Answer:
alpha particles carry a positive charge, beta particles carry a negative charge, and gamma rays are neutral
Explanation:
Alpha rays have poor penetration power. They can cause little harm from outside. The outer layer of dead skin in humans, a thick sheet of paper, or a layer of clothes can resist alpha penetration.
However, alpha particles also have the greatest mass, which implies that they have the greatest ionizing power. If an alpha particle somehow gets into the system through inhaling or swallowing, they become the most dangerous.
Chances of alpha particles getting inside the system occur only in situations of a nuclear accident or explosion. Once inside, alpha particles can cause maximum damage to the tissues of humans and other living organisms.
Beta particles are smaller and have less tissue-damaging power when inside an organism. However, they have greater penetrative power. From the outside, beta particles can burn human skin. It would be similar to a severe sunburn.
Gamma rays have the highest penetration power. A living organism such as a human being exposed to gamma rays faces a high risk of having bone marrow and internal organs damaged.
Gamma rays can pass through a body, damaging tissue and DNA in the process. Scientists consider gamma rays to be the most dangerous form of radiation.
Also:
Alpha particles are positive, heavy, and slower in its movement in comparison to other kinds of nuclear radiation. The travel speed of alpha particles is 5-7% of the speed of light.
Radiotherapy in cancer treatment uses alpha particles to kill the cancerous cells. Because of their low penetration power, they cannot damage the healthy cells surrounding the cancerous part.
One-thousandth of the mass of a proton is the mass of a beta particle. Beta particles carry either one negative charge – an electron, or one single positive charge – a positron. Because of their small mass, beta particles can travel almost at the speed of light.
Beta particles get used as tracers for medical imaging. They also have therapeutic uses in bone and eye cancer treatment. Smoke detectors also use beta particles. Sometimes, beta particles are used for quality control. Checking the thickness of paper, for instance.
Gamma has no mass and no electrical charge. It can travel at the speed of light. There is some application of gamma rays in oncology, and for sterilizing medical instruments
Beta particles have a negative charge, alpha particles have a positive charge, and gamma rays are neutral.
What is radiation?Energy that emanates from a source and moves through space at the speed of light is referred to as radiation. This energy has wave-like qualities and is accompanied by an electric field and a magnetic field. Radiation may also be referred to as electromagnetic waves.
Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation are the two types of radiation. Non-ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to cause molecules' atoms to vibrate or move about, but not enough to deplete them of their electrons.
Gamma rays are neutral, alpha particles are positively charged, while beta particles are negatively charged.
An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons. Beta particles are thought to be highly energetic electrons. Photons are electromagnetic energy waves, and they are what gamma rays are.
Thus, this is the difference between the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations.
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A lever is used to lift an object with a weight of 60 Newtons. The effort force is 15 meters from the fulcrum, while the load force is 5 meters from the fulcrum. What is the mechanical advantage?
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
Mech adv = effort arm / load arm = 15 / 5 = 3
To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to force. and its different types. Therefore, the mechanical advantage is 3.
What is force?A force is an outside entity that has the power to alter a body's state of rest or motion. It has a direction and a magnitude. The point where forces are applied is determined either by the force's direction as well as the application of the force.
Your training at this level should place a major emphasis on the idea which a push or even a pull was refereed to as a force. In our daily lives, forces appear in a variety of ways. as in weight and power. It refers to the force a bat applies to a ball and the strength a hairbrush has when stroking hair.
Mech adv = effort arm / load arm = 15 / 5 = 3
Therefore, the mechanical advantage is 3.
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Explain why the power of a train's engine must be increased to maintain the speed while travelling up a slope
Answer:
the power (outside) of the train must be increased for the increase in resistance by the weight component.
Explanation:
We analyze the movement of the train at constant speed, on flat ground the force of the motor must counteract the friction force that opposes the movement, therefore to maintain the constant speed the two forces must be of the same magnitude.
When the train goes up a slope, it is subjected to two forces: the friction force that opposes the movement and a component of the weight in the opposite direction to the movement, therefore the power (outside) of the train must be increased for the increase in resistance by the weight component.
