During the Calvin cycle, the process of carbon fixation occurs, in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is added to a five-carbon sugar molecule called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) through the enzyme RuBisCO, forming an unstable six-carbon molecule.
This molecule immediately splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), which can be further converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a three-carbon sugar that can be used to build more complex organic molecules such as glucose.
The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the chloroplasts of plants and algae and is essential for the process of photosynthesis, which converts light energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules.
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How does the scientist know that the substance goes through a change of
state during the time period labeled B on the graph?
• A. The particles start slowing down.
• B. The temperature increases gradually.
• C. The temperature remains the same.
• D. The particles start moving faster.
SUBMIT
Answer:
The temperature remains constant.
Explanation:
In a plot of temperature against time, it is easy to spot the points on the graph where a change of state is taking place.
During a change of state, the temperature does not not change with time. These are points that are plateaus on the temperature-time graph.
Use the drop-down menus to complete each statement about how science affects decisions.
In 1984, New York passed a law requiring people to wear seat belts. This is an example of a
-level decision influenced by science and technology.
In 1963, the Clean Air Act was enacted. This is an example of science and technology influencing decisions at the
level.
Answer:
A)
In 1984, then-Governor Mario Cuomo signed legislation that made New York the first state in the US to implement a mandatory seatbelt law. However, this law only required the driver and front passenger in a motor vehicle to wear a seatbelt.
B)
The Clean Air Act gives the Environmental Protection Agency the necessary tools to protect our families from a number of harmful pollutants that can cause asthma and lung disease – especially in children. Weakening these standards would allow more pollution in the air we breathe and threaten our children's health.
STUDY WELL!
Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is an inherited trait caused by faulty metabolism o
fats. Affected homozygotes produce a much higher concentration of chlorides in
their sweat than normal homozygotes. Heterozygotes have an intermediate chlo
ride concentration and live a normal life span. A couple planning marriage decide
to have a sweat test because a brother of the man died in infancy from the disorder
The test show the man to be heterozygous and the woman homozygous normal
What is the probability of their having a child (a) with cystic fibrosis (b) who is a
camer of the cystic fibrosis gene?
The probabilities probability of their having a child with cystic fibrosis who is a camer of the cystic fibrosis gene are
(a) 50% chance of having a child with cystic fibrosis (cf cf).
(b) 50% chance of having a child who is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene (Cf cf).
Cystic fibrosis explained.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells.
This problem can be solved using Punnett squares to predict the possible outcomes of the mating.
First, we need to determine the genotypes of the parents:
The man is heterozygous (CfCf), meaning he carries one normal allele (Cf) and one cystic fibrosis allele (cf).
The woman is homozygous normal (CfCf), meaning she carries two normal alleles.
Using these genotypes, we can construct a Punnett square:
| C f
---|---
Cf | CfCf Cf cf
Cf | CfCf Cf cf
From this Punnett square, we can see that:
There is a 50% chance of the offspring inheriting a normal allele from each parent (CfCf), making them homozygous normal.
There is a 50% chance of the offspring inheriting a cystic fibrosis allele from the father (cf), and a normal allele from the mother (Cf), making them a carrier (Cf cf) like their father.
There is a 0% chance of the offspring inheriting two cystic fibrosis alleles, as the mother does not carry any cystic fibrosis alleles.
Therefore, the probabilities of the outcomes are:
(a) 50% chance of having a child with cystic fibrosis (cf cf).
(b) 50% chance of having a child who is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene (Cf cf).
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Mr. B is a 75 year-old diabetic patient who underwent a prolonged abdominal surgery 24 hours ago. You perform an assessment and identify a stage 1 pressure injury on his heel. Which of the following assumptions can make about the insult that likely gave rise to the pressure injury?
