Find the concentration of all ions present in a 0.223 M solution of PbCl2.
Answer:
Since that means that we have 0.223 moles of PbCl2 in 1000mL of solution.
Also since mole ratio of the ions Pb2+:Cl- is 1:2
Thus, moles of Pb2+ = 0.223moles
concentration of Pb2+= 0.223M
Moles of Cl- = 2x0.223 moles
Concentration of Cl- = 0.446M
Explanation:
Does anyone have Personal Care services on E2020
Here are some questions on Personal Care services on E2020 are:
A client with a new ileostomy has been home for four days. The HHA is giving the client a bath and notices that the pouch is full. The HHA should say to the client: D. "I'll empty the pouch for you."A client is bedridden at home and has an infected draining sacral wound. The infection control supplies that should be kept in the home is: Gloves.What is infection?An infection is the entrance and growth of dangerous microorganisms in the body that harm the host, such as bacteria, viruses, fungus, or parasites.
Infections can be systemic (affecting the entire body) or localized (affecting a particular area of the body), and they can be moderate to severe.
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What happens to the particles of a gad when the gas is compressed
Answer:
When the gas is compressed, its molecules come closer and internal energy of gas is increased and the number of collisions will also increase. As the gas is compressed, the work done on it shows up as increased internal energy, which must be transferred to the surroundings to keep the temperature constant.
An argon ion laser emits visible radiation with photons of energy 4.071 x 10-19 J. What is the
wavelength of the radiation?
The wavelength of the radiation emitted by the argon ion laser is [tex]4.854 * 10^-7 m[/tex].
Wavelength is a property of any type of wave that refers to the distance between two adjacent points on the wave that is in phase, i.e., at the same point in their respective cycles. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ) and is measured in units of length, such as meters or nanometers.
The energy carried by the photon (E) is related to the wavelength ([tex]\lambda[/tex]) through the following equation:
[tex]E=hc/\lambda[/tex]; where 'h' is the Plank's Constant and 'c' is the speed of light which is [tex]3* 10^{-7} m/s[/tex].
We can say that
[tex]\lambda - hc/E[/tex]
Now after substituting the given values, we get:
[tex]\lambda = (6.626 * 10^{-34} J.s * 3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (4.071 * 10^{-19} J)\\\lambda = 4.854 * 10^-7 m[/tex]
Therefore the wavelength of the radiation emitted by the argon ion laser is [tex]4.854 * 10^-7 m[/tex].
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The change in enthalpy (AH, ) for a reaction is -25.8 kJ mol.
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is 1.4 × 103 at 298 K.
What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 655 K?
The equilibrium constant for the reaction at 655 K is [tex]e^{6.96}[/tex] ≈ 1.05 × 10^3.
The equilibrium constant (K) for a reaction is related to the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) through the equation:
ΔG = -RTlnK
where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in kelvin, and ln is the natural logarithm. Since ΔG and ΔH (the change in enthalpy) are related by the equation:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
where ΔS is the change in entropy, we can rearrange the first equation to get:
lnK = -ΔH ÷ RT + ΔS ÷ R
At 298 K, we can use the given values of ΔH and K to solve for ΔS:
lnK = -ΔH ÷ RT + ΔS ÷ R
ln(1.4 × 10³) = (-(-25.8 × 10³ J/mol) ÷ (8.314 J/mol K × 298 K)) + ΔS ÷ 8.314 J/mol K
ΔS = 78.2 J/mol K
Now we can use the equation above to solve for lnK at 655 K, using the same value of ΔH and the newly calculated value of ΔS:
lnK = -ΔH ÷ RT + ΔS ÷ R
lnK = -(-25.8 × 10³ J/mol) ÷ (8.314 J/mol K × 655 K) + (78.2 J/mol K) ÷ 8.314 J/mol K
lnK = 6.96
e ≈ 1.05 × 10³
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A 7.95 L
container holds a mixture of two gases at 25 °C.
The partial pressures of gas A and gas B, respectively, are 0.352 atm
and 0.715 atm.
If 0.240 mol
of a third gas is added with no change in volume or temperature, what will the total pressure become?
Is the following reaction endothermic or exothermic?
C3H8 + 5 O2 --> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
H= -2200 kJ
Since the ΔH for the given reaction has negative value, the reaction is exothermic reaction.
