whale
b shark - fish – krill – phytoplankton
c phytoplankton - seaweed - fish – whale
d phytoplankton - krill – fish –
Answer:
The answer is B.
Explanation:
If you are looking for biggest to smallest this is the answer. Or, who eats who.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Phytoplankton and algae form the bases of aquatic food webs. They are eaten by primary consumers like zooplankton, small fish, and crustaceans. Then fish get eaten by large predators, such as sharks, tuna, squid and octopus as well as marine mammals like seals and some whales form the top of the food chain. Next a shark is eaten by a whale. These whales have been known to attack and eat everything from small fish and turtles to squid, seals, sea lions, and even large whales. Killer whales also hunt, attack, and eat sharks. That is a food chain from smallest to biggest :)
When an individual's genotype has one normal allele and one mutant allele for a recessive phenotype (and hence, doesn't express the mutant phenotype), they are known as _____. sex-linked codominance incomplete dominanance carriers
Sex-related disorders are handed down through generations via the X or Y chromosome. The X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes. A heterozygous genotype is defined as an organism with one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
Dominant inheritance occurs when one parent's defective gene causes disease while the corresponding gene from the other parent is normal. The aberrant gene takes precedence.
However, in recessive inheritance, both matching genes must be faulty for illness to occur. If only one of the two genes is faulty, the illness does not arise or is mild. A carrier is someone who has one faulty gene but no symptoms. Carriers' offspring may inherit faulty genes.
Most commonly, the term "sex-linked recessive" refers to X-linked recessive.
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For every described currently living species of organism, there are about ________
fossil species.
O 2
O 1/6
O 100
O 6
O 1/100
For every described currently living species of organism, there are about 1/6 fossil species.
What is fossil species?Fossil species are species that have been preserved in the fossil record. Fossil species are usually the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago, and are found in sedimentary rocks. They provide a window into the evolutionary history of the Earth, and are important for understanding the relationships between extinct and living species. Fossil species are also used to reconstruct ancient environments and ecosystems. Fossil species can be identified by their morphology, or physical characteristics such as size and shape.
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What are 3 causes of genetic variation?
Three factors that cause genetic variation are genetic mutations, genetic drift and random mating.
Genetic variations are defined as the changes which occur in the genetic sequence of the DNA. These genetic variations are very vital as they enable the living beings to evolve and therefore survive. The three factors bring about genetic variation are genetic mutations, genetic drift and random mating.
A genetic mutation can be defines as a change that occurs in the DNA sequence of a particular gene which leads to the formation of a different kind of product. Genetic drift is the alteration in allelic frequency by chance. Random mating can be defined as the mating between two individuals which is not dictated by the social or genetic preference.
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Meiosis II must take place because each of our new cells still has too much _________.
What are the three functions of cilia?
The major functions of the cilia are locomotion, attachment, feeding and sensation.
About CiliaThe ciliary apparatus is connected to cell cycle progression and proliferation, and cilia play a vital part in human and animal development and in everyday life.
The length of a single cilium is 1-10 micrometres and width is less than 1 micrometre.
Cilia are broadly divided into two types. They function separately and sometimes together:
'Motile' (or moving) cilia are found in the lungs, respiratory tract and middle ear. These cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. They work, for instance, to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation. They also help propel sperm.
Primary cilia appear typically as single appendages microtubules on the apical surface of cells and lack the central pair of microtubules (e.g. in kidney tubules).
In the kidney, for example, cilia bend with urine flow and send a signal to alert the cells that there is a flow of urine.
In the eye, non-motile cilia are found inside the light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) of the retina. These cilia act like microscopic train-tracks, and allow the transport of vital molecules from one end of the photoreceptor to the other.
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the movement of chloroplasts remind me of....
The chloroplasts are these. Maintain a close eye out for any movement in the chloroplasts. Cytoplasmic streaming is the term for movement within a cell.
In both low-light and high-light conditions, efficient photosynthesis depends on chloroplast mobility. The aforementioned claim is true since chloroplasts are an organelle that travel throughout cells through cytoplasm. Every type of cell is filled with a thick fluid called cytoplasm, in which organelles are both suspended and free to move. The cytoplasm is the home of all organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. We may infer that chloroplast is an organelle that moves inside the cell with the help of cytoplasm since the section of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles is known as cytosol.