A. Prolonged surgery does not place patients at risk for pressure injuries.
B. The insult was likely due to sensory neuropathy associated with diabetes, and not associated with his hospital stay.
C. It is most likely that the initial insult occurred during surgery.
D. A or B
DAnswer:D
Explanation:
Many countries generate their electricity using renewable energy resources such as wind turbines and solar panels.
i). Predict the effect of using renewable energy resources, rather than fossil fuels, on the carbon cycle .
ii). Explain the reason for your prediction.
i) Using renewable energy resources instead of fossil fuels will have a positive impact on the carbon cycle. This is because burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. In contrast, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar do not produce carbon dioxide emissions during their operation.
ii) The reason for this prediction is that the use of renewable energy sources reduces the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. This, in turn, reduces the amount of carbon that is available for absorption by terrestrial and marine ecosystems. This can lead to an overall reduction in carbon cycling between the atmosphere, oceans, and land, and ultimately contribute to slowing down the process of climate change. Additionally, the use of renewable energy resources can also help to reduce the pollution of air and water caused by fossil fuel extraction and transportation, which can have negative impacts on the carbon cycle and ecosystem health.
1. A normal woman marries a man with sickle-cell trait. What is the probability of their
nga (a) child with sickde-cell trait, (b) normal child, (c) child with sickle cel anemia?
2. A normal individual, receives a blood transfusion from a person with sickle-cell trai
Would the sickle-cell trait be transmitted to the recipient? Explain.
Answer:
Explanation:
Sickle cell trait is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. A person with sickle cell trait inherits one normal copy and one mutated copy of the HBB gene, while a person with sickle cell anemia inherits two copies of the mutated gene.
The probability of their child having sickle cell trait, normal, or sickle cell anemia can be calculated using Punnett square analysis:
HbA (normal) HbS (sickle cell trait)
HbA HbA HbA (normal) HbA HbS (sickle cell trait)
HbS HbA HbS (sickle cell trait) HbS HbS (sickle cell anemia)
a) The probability of the child having sickle cell trait (HbA HbS) is 50%.
b) The probability of the child being normal (HbA HbA) is 25%.
c) The probability of the child having sickle cell anemia (HbS HbS) is 25%.
No, the sickle cell trait would not be transmitted to the recipient through a blood transfusion. Sickle cell trait is not contagious and cannot be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or other forms of casual contact. The transfused blood will carry the donor's hemoglobin, but it will not change the recipient's genetic makeup or cause them to develop sickle cell trait. However, if the recipient has a child with a partner who has sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia, there is a chance that their child may inherit the disorder.
This dung beetle (genus Scarabaeus) is burying a ball of dung it has collected from a large mammalian herbivore in Kenya. Explain why this process is important for the cycling of nutrients and for primary production.
Explanation: The process is crucial for primary production and nutrient cycling as the dung comprises several organic molecules and nutrients that are important for the growth of plants.
By burying the dung, the beetles return the nutrients to the soil, where plants absorb it and use it for growth.
Is cultural appropriation always a bad thing? Why or why not?
Answer:
Cultural appropriation can be complex and controversial, and opinions vary on whether it is always a bad thing. Cultural appropriation occurs when elements of one culture are taken and used by members of another culture without permission, acknowledgment, or respect for the source culture.
While some instances of cultural appropriation are harmful and disrespectful, not all cases are inherently negative. Cultural exchange and sharing of cultural traditions and practices can be positive and enriching for all involved. For example, many musical genres, such as jazz, rock and roll, and hip-hop, have evolved by blending and fusing different cultural styles and influences.
However, cultural appropriation can be harmful and disrespectful when cultural elements are taken out of context, misrepresented, or used in a way that perpetuates harmful stereotypes or disrespects the culture of origin. It can also perpetuate power imbalances between dominant and marginalized cultures and contribute to the erasure of the contributions and experiences of marginalized groups.
Ultimately, whether the cultural appropriation is always a bad thing depends on the context and the intentions behind the use of cultural elements. It is vital to approach cultural exchange with respect, sensitivity, and willingness to learn and understand the cultural context and history behind shared practices and traditions.
Please help with this biology question! Photo is added of the problem.
(My account says I’m in college but I’m in high school, not sure how to change that, sorry for the misunderstanding!!)