A reaction that is exothermic is one in which power is given off as heat or light. In contrast to an endothermic process, which draws energy from its surroundings, an exothermic reaction transfers energy into the environment. The alteration in enthalpy (H) during an exothermic reaction will be negative. Since the ΔH for the given reaction has negative value, the reaction is exothermic reaction.
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draw the lewis structure of ch3br
The Lewis structure of the compound[tex]CH_{3} Br[/tex] is shown in the image attached.
What is the Lewis structure?The Lewis structure of a molecule or ion is produced by arranging the atoms in a manner that lessens the attraction between their valence electron pairs and then distributes the valence electrons among the atoms to form covalent bonds.
The octet rule, which states that atoms normally gain or lose electrons to obtain a stable configuration with eight valence electrons, frequently serves as a guidance when arranging electrons in the Lewis structure.
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1. What is the percent of NaCl in a mixture that contains 23.5 g of NaCl and 212 g of water? Enter
answers in 2 decimal places
Answer:
9.98%
Explanation:
To find the percent of NaCl in the mixture, we need to divide the mass of NaCl by the total mass of the mixture, and then multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Step 1: Find the total mass of the mixture
total mass = mass of NaCl + mass of water
total mass = 23.5 g + 212 g
total mass = 235.5 g
Step 2: Calculate the percent of NaCl
% NaCl = (mass of NaCl / total mass) x 100
% NaCl = (23.5 g / 235.5 g) x 100
% NaCl = 0.0997876857 x 100
% NaCl = 9.978768677%
% NaCl = 9.98%
Therefore, the percent of NaCl in the mixture is 9.98%.
A sample of gas is contained in a 245 mL flask at a temperature of 23.5°C. The gas pressure is 37.8 mm Hg. The gas is moved to a new flask, which is then immersed in ice water, and which has a volume of 54 mL. What is the pressure of the gas in the smaller flask at the new temperature?
We can use the combined gas law to solve this problem:
(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)
where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.
We are given that the initial pressure is P1 = 37.8 mm Hg and the initial volume is V1 = 245 mL. The initial temperature is T1 = 23.5°C, which we need to convert to Kelvin by adding 273.15:
T1 = 23.5°C + 273.15 = 296.65 K
We are also given that the final volume is V2 = 54 mL, and the final temperature is the temperature of the ice water, which is 0°C or 273.15 K.
Now we can solve for the final pressure, P2:
(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)
P2 = (P1V1T2) / (V2T1)
P2 = (37.8 mm Hg * 245 mL * 273.15 K) / (54 mL * 296.65 K)
P2 = 24.4 mm Hg
Therefore, the pressure of the gas in the smaller flask at the new temperature is 24.4 mm Hg.
What is the minimum concentration of fluoride ions necessary to precipitate CaF2 from a 5.25 x 10-3 M solution of Ca(NO3)2? Ksp of CaF2 = 3.9 x 10-11
The minimum concentration of fluoride ions needed is 2.726 x 10⁻⁴ M.
How to solveTo find the minimum concentration of fluoride ions needed to precipitate CaF₂, we'll use the solubility product constant (Ksp) and the calcium ion concentration.
Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]²
Given: [Ca²⁺] = 5.25 x 10⁻³ M, Ksp = 3.9 x 10⁻¹¹
3.9 x 10⁻¹¹ = (5.25 x 10⁻³)[F⁻]²
Solve for [F⁻]:
[F⁻]² = (3.9 x 10⁻¹¹) / (5.25 x 10⁻³)
[F⁻]² = 7.4286 x 10⁻⁹
[F⁻] = 2.726 x 10⁻⁴ M
The minimum concentration of fluoride ions needed is 2.726 x 10⁻⁴ M.
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Given Equation (Balance it) :
C2H4O2 + NaHCO3 —> NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
Word Problem:
If you have 100 mg of Acetic Acid (C2H4O2) and 10 mg of NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate), how many grams of CO2 can be produced ?
also determine the theoretical yield of the chemical reaction.
C₂H₄O₂ + NaHCO₃ —> NaC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O + CO₂ the amount of Carbon dioxide produced is 5.28 mg.