If the absolute temperature of an object is tripled, the thermal power radiated per unit surface area of this object will (assuming that its emissivity is not affected by the temperature change)?
Answer: increase by a factor of 81
A temperature increase of an order of 81 will cause an object's thermal output radiated per unit surface area to double, assuming that its emissivity is unaltered by the temperature change.
By dividing the Planck radiation density by a wavelength interval, you can compute it numerically.The rate of heat transfer through radiation emitted is controlled by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation: Qt=σeAT4 The equation Q t = e A T 4 includes the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A, the object's surface area, and T, the object's absolute temperature in kelvin.All bodies emit energy W depending on temperature T according to the Stefan-Boltzmann formula W = T4, where emissivity is equal to 1 for black bodies and less than 1 for grey ones, being the Stefan constant.To know more about Temperature here
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I need help! 20 points.
No system is completely closed off from its surroundings.
Which example represents a system that is almost completely closed?
a freezer with the door shut
a wood-burning fireplace
a cup of tea on a counter
a pot of simmering soup
Answer: a freezer with the door shut
Explanation:
What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? in your own words
The electromagnetic spectrum is a frequency system that shows the wavelengths and intensities of electromagnetic radiation.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum ?The electromagnetic spectrum is a frequency system that depicts electromagnetic radiation, wavelengths, and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum that is seen as colors: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays are examples of frequencies found in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Hence, the above definition introduce the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Two charged particles are located on the x axis. The first is a charge +Q at x = -a. The second is an unknown charge located at x = +3a. The net electric field these charges produce at the origin has a magnitude of 2keQ / a2. What are the two possible values of the unknown charge?
I honestly have absolutely no idea where to begin solving this problem. I know the equation for the electric field (kQ/r2), but I have no idea how to work with the information given to get a net electric force. Can anyone show me where to start?
Two charged particles are located on the x axis.
What are charged particles?
Charged particles are particles that have either a positive or negative electrical charge. These particles can be found in many forms in nature, such as electrons, protons, and ions. These particles are a key component of electricity, and can be used as a source of energy. Charged particles can be found in atoms and molecules, where they interact with other particles and affect their behavior. They can also be found in plasma, a state of matter that is made up of ions and electrons.
1. Start by writing out the equation for the electric field at the origin:
E = (kQ)/r^2
2. Substitute in the values for Q, k, and r, and solve for the unknown charge:
E = (2keQ)/a^2
E = (2k(+Q))/(3a)^2
+Q = (2kE)/(3a)^2
Since the electric field has a magnitude of 2keQ / a2, the unknown charge can be either positive or negative:
+Q = ±(2kE)/(3a)^2
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Select the correct anwer from each drop-down menu. When a looe brick i reting on a wall, it ha
[ Select ]
(. )kinetic (. )potential (. )both kinetic and potential energy. When the brick i puhed off the wall and i falling down, the amount of
[ Select ]
(. )kinetic (. )potential (. )both kinetic and potential energy i decreaing while the amount of
[ Select ]
(. )kinetic (. )potential (. )both kinetic and potential energy i increaing
When a loose brick is resting on a wall, it has potential energy. When the brick is pushed off the wall and is falling down, the amount of potential energy is decreasing while the amount of kinetic energy is increasing.
Kinetic energy is motion––of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects. Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position––gravitational energy. There are several forms of potential energy.
Conservation of energy is not saving energy. The law of conservation of energy says that energy is neither created nor destroyed. When we use energy, it doesn’t disappear. We change it from one form of energy into another.
A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in gasoline into mechanical energy. Solar cells change radiant energy into electrical energy. Energy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same.
Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you get from a system. A perfect, energy-efficient machine would change all the energy put in it into useful work—an impossible dream. Converting one form of energy into another form always involves a loss of usable energy.