1) Change of the nucleotide at position 10 from G to A ; 2) A U G U G G A A C C C U G C U G A 3) Methionine - Tryptophan - Asparagine - Proline - Arginine - Leucine - Serine - Leucine - Cysteine ; 4) Depend on location of mutation within the gene ; 5) Substitution.
What is mutation?Change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA is referred to as a mutation.
1) The mutation in the sequence is the change of the nucleotide at position 10 from G to A.
2) The mRNA sequence for the mutated DNA sequence will be: A U G U G G A A C C C U G C U G A
3) The amino acid sequence for the above mRNA sequence is: Methionine - Tryptophan - Asparagine - Proline - Arginine - Leucine - Serine - Leucine - Cysteine
4) The effect on the protein will depend on the location of the mutation within the gene and the specific amino acid change that results from the mutation. Some mutations can have no effect on the protein, while others can cause the protein to be non-functional or partially functional. In this case, it is difficult to predict the effect without more information.
5) The mutation is a substitution because only one nucleotide has been changed. Specifically, it is a missense mutation because it changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
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n pea plants, the gene for the color of the seed has two alleles. In the Punnett square shown below, the dominant allele (Y) represents yellow and the recessive allele (y) represents green.
Punnett Square showing a grid that is blank with 4 empty boxes, two columns and two rows. The female parent plant across the horizontal side, top, of the grid indicates a yellow phenotype and a genotype of Yy. The male parent plant along the vertical side of the grid indicates a yellow phenotype and a genotype of YY.
Based on the Punnett square, what percentage of offspring would have genotype YY?
0%
25%
50%
100%
None of the progeny would have a gene of YY, according to the Punnett square. The genotypes of the parents are Yy for the female parent and YY for the male parent. The male parent's potential gametes are Y and Y, and the female parent's potential gametes are Y and Y.
These gametes can result in children with either the YY or the Yy genotype. Punnett's square, however, demonstrates that each child will have the genotype Yy and none will have the genotype YY. Consequently, 0% of the children have the genotype YY.
Punnett's squareThe potential results of a DNA cross between two people are visualized using a Punnett square. It is called after British geneticist Reginald Punnett, who created the idea in the early 20th century.
Each of the four spaces that make up the square represents a potential allele combination from each parent. Along the upper and left sides of the square, the alleles are listed.
Along the upper and left sides of the square are lists of the potential gametes from each parent. The potential genotype of the offspring arising from the fusion of the two gametes is represented by the box where each row and column intersect.
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Answer:
0 %
Explanation:
3.2.1 Lab: Investigating Natural Selection
Lab Biology semester 2 10th grade
Please help me with this assignment thank you
Explanation:
the defenation of insects
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the formation of precipitation?
Question 2 options:
evaporation
steep slopes for runoff
solar energy
cold temperatures in the upper atmosphere
Answer:
cold temperatures in the upper atmosphere
Which of the following would provide best evidence that the trait is dominant
Answer:
In genetics, a trait is considered dominant when it is expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual, meaning that it only requires one copy of the dominant allele to be expressed. On the other hand, a recessive trait is only expressed when both copies of the allele are present in the individual's genotype.
To provide the best evidence that a trait is dominant, we would need to observe the trait in the phenotype of all individuals who carry at least one copy of the dominant allele. This means that if an individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, they should still show the dominant trait in their phenotype.
In practice, this could be demonstrated through a series of crosses between individuals with known genotypes. If the offspring of a cross between a homozygous dominant individual and a heterozygous individual all show the dominant trait, this would be strong evidence that the trait is dominant. Similarly, if the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous individuals show the dominant trait in a 3:1 ratio, this would also support the idea that the trait is dominant.
In general, the best evidence for a dominant trait would be consistent expression of the trait in the phenotype of individuals who carry at least one copy of the dominant allele. This can be observed through controlled breeding experiments and statistical analysis of the resulting offspring.
What does it mean to "eat lower on the food chain"?
Question 40 options:
Avoiding processed foods containing GMO ingredients
Only buying organic produce farmed using the most sustainable practices
Reducing consumption of animal products in favor of more plant products
Eating an exclusively vegan diet that excludes all animal products
If you consume there at bottom in the food chain, you consume mainly plant matter, whereas if you eat at the top, you consume primarily animal matter.