Is the reaction between acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate exothermic or endothermic?Water, CO₂ , and C₂H₃NaO₂ were produced when acetic acid and NaHCO₃ were combined. The chemistry is as follows: The reaction between vinegar and baking soda was endothermic.
Acetic acid: 2(12.01 g/mol) + 4(1.01 g/mol) + 2(16.00 g/mol)
= 60.05 g/mol
NaHCO₃ 22.99 g/mol + 1.01 g/mol + 3(16.00 g/mol)
= 84.01 g/mol
100 mg of Acetic acid is equal to 0.1 g, and 10 mg of NaHCO₃ is equal to 0.01 g.
Number of moles of Acetic acid = 0.1 g / 60.05 g/mol
= 0.00167 mol
Number of moles of NaHCO₃ = 0.01 g / 84.01 g/mol
= 0.00012 mol
Since NaHCO₃ has fewer moles, it is the limiting reactant.
Therefore, 0.00012 mol of NaHCO₃ will produce 0.00012 mol of CO₂
The mass of CO₂ produced can be calculated as follows:
Mass of CO₂ = Number of moles of CO₂ x Molar mass of CO₂
Mass of CO₂ = 0.00012 mol x 44.01 g/mol
= 0.00528 g or 5.28 mg
Therefore, the amount of CO₂ produced is 5.28 mg.
The theoretical yield of CO₂ is 0.00012 mol x 44.01 g/mol
= 0.00528 g or 5.28 mg.
This is equal to the actual yield of CO₂ produced.
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What best describes the energy in light?
A. It increases as it is absorbed by an atom.
B. It increases as the light moves from violet toward red.
C. It is absorbed and emitted in discrete chunks.
D. It is absorbed when it comes into contact with an object.
C. It is absorbed and emitted in discrete chunks.
The energy in light is carried by particles called photons, which behave both like waves and like particles. According to the theory of quantum mechanics, photons can only be absorbed or emitted in discrete amounts of energy, known as quanta. This means that the energy in light is not continuous, but rather comes in specific packets or chunks. This phenomenon is known as quantization, and it has important implications for many areas of physics, including atomic and molecular physics, as well as the study of electromagnetic radiation.
Answer: C it is absorbed and emitted in descrete chunks.
Explanation:
photons of light are emitted or absorbed as electrons change energy levels
Silver chloride, AgCl, is a sparingly soluble solid. Answer the following questions about a saturated solution prepared by placing solid silver chloride in a 2.45 10-5 M NaCl(aq) solution. At some temperature, the silver ion concentration, [Ag+], was found to be 5.36 10-6 M.
(a) What is the concentration of chloride ions, [Cl − ], in the resulting solution?
The solubility of silver chloride (AgCl) can be represented by the following equilibrium equation:
AgCl(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
In a saturated solution of AgCl, the concentration of Ag+ ions is equal to the solubility product constant (Ksp) for AgCl at that temperature. Since the concentration of Ag+ ions in the solution is given as 5.36 x 10^-6 M, we can write:
[Ag+] = 5.36 x 10^-6 M
According to the stoichiometry of the equilibrium equation, the concentration of chloride ions ([Cl-]) is also equal to the concentration of Ag+ ions, as one mole of AgCl dissociates to yield one mole of Ag+ ions and one mole of Cl- ions. Therefore:
[Cl-] = 5.36 x 10^-6 M
So, the concentration of chloride ions in the resulting solution is 5.36 x 10^-6 M.
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1. While doing a calorimetry experiment, you notice the temperature of 50.0 g of water changes by 7ºC. What is the energy of the chemical reaction? (Cwater= 4.18 J/g*°C)
2. Which of the following is an example of a kinetic energy change?
Explain how your model is different from the model in the picture.
My model is distinct from the model in the image in that it takes a more thorough and all-encompassing approach to comprehending the fundamental parts of a system.
It considers the interactions between various system elements as well as the connections between those elements and their surroundings. It also looks at how the system changes over time, and how different components interact with each other.
As a result, the system may be understood more precisely, and management choices can be made with more knowledge. In order to offer a more precise and current picture of the system, my model also integrates the most recent research and technological advancements.
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a solution is made by mixing 100 ml of ethanol and 200 mL of water identified the solute of solvent of the solution and calculate the total volume of the solution
The solution has a total volume of 300 mL and is composed of 100 mL of ethanol (the solute) and 200 mL of water (the solvent).