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Select the correct answer. A van traveling down a slope with a uniform acceleration of 2.15 meters/second2 attains a speed of 20.00 meters/second after 7.00 seconds. What is the initial velocity of the van
Answer:
Initial velocity of the van is 4.95m/s
Explanation:
Acceleration is found using the following formula:
[tex]a=\frac{v-u}{t}[/tex]
where:
a is acceleration ( in meters per second squared)
v is final velocity ( in meters per second)
u is initial velocity ( in meters per second)
t is time ( in seconds)
We know that:
[tex]a = 2.15m/s^{2}[/tex]
[tex]v = 20m/s[/tex]
[tex]t=7s[/tex]
Therefore, we can find the initial velocity by shifting around some values and making [tex]u[/tex] the subject within the acceleration formula by multiplying both sides by [tex]t[/tex]:
[tex]a[/tex] × [tex]t=v-u[/tex]
Followed by:
[tex]u = v-at[/tex]
Now we can substitute in the values we have:
[tex]u = 20-(2.15[/tex] × [tex]7)[/tex]
[tex]u = 20 - 15.05[/tex]
[tex]u=4.95m/s[/tex]
A mass of 1.5 kg moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at 2.0 Hz. Calculate:
a) the velocity. b) the acceleration. c) the centripetal force acting on the mass.
Answer:
To solve this problem, you can use the following formulas:
Velocity (v) = 2πr * f
Acceleration (a) = v^2 / r
Centripetal force (F) = ma
In these formulas, r is the radius of the circle, f is the frequency of the circular motion, and m is the mass of the object.
a) To find the velocity of the mass, you can substitute the values given into the formula for velocity:
v = 2πr * f
= 2π(0.25 m) * 2.0 Hz
= 1.57 m/s
So, the velocity of the mass is approximately 1.57 m/s.
b) To find the acceleration of the mass, you can substitute the values given into the formula for acceleration:
a = v^2 / r
= (1.57 m/s)^2 / 0.25 m
= 4.45 m/s^2
So, the acceleration of the mass is approximately 4.45 m/s^2.
c) To find the centripetal force acting on the mass, you can substitute the values given into the formula for centripetal force:
F = ma
= 1.5 kg * 4.45 m/s^2
= 6.68 N
So, the centripetal force acting on the mass is approximately 6.68 newtons.
When you step on the break, the car engine rotation rate decreases from 10 rad/s to 6.3 rad/s in 5.0 s. What is the magnitude of the average angular acceleration
The average angular acceleration has a value of 0.74 rad/s2.
What leads to a reduction in angular speed?Applying a force tangential to the rim and in the direction of the instantaneous velocity of the piece of the rim you are applying the force to will most likely increase the angular speed. Reversing the direction of the force will slow down the angular speed.
What are the positions of and when rotation is accelerating?(rad/s)/s or rad/s2 are the units of angular acceleration. If rises, is a positive number. is negative if it decreases. Remember that the positive direction is counterclockwise and the negative direction is clockwise.
F = m r α . τ=mr2α. τ = m r 2 α
initial rotaton speed=10rad/s
final speed=6.3rad/s
time=5sec.
α=(10-6.3)/5 =.74rad/s
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explain how you would produce a loud sound from the violin
Answer:
The energy of a vibrating string is transmitted through the bridge to the body of the violin, which allows the sound to radiate into the surrounding air. Both ends of a violin string are effectively stationary, allowing for the creation of standing waves.
Explanation:
Is any of this right?
The largest meteorite of lunar origin reportedly has a mass of 19 g. If the meteorite placed on a scale whose spring constant is 83 N/m, what is the compression of the spring
According to reports, the biggest meteorite with lunar origin weighs 19 g. If the meteorite placed on a scale whose spring constant is 83 N/m, 0.22 m is the compression of the spring.
We can use Hooke's Law to calculate the compression of the spring caused by the meteorite. Hooke's Law states that the force exerted on a spring is directly proportional to the spring's compression or extension.
= F
= k * x
where F is the force (in newtons), k is the spring constant (in N/m), and x is the compression (in meters).
Given the mass of the meteorite is 19 g and the spring constant is 83 N/m, the force exerted on the spring can be calculated as
= F
= (mass of the meteorite) * g
= (19 g) * (9.8 m/s^2)
The compression of the spring can be found by rearranging Hooke's Law and substituting in the force and spring constant
x = F/k
x = (19 * 9.8) / 83
x = 0.22 m
The compression of the spring caused by the meteorite is 0.22 m.