What could it mean for "eat low here on food chain" mean?Consuming food that really is low just on food web or having a flower lifestyle lessens the demand for resources and is extremely good for the environment. One supper without any meat may save you money on food, electricity and power.
Is eating lower just on food web preferable?Because animal had substantially bigger earth and water footprint than vegetables, feeding higher here on food supply chain is more detrimental to the environment than eating low on the food chain items like fruits and vegetables.
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what is phenotype of parent 2?
what kind of cross does this figure describe?
*URGENT PLEASE HELP FAST*
Read each of the sentences describing modern primates. Then place each statement into the correct box.
See attachment below
Modern primates are a group of animals that include lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. They are characterized by features such as opposable thumbs, forward-facing eyes, and large brains relative to their body size.
Modern primates are found in Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and Central and South America, and they exhibit a wide range of behaviors and adaptations to their environments.
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A purebred pet results from which of the following types of mating?
Responses
two separate breeds bred through artificial selection, mating only individuals known to be free from disease
two of the same breed bred through artificial selection, mating only members of the same breed for many generations
two of the same breed bred through designer breeding, mating members of two separate breeds until their offspring begin to look alike
two separate breeds bred through selective breeding, mating only individuals who look very much alike
A purebred pet results from the following types of mating : two of same breed bred through artificial selection, mating only members of same breed for many generations.
What is meant by the term mating?In biology, mating is the pairing of organisms that are hermaphrodites or opposite sexes for the goal of sexual reproduction.
A purebred pet results from two of the same breed bred through artificial selection, mating only members of same breed for many generations.
This is known as inbreeding, which helps them to ensure that desirable traits are consistently passed down from one generation to the next. Purebred pets are often bred for specific physical and behavioral characteristics that are associated with the breed.
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Answer: The correct answer is two of the same breed bred through artificial selection, mating only members of the same breed for many generations
Explanation: This answer has been confirmed correct.
Purebred breeds are procreated by mating only members of the same breed for consecutive generations.
In the practice of science, how is the accuracy of a scientific claim evaluated? (Muli choice)
A.) by carefully gathering and analyzing a variety of opinions from the public
B.) by critically considering alternative scientific claims or explanations
C.) by testing the claim's predictions in a controlled setting
D.) by repeating the experiments that led to the claim being made
I was thinking B and C however I want to be sure.
Human skin has undergone many adaptations to help humans survive in different environments. What are the 2 main issues that need to be balanced?
[tex]\blue{\huge {\mathrm{HUMAN \; SKIN \; ADAPTIONS}}}[/tex]
[tex]\\[/tex]
[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex]{\underline{\huge \mathbb{Q} {\large \mathrm {UESTION : }}}}[/tex]
Human skin has undergone many adaptations to help humans survive in different environments. What are the 2 main issues that need to be balanced?[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex] {\underline{\huge \mathbb{A} {\large \mathrm {NSWER : }}}} [/tex]
The two main issues that need to be balanced in human skin adaptations are the need for protection against harmful environmental factors (such as UV radiation, extreme temperatures, and injuries) and the need for efficient thermoregulation (maintaining a stable body temperature). The skin has evolved to perform both of these functions through various adaptations, such as the production of melanin to absorb UV radiation, the ability to sweat to cool the body, and the development of insulation in colder environments.
[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex]- \large\sf\copyright \: \large\tt{AriesLaveau}\large\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\tt 04/02/2023[/tex]
Protection from harmful environmental factors (such as UV radiation, extreme temperatures, and injuries) and effective thermoregulation are the two primary concerns that need to be managed in human skin adaptations. (maintaining a stable body temperature). Through a variety of adaptations, including the production of melanin to absorb UV rays, the capacity to perspire to cool the body, and the creation of insulation in colder environments, the skin has evolved to accomplish both of these tasks.