Does a solution form when 50 mL of ethanol and 50 mL of water are combined?Less than 100 ml will result from mixing 50 ml each of ethanol and water in an equal ratio. This happens because ethanol molecules, which are smaller than those of water, may fit inside big water molecules. As a result, the alcohol content in a 250 mL mix of water and alcohol is 60%.
The combined volumes of the ethanol and water make up the total volume of the solution, which is:
Total volume = 100 mL + 200 mL = 300 mL
Therefore, the solution is made up of 100 mL of ethanol (the solute) and 200 mL of water (the solvent), with a total volume of 300 mL.
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is this correct?............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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3.09 g is the theoretical mass of AlBr₃(s) produced.
How to setup dimensional analysis?The following dimensional analysis setup could be used to determine the theoretical mass of AlBr₃(s) (molecular mass = 266.69 g/mol) produced based on reacting 84.2 g of a 0.005 mol/L solution of Br₂(l) (density=1019 g/L) with excess Al(s) as described in the following equation:
3Br₂(l) + 2Al(s) → 2AIBr₃(s)
The dimensional analysis setup to calculate the mass of AlBr₃(s) produced is as follows:
84.2 g Br₂ (l) × (1 L solution / 1019 g Br₂(l)) × (0.005 mol Br₂(l) / 1 L solution) × (2 mol AlBr₃(s) / 3 mol Br₂(l)) × (266.60 g AlBr₃(s) / 1 mol AlBr₃(s)) = 3.09 g AlBr₃(s)
Therefore, the theoretical mass of AlBr₃(s) produced is 3.09 g.
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How many grams of NiNO can be produced if 35.1 g of ammonium nitrate and 552 g of sodium phosphate react?
Answer:its b
Explanation:
jusut bcss
How does the frequency of a string affect its wavelength?
Answer:
as the frequency goes down, the speed goes down by the same factor, and so the wavelength doesn't change.
Explanation:
Answer: as the frequency goes down, the speed goes down by the same factor, and so the wavelength doesn't change.
Explanation:
a solution is made by mixing 100 ml of ethanol and 200 mL of water identified the solute of solvent of the solution and calculate the total volume of the solution
The total volume of the solution is 300 mL.
To calculate the total volume of the solution, we simply add the volumes of the ethanol and water together:
The total volume of solution = volume of ethanol + volume of water
= 100 mL + 200 mL
= 300 mL
Therefore, the total volume of the solution is 300 mL.
When two or more compounds are combined to form a solution, the substance present in the smallest amount is known as the solute, and the material present in the largest amount and which dissolves is known as the solvent.
The solute, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas, dissolves in the solvent, which is often a liquid.
In this scenario, 100 mL of ethanol and 200 mL of water are combined to make the solution. The solute in this solution is ethanol, a colorless liquid. Water is a polar solvent that can dissolve a wide range of compounds, including ethanol. When ethanol and water are combined, they dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture.
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Please help thanks!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The correct ratio of components is: For every 3 moles of carbon dioxide produced, 5 moles of oxygen react.
This ratio can be derived directly from the balanced chemical equation:
C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O
The balanced equation shows that for every 3 moles of carbon dioxide produced, 5 moles of oxygen are required. This means that if we have a certain amount of propane, we need to use this ratio to determine the amount of oxygen needed for the reaction. Similarly, if we have a certain amount of oxygen, we can use this ratio to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that will be produced.
It is important to note that the other ratios provided in the question are incorrect because they do not match the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
Therefore, the correct option is: for every 3 moles of carbon dioxide produced, 5 moles of oxygen react.
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If a balloon containing a mixture of gases where the partial pressure of oxygen is 12.8 psi, the partial pressure of hydrogen is 4.31 psi, and the partial pressure of nitrogen is 22.1 psi, then the actual pressure inside the balloon is…
Answer:
39.21 psi
Explanation:
According to Dalton's Law, the total pressure in the system is the sum of all the partial pressures, so all you need to do is add the partial pressures :)
a student mixed 20 grams of salt into a beaker with 200 milliliters of warm water. then, the student set the cup of saltwater on a windowsill undisturbed for one week. what changes did the student observe? include what happened when salt was mixed with warm water and what most likely happened to the saltwater after one week.