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Write a complete scientific explanation to account for why the heavier ball caused more flour to spread out
When a ball moves with faster velocity, then a greater impulse force is Imparted that causes more flour to spread out.
The momentum of a system remains constant unless the system is acted on by an external force in which case the acceleration of center of mass satisfies. The force on a system of particles is the external force because the internal force is zero.
The external force is equal to the change in momentum of the system and is proportional to the acceleration of the center of mass. For a fixed choice of system, if there are no external forces acting on the system then the momentum of the system is constant is constant.
The external force may be zero in one direction but not others. The component of the system momentum is constant in the direction that the external force is zero. The component of system momentum is not constant in a direction in which external force is not zero.
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Les mélange et le transformations de la matiers
Les molécules sont arrangées autrement, ce qui modifie l'aspect ou l'état de l'espèce chimique. Un mélange est une substance composée de plusieurs espèces chimiques qui ne réagissent pas ensemble, au contraire de la transformation chimique. Il s'agit donc d'une transformation physique, qui ne change pas la matière.
Identify work or a task that you’d like to make easier by using a device or tool. Here are a few possibilities: Easily pick up paperclips or pins that have fallen on the floor. Make a bed in less time. Move laundry from a basket into a washing machine without bending down. Sweep the floor without bending down. Rinse a collection of dishes at the same time. Efficiently pass salt and pepper shakers around a table. Rescue somebody from a high place. Choose a task from the list or, better yet, come up with your own. Explain how your tool or device will make the task easier. Note the simple machines that the tool or device will use.
The work or a task that I'd like to make easier by using a device or tool is sweeping the floor without bending down through the use of a vacuum cleaner.
What is a Device?This is referred to as a mechanical or electronic equipment which is made or adapted for a particular purpose and makes work easier and faster through technological advancement.
In the case of sweeping the floor without bending down, a vacuum cleaner is most appropriate as it uses an electric motor that spins a fan, thereby resulting in the sucking in of air and any small particles caught up in it thereby making it the correct device to be used.
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if you reverse the poles of battery what will happen to the direction Of the lines?
Answer: The battery casing will explode
Explanation: Hydrogen gas will be released because of the heat which may cause an explosion.
What is a marine zone? Thats all I need thank you :)
Answer:
For this I believe that your working on Ocean layers in science physics
There are actually 5 ocean zones or layers. (here they are in order)
1. Sunlight zone
2. Twighlight zone
3. Midnight zone
4. Abyssal Zone
5. Hadal zone
As a rephrase of the question I believe you meant to say
What are the marine zones?
Please correct me if wrong!!
To ensure your battery's longevity, you should keep the area where cables are connected to the positive and negative poles clean. T/F
True. Keeping the terminals and cable connections clean helps to ensure a good electrical connection, which can prolong the life of the battery.
Keeping the terminals and cable connections of a battery clean is important for prolonging the battery's life. Dirt, corrosion, or other buildup on the terminals can create resistance in the circuit, which can lead to overheating and damage to the battery. This can cause the battery to charge and discharge less efficiently, reducing its overall capacity and lifespan. To clean the terminals, you can use a wire brush or a toothbrush with baking soda and water to scrub away any corrosion. Then, dry the terminals and cables thoroughly before reconnecting them to the battery. This will ensure a good electrical connection and a longer-lasting battery.
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Select the correct answer. A boy is pushing a chair by applying a force of 5 newtons. His mother helps him push it faster by applying an additional force of 7 newtons in the same direction. What is the net force acting on the chair
Answer:
The net force is now 12
Explanation:
The boy is applying a force of 5 newtons + his mother is helping him to apply 7 newtons = 12 newtons.
Sound energy is considered a form of kinatic energy because it's carried as vibrating waves. o T. True o F False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Sound kinetic energy produces moving energy by using longitudinal waves. Sound is caused by the vibrations on or from an object, which is how it is considered a kinetic energy form.
A 2kg object is moving with speed 5ms. then hits a
wall in 0.5s before reversing its direction with a speed of 2ms
a. Calculate the impulse
Given :
A 2kg object is moving with speed 5m/s. then hits a wall in 0.5s before reversing its direction with a speed of 2m/s.