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Frameshift mutations can be very severe. What is one reason why they are often so serious?
A) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases downstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.
B) Frameshift mutations always occur in the regulatory region, so they cause a gene to be turned off and then the protein is not produced at all.
C) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases upstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.
D) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes transition mutations to occur. These are particularly severe.
Reason behind Frameshift mutations are severe because A) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases downstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.So,correct option is A.
Fundamentally, a frameshift mutations causes changes in the hereditary material, codons, and proteins, which can prompt numerous difficulties and issues, some of which are the Tay-Sachs sickness, however it can likewise make an individual be more inclined to specific malignant growths.
A frameshift mutations (likewise called an outlining mistake or a perusing outline shift) is a hereditary change brought about by indels (additions or cancellations) of various nucleotides in a DNA succession that isn't distinct by three. Because of the trio idea of quality articulation by codons, the inclusion or erasure can change the understanding edge (the gathering of the codons), bringing about something else altogether from the first. The previous in the succession the erasure or addition happens, the more changed the protein. A frameshift mutation isn't equivalent to a solitary nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is supplanted, as opposed to embedded or erased.
Hence,correct option is A.
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I will love you so much whoever can answer this please <3
Which of the following does not contribute to bacteria's ability to evolve rapidly? A)Sexual reproduction. B)Genetic recombination. C)Mutation
Answer: A) Sexual reproduction
Explanation:
Bacteria cannot reproduce sexually. They instead exchange genetic information.
Can you help me I stressing out like every time I send it a link pops up like I want he answer
Answer:
I-3, II-2, III-2 are all definitely carriers
It is possible find the genotype of individual II-1 because the he inherited his father's y which does not carry the trait (because only x chromosomes have the trait) and his mother's x chromosome, but the mother is not a carrier.
Que significa una celula
Find the edge length of the cube. (The density of copper is 8. 96 g/cm3, and the volume of a cube is equal to the edge length cubed. )
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
As a result, its edge length is 2.13 cm (because copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm3 and a cube's volume is equal to a edge length cubed).
(Cubic volume equals (edge length)3, and copper density equals 8.96 g/cm3) Tip: Mass is equal to the product of volume and density.From of the question, we may deduce that copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm3 and a volume of 2.62 cm3 for the piece of copper.A cube's volume is equal to its length, breadth, and height. However, because it is a cube, the length, breadth, & height all are equal and correspond to one of the cube's edges. Therefore, just find a cube root of a volume to get the length of a cube's edge.
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Please answer I really need help
Answer:
1. Non-living
2. Reproduce
3. Nucleic acid
4. RNA
5. Protein
6. Capsid
7. Burst
8. Lytic
9. Lysogenic
Explanation:
Viruses are set of organisms classified as NON-LIVING (1) because they do not exhibit the characteristics that living things exhibit. Viruses are incapable of REPRODUCING (2) on their own, and hence, need a living host to infect in order to replicate itself.
In the structural composition of a virus, it is made up of only one type of NUCLEIC ACID (3), which can either be DNA or RNA (4). The nucleic acid is surrounded by a PROTEIN (5) coat called CAPSID (6).
There are two ways a virus can infect its host. First, it can replicate itself causing the host cell to BURST (7) or lyse in a process called LYTIC CYCLE (8). Also, the virus can remain dormant in the host cell and continually replicate with the host cell in a process called LYSOGENIC CYCLE (9).
what are the agents of pollination?
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Three major agents of pollination are:-
1. Insect
2. Wind
3. Water
Thanks Hope it helps.Which of the following is true about drug therapy?Immersive Reader
(1 Point)
A.It is usually accompanied by electroshock treatments.
B.It involves four main types of psychoactive medications.
C.It is rarely effective without surgery.
D.It relies mostly on the placebo effect.