Answer:
Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together. After the salt compounds are pulled apart, the sodium and chloride atoms are surrounded by water molecules, as this diagram shows. Once this happens, the salt is dissolved, resulting in a homogeneous solution.
Explanation:
determine the solubility of NH and 90° C
The solubility of NH₃ in water at 90°C is approximately 0.03 g per 100 g of water.
What is the solubility of NH₃?The solubility can be determined from a solubility table or by using the appropriate equilibrium constant.
According to a solubility table, the solubility of ammonia in water at 90°C is approximately 88 g per 100 g of water.
Alternatively, the equilibrium constant for the dissolution of ammonia in water at 90°C can be used to calculate the solubility.
The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction:
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
is approximately 1.76 x 10⁻⁵ at 90°C.
Using the equilibrium constant expression:
K = [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3][H2O]
Assuming that the concentration of water remains constant at 100 g per 100 g of solution, and that the concentration of NH4+ and OH- are negligible compared to that of NH3, the solubility of NH3 can be calculated as:
[NH3] = K[H2O] = 1.76 x 10⁻⁵ x 100 = 1.76 x 10⁻³ mol/L
Converting to grams per 100 g of water:
1.76 x 10⁻³ mol/L x 17.03 g/mol = 0.03 g/100 g of water
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The complete question is below:
determine the solubility of NH₃ in water at 90° C
diagram of reaction of water,oxygen,acids
When water and oxygen react in the presence of an acid, the oxygen can oxidize the acid to produce a compound and release hydrogen ions.
Reaction:
The reaction is as follows and it's diagram mentioned below.
Acid + Oxygen + Water → Compound + Hydrogen ions
if we take the acid hydrochloric acid (HCl), the reaction with oxygen and water can produce the compound chlorine dioxide ([tex]ClO_{2}[/tex]) and hydrogen ions ([tex]H^{+}[/tex]):
2 HCl + [tex]O_{2}[/tex] + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] → 2 [tex]ClO_{2}[/tex] + 4 [tex]H^{+}[/tex]
This type of reaction is known as an oxidation-reduction reaction or a redox reaction, where one species is oxidized (loses electrons) while the other is reduced (gains electrons).
What is redox reaction?
A redox reaction, also known as an oxidation-reduction reaction, is a type of chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons between two species. One species undergoes oxidation, meaning it loses electrons, while the other species undergoes reduction, meaning it gains electrons.
Redox reactions are fundamental to many processes in nature and technology, including photosynthesis, respiration, corrosion, and energy production in batteries and fuel cells. They are also important in many industrial processes, such as the production of metals, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
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The enthalpy combustion of ethanol is -1430 kJ/mol. Determine heat given off from the combustion of 1 dm³ of ethanol. Given density of ethanol is 0.79 gcm³. (molar mass ethanol = 46 g/mol)
Answer:
The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1430 kJ/mol, which means that for every mole of ethanol that is burned, 1430 kJ of heat is released.
To determine the amount of heat given off from the combustion of 1 dm³ of ethanol, we need to first calculate the number of moles of ethanol in 1 dm³.
1 dm³ is equivalent to 1000 cm³. Since the density of ethanol is 0.79 g/cm³, the mass of 1 dm³ of ethanol can be calculated as:
mass = density x volume
mass = 0.79 g/cm³ x 1000 cm³
mass = 790 g
To convert this mass to moles, we need to divide by the molar mass of ethanol:
moles = mass / molar mass
moles = 790 g / 46 g/mol
moles = 17.17 mol
Therefore, 1 dm³ of ethanol contains 17.17 moles of ethanol.
To calculate the heat given off from the combustion of 1 dm³ of ethanol, we can use the following equation:
heat = enthalpy of combustion x moles of ethanol
heat = -1430 kJ/mol x 17.17 mol
heat = -24,551 kJ
Therefore, the heat given off from the combustion of 1 dm³ of ethanol is -24,551 kJ, or approximately 24,551 kJ of heat is released.
need help with this problem
Answer:
Na < Al < Mg < S < Cl
Explanation:
Sodium has the smallest ionization energy because it wants to lose an electron as an alkali metal.