Part E Create a graph to compare the actual temperature changes over time using your spreadsheet. The steps involved in creating your graph will be different depending on your software. For most platforms, it’s necessary for the two columns you’re correlating to be next to each other. Use the cut, copy, and paste features to relocate the anomaly values so that the actual temperatures are in column B next to the years in column A. Highlight columns A and B. From the menu, choose Insert and select the graph or chart type you decided on in part D. If needed, update the graph and axis labels so that it is easy to tell what the graph is displaying. Capture and save an image of your graph. Use the insert Image button to add the image to the answer space.
In most spreadsheet programmes, you may create a graph by selecting the two columns you want to display as a graph, choosing a type of graph, changing the labels, taking a fingerprinting, saving it, and then entering it into the answer field.
Does the link between pressure and temperature exist?We discover that pressure and temperature are inversely proportional to each other when the temperature is on the kelvin scale (again, when volume and moles of gas are held constant).
What is the connection between temperature and pressure, and why?Investigate the relationship between the temperature of a gas and the pressure it exerts on its container. This is also known as Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature or Gay-Law. Lussac's Whenever a gas's temperature rises.
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Fill in the following phrases on the image above: glucocorticoids secreted, mineralocorticoids secreted, epinephrine & norepinephrine secreted, sympathetic nervous system activated, adrenal cortex stimulated, adrenal medulla stimulated, anterior pituitary activated, cardiovascular and respiratory system react to increase energy, kidneys retain water and cause increased blood pressure, fat and muscle break down to increase energy
Long-term stress are glucocorticoids secreted, mineralocorticoids secreted, adrenal cortex stimulated, anterior pituitary activated.
What is stress?Stress is a physiological and psychological reaction to a feared or difficult situation. It is a normal and necessary response that gets the body ready to handle circumstances that call for more focus or action, such a physical threat or a job deadline.
Short-term stress are epinephrine & norepinephrine secreted, sympathetic nervous system activated, adrenal medulla stimulated, cardiovascular and respiratory system react to increase energy, kidneys retain water and cause increased blood pressure, fat and muscle break down to increase energy.
The adrenal cortex, pituitary gland, and hormone release are mentioned in connection with the long-term stress response, which denotes a more enduring reaction to stress. In contrast, the words used to describe the short-term stress response refer to the sympathetic nervous system being activated and the release of hormones like adrenaline and norepinephrine, which indicate a quicker, more immediate reaction to stress.
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Which of these is true?
A
Both veins and arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
B
Both veins and arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
C
Veins carry oxygen-poor blood, and arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
D
Veins carry oxygen-rich blood, and arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
Answer: C. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood, and arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
Explanation:
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart. With the exception of pulmonary blood vessels, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
___ develop where an oceanic lithosphere plate bends downward and sinks beneath another tectonic plate, into the asthenosphere
Subduction zones. The leading edge of other plates pushes aside more dense oceanic lithosphere. The temperature differential between slab and surrounding asthenosphere is what causes slab to sink.
The mantle is recycled in subduction zones, where the cold oceanic lithosphere lowers. When the less dense lithosphere of one plate converges with the oceanic lithosphere of another plate, this is known as a convergent plate boundary.
Because the hot, ductile layer in the upper mantle beneath the cold, rigid lithosphere is slightly denser than the underlying asthenosphere, subduction is made possible. After it has begun, steady subduction is primarily propelled by the dense subducting lithosphere's negative buoyancy. Under the weight of the mantle, the slab largely sinks into it.
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Help in less then 5 minutes! 20 points!
(07.06 MC)
Which of the following best describes an example of a specific immune response to infectious agents? (1 point)
a Antibodies bind to antigens on the infectious agents, which are then destroyed by lymphocytes.
b Phagocytes surround the infectious agents, and then engulf and destroy them.
c The infectious agents cause the body to release histamine, which causes inflammation and swelling.
d Sweat creates an acidic environment, which prevents reproduction of the infectious agents.
a is the best answer. That process is the natural process of the immune system. When a virus gets into your body, the immune system rapidly produces antibodies to bind and destroy the virus. Better still, after the virus is controlled, there are still antibodies that float around to kill any other similar virus that gets into your body.
Which of the following is the first step in a balance training progression?
The first stage of a progression for balance training is static balancing exercising.