Answer:
definitely d it relies mostly on the placebo effect
i know it’s late but i really need help
Answer:
C DNA and Protines
Explanation:Nuclear DNA does not appear in free linear strands; it is highly condensed and wrapped around nuclear proteins in order to fit inside the nucleus.
What do you think is the importance of food labels with nutrition?
Explanation:
It's importance is stating the nutritional value of the product and letting consumers know about any possible allergens
What is an example of Mendelian trait that we find in humans?
Albinism and Huntington's disease are two instances of human autosomal Mendelian traits. Phenylketonuria is another example of a human mendelian trait: This illness is an illustration of a Mendelian trait since it is passed down from parents to children when both parents have heterozygous (Aa) and homozygous (Aa) circumstances.
Human characteristics known as Mendelian traits are those that are heavily influenced by Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian inheritance is the term used to describe how qualities that are regulated by a single gene with two alleles, one of which may be dominant to the other, are passed down from parent to child. Even though just a few human features are governed by a single gene with two alleles, they provide a solid foundation for learning about human heredity.
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A mutation in the gene for plasmin that results in non-functional plasmin can cause: O thrombin to activate. O plasminogen to clot blood faster. O blood clots will not be dissolved. O no clotting will occur.
Blood clots may not dissolve due to plasmin gene mutations that produce inactive plasmin. Therefore, statement 3 is the chosen statement.
A zymogen that starts the fibrinolytic cascade is plasminogen. The plasminogen-to-plasmin conversion results in plasminogen activation. A proteolytic enzyme is a plasmin. It is a chemical that stimulates the breakdown of proteins made from an inert plasma precursor plasminogen. Blood clot fibrinolysis and the restoration of regular blood flow are the primary physiological functions of plasmin. In other words, it is a serine protease that dissolves fibrin blood clots. It is present in human serum.
Therefore, statement 3 is correct.
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What is the best evidence we have for evolution ?
The continuity of the fossil record from ancient to contemporary times may be the strongest fossil evidence supporting evolution.
We don't find things like mammals in strata from the Devonian, the age of fishes, or human fossils alongside dinosaur remains anywhere on Earth. Evolution that is, common descent, gradualism, species diversification, and natural selection are the five hypotheses that Darwin united. A theory is an explanation for how a natural phenomenon functions that has undergone extensive testing through observations and experiments intended to establish the validity of the explanation. In this context, evolution might be considered both reality and a theory. The fact that creatures have altered or evolved over the course of Earth's history is undeniable.
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In order to develop antibiotics, scientists need to understand how bacteria grow and reproduce. One factor that is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction is protein synthesis. By understanding how bacteria synthesize proteins, scientists can then attempt to develop antibiotics that block bacterial protein synthesis during an infection.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation on how to develop an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria?
A. How can the formation of covalent bonds between amino acids be blocked?
B. How can the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids be blocked?
C. How can the phosphate end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
D. How can the hydroxyl end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
Answer:
A. How can the formation of covalent bonds between amino acids be blocked?
Explanation:
An antibiotic is any chemical substance that is active against certain bacteria. The majority of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis act by targeting the two subunits (30S and 50S) of the bacterial ribosomes, thereby stopping translation. The bond that binds two different amino acids is a covalent peptide bond produced when the carboxyl group of one amino acid residue reacts with the amino group of another amino acid to form a bond. Thus, amino acid residues are linked by peptide bonds at the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) of the growing polypeptide, and therefore when this binding is blocked, protein synthesis cannot progress.
A question that may direct antibiotic research is "How can the formation of covalent bonds between amino acids be blocked?"
Bacterial protein synthesisThe ribosome of a representative bacterium, Escherichia coli, has a coefficient of 70S sedimentation and consists of a 30S and a 50S subunit. THE 30S subunit contains a piece of the rRNA molecule with 16S and 21 proteins different, while the 50S subunit contains two pieces of rRNA, rRNA with 23S and rRNA with 5S and 34 different proteins.
With this information, we can conclude that the inhibitors of protein synthesis block the translation process at different stages.
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Help? I don't understand
Answer:
Secondary succession is more common and usually occurs faster than primary succession because the substrate is already present.
Explanation:
Hope it helped:)