Aluminum has the second smallest because losing an electron would leave it with just a full s orbital.
Magnesium has the third smallest because although it's removing an electron from a full s orbital, it has less protons than sulfur and chlorine to keep the electron in the shell.
Sulfur has the second largest because it has more protons to pull at the electrons.
Chlorine has the largest ionization energy because it really wants an electron to fill the p orbital. Due to its number of protons, the element is also very small and it will be difficult to remove an electron.
6. A 90.0 gram sample of an unknown solid is heated to 80 °C and placed into a calorimeter containing 120 grams of water at 24 °C. If the final temperature of the solid sample and the water is 32 °C, what is the specific heat of solid?
PLEASE SHOW WORK
Answer:
1.02 J/g°C.
Explanation:
We can use the equation:
q = m * c * ΔT
where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass of the substance (in grams), c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature (in Celsius).
First, we can calculate the heat gained by the water:
q_water = m_water * c_water * ΔT_water
where m_water is the mass of the water (in grams), c_water is the specific heat of water (4.184 J/g°C), and ΔT_water is the change in temperature of the water.
m_water = 120 g
c_water = 4.184 J/g°C
ΔT_water = (32°C - 24°C) = 8°C
q_water = (120 g) * (4.184 J/g°C) * (8°C) = 4009 J
This means that the heat lost by the unknown solid is equal to the heat gained by the water:
q_solid = -q_water
q_solid = -4009 J
Next, we can calculate the change in temperature of the solid:
ΔT_solid = (32°C - 80°C) = -48°C
Now, we can solve for the specific heat of the solid:
q_solid = m_solid * c_solid * ΔT_solid
-4009 J = (90.0 g) * c_solid * (-48°C)
c_solid = -4009 J / (90.0 g * -48°C)
c_solid = 1.02 J/g°C
Therefore, the specific heat of the unknown solid is 1.02 J/g°C.
What is the family puzzle worksheet answer? Please make the pedigree and give me the answers
Interpreting Data:
Joshua's parents must be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis (Nn).Bella's parents must be homozygous for the normal allele (NN).How to analyze family pedigrees?Predicting:
Joshua's brother has a 50% chance of being a carrier for cystic fibrosis (Nn) and a 50% chance of having the normal genotype (NN). This is because Joshua's parents are both carriers, so each of their children has a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive allele.
Communicating:
As a genetic counselor, information about many generations of a family is needed to draw conclusions about a hereditary condition because traits are passed down from generation to generation. By studying the family history, we can identify patterns of inheritance and determine the likelihood that a person has inherited a certain trait. This information can help us make informed decisions about genetic testing and treatment options.
Additionally, knowing the family history can help us determine the risk of passing on a genetic condition to future generations.
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Image transcribed and complete question:
Family Puzzle
Problem
A husband and wife want to understand the probability that their children might inherit cystic fibrosis. How can you use the information in the labeled Case Study to predict the probability?
Skills Focus
interpreting data, predicting
Materials
12 index cards
scissors marker
Procedure
1. Read the Case Study. In your notebook, draw a pedigree that shows all the family members. Use circles to represent the females, and squares to represent the males. Shade in the circles or squares representing the individuals who have cystic fibrosis.
2. You know that cystic fibrosis is controlled by a recessive allele. To help you figure out Joshua and Bella's family pattern, create a set of cards to represent the alleles. Cut each of six index cards into four smaller cards. On 12 of the small cards, write N to represent the dominant normal allele. On the other 12 small cards, write n for the recessive allele.
Case Study:
Joshua and Bella
• Joshua and Bella have a son named lan. lan has been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.
⚫ Joshua and Bella are both healthy.
• Bella's parents are both healthy.
• Joshua's parents are both healthy. • Joshua's sister, Sara, has cystic fibrosis.
Analyze and Conclude
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1. Interpreting Data What were the genotypes of Joshua's parents? What were the genotypes of Bella's parents?
2. Predicting Joshua also has a brother. What is the probability that he has cystic fibrosis? Explain.
3. Communicating Imagine that you are a genetic counselor. A couple asks why you need information about many generations of their families to draw conclusions about a hereditary condition. Write an explanation you can give to them.
More to Explore
Review the pedigree that you just studied. What data suggest that the traits are not sex-linked? Explain.