What exactly is a balance test?Standing straight, putting your hands on your hips, lifting one foot off the ground, and maintaining that static posture for as long as you can without letting your hands leave your hips or allowing your foot hit the ground is how to take this test.
What is the balance training method?Exercises for balance training include strengthening your legs and core, two muscles that are important for maintaining your balance. These exercises can help prevent falls by improving stability. Balance exercises can be challenging, much like some of the most challenging yoga positions.
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Question:
Which of the following is the first step in a balance training progression?
A. Dynamic balance exercises
B. Perturbation training
C. Sport-specific balance training
D. Static balance exercises
Use the desert picture below to answer the question.
Which factor most likely limits the desert's carrying capacity for plant life?
A-The number of herbivores
B-The amount of sunlight
C-The availability of water
D-The availability of land
Which body system is functioning improperly when not enough insulin is produced?
When not enough insulin is produced, the endocrine system, particularly the pancreas, is malfunctioning.
2. Colorblindness is a recessive trait. A man is colorblind. He mates with a woman that is a carrier of the trait.
What are the possibilities of their children being colorblind? B- Normal vision b-Colorblind
female
male
1.
3.
2.
J
Parent Genotypes: Male_
1
2
3
4
Genotypes
Female
Phenotypes
Among the chances that their offspring will be colorblind are: 50 % of having normal vision (genotypes BB or Bb), having a 50% probability of being colorblind (genotype bb).
What are genotypes?Genotypes are the various alleles (different gene forms) that a person inherits from their parents, which together make up their unique genetic profile. Each gene regulates a certain trait or quality, and the genotype of the person for that quality is determined by the mix of inherited alleles.
How do you determine it?We may construct a Punnett square using the provided data to identify potential genotypes and traits of the progeny:
| B b
--|---------
B | BB Bb
--|---------
b | Bb bb
The male father in this Punnett square has the genotype bb since he is colorblind. The genotype of the female parent who carries the characteristic is Bb.
There are two potential genotypes for the offspring: BB, Bb, and bb, as shown by the Punnett square.
Due to the presence of two dominant alleles for normal eyesight, this genotype would produce a child with normal vision.
Bb: Because they carry one dominant allele for normal vision and one recessive gene for colorblindness, this genotype would produce a child who is a carrier of the trait but has normal vision.
A child with this genotype would be colorblind since they carry two recessive colorblindness genes.
These are some scenarios in which their children might be colorblind:
Probability of having normal vision is 50% (genotypes BB or Bb)
50% likelihood of color blindness (genotype bb).
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where do plants get the energy needed to produce new leaves in the spring after losing their leaves in the fall?
Trees and other plants use the sun's energy to produce a kind of carbohydrates in their needles that serves as the tree's food. Photosynthesis is the name of this process.
what causes plants to start growing leaves again?Trees can tell when spring is approaching in two different ways. They react initially to days that are substantially warmer following a period of cold weather in the winter. In the same timing, they respond to a shift in the length of the day when longer days and fewer hours of darkness encourage new developments and growth.
Without leaves, how do plants receive their energy?Cacti are examples of plants that lack leaves in the conventional sense. In reality, their spines are modified leaves the body's cells or stem Consequently, photosynthesis enables plants like cactus to take in and transform solar energy.
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Compare and contrast Capsids of Complex Symmetry versus Helical Capsids.
Complex capsid symmetry shapes are characterized by a capsid that is neither exclusively helical nor exclusively icosahedral and may include additional structures like protein tails or complex outer walls.
Why does the capsid have helical symmetry?Both helical symmetry and icosahedral symmetry are basic principles for how virus capsids self-assemble. In helical symmetry, the nucleic acid and protein subunits are arranged in a helix, and in icosahedral symmetry, the protein subunits form a symmetric shell that encloses the nucleic acid-containing core.
How does complex symmetry work?complicated symmetry Complex viruses have a characteristic shape; they cannot be classified as helical or icosahedral; they are made up of numerous different components called capsomeres, each of which has a unique shape and symmetry. Examples include the poliovirus and bacteriophage.
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