To Find :
The impulse.
Solution :
Impulse can be calculated by change in momentum :
[tex]I = mv_f - mv_i\\\\I = 2\times( -2 + 5 )\ kg \ m/s\\\\I = 6 \ kg \ m/s[/tex]
Therefore, the impulse is 6 kg m/s.
How does mass affect the heat that can be absorbed by a substance?
The mass of the material has no influence on specific heat because it is already a quantity represented per unit mass.
Casey Hudson, Drew Karpyshyn, and Preston Watamaniuk created the military science fiction media franchise Mass Effect. The franchise shows a distant future in which humans and many alien civilizations have conquered the known universe utilizing advanced predecessor civilizations' technologies.
The franchise began with a series of video games created by BioWare and released by Electronic Arts. Each iteration combines third-person shooting gameplay with role-playing features. The first three games comprise a trilogy in which the player character, Commander Shepard, strives to defend the Milky Way galaxy from the Reapers, a species of ancient, sleeping robots.
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Particles q1 = -8.99 uC, q2 = +5.16 uC, and q3 = -89.9 uC are in a line. Particles q1 and q2 are separated by 0.220m and particles q2 and q3 are separated by 0.330m. What is the net force on particle q1?
Answer: -39200.45 Nm^2/C^2 This is rough work
Explanation:
So, the net force will be felt on particle [tex]\sf{q_1}[/tex] approximately 15.39 N to the right.
IntroductionHi! Here I will explain the net force of three charges that interacts. Remember that this question can be solved using Coulomb's Law. Coulomb's Law states that the interaction force between two interacted charges will be proportional to the magnitude of the charges that have specific interaction but inversely proportional to the square of the value of the distance between each other. So, with this concept, we can calculate the magnitude of coulomb force with this equation:
[tex] \boxed{\sf{\bold{F = k \cdot \frac{q_1 \cdot q_2}{(r_{12})^2}}}} [/tex]
Formula UsedOn this condition, the net force will be felt only by the first charge, so we must define the position of the first charge as a fixed one. So, we can calculate the magnitude of coulomb force concerning the first charge with this equation:
[tex] \boxed{\sf{\bold{\sum F_{q1} = k \cdot (\frac{q_1 \cdot q_2}{(r_{12})^2} + \frac{q_1 \cdot q_3}{(r_{13})^2})}}} [/tex]
With the following condition:
[tex] \sf{\sum F_{q1}}[/tex] = the net force will be felt by the first charge (N)k = constant of coulomb ≈ [tex] \sf{9 \times 10^{9}}[/tex] N.m²/C².[tex] \sf{q_1}[/tex] = first charge (C)[tex] \sf{q_2}[/tex] = second charge (C)[tex] \sf{q_3}[/tex] = third charge (C)[tex] \sf{r_{12}}[/tex] = the distance between first and second charge (m)[tex] \sf{r_{13}}[/tex] = the distance between first and third charge (m)Problem SolvingWe know that:[tex] \sf{q_1}[/tex]= first charge = -8.99 [tex] \sf{\mu C}[/tex] = [tex] \sf{-8.99 \times 10^{-6}}[/tex] C.[tex] \sf{q_2}[/tex]= second charge = +5.16 [tex] \sf{\mu C}[/tex] = [tex] \sf{+5.16 \times 10^{-6}}[/tex] C.[tex] \sf{q_3}[/tex]= third charge = -89.9 [tex] \sf{\mu C}[/tex] = [tex] \sf{-8.99 \times 10^{-5}}[/tex] C.[tex] \sf{r_{12}}[/tex] = the distance between first and second charge = 0.220 m = [tex] \sf{2.2 \times 10^{-1}}[/tex] m.[tex] \sf{r_{13}}[/tex] = the distance between first and third charge = 0.220 + 0.550 m = [tex] \sf{5.5 \times 10^{-1}}[/tex] m.What was asked?[tex] \sf{\sum F_{q1}}[/tex] = the net force will be felt by the first charge = ... NStep by Step:[See the attached image to know how to solve this problem]
Conclusion:So, the net force will be felt on particle [tex]\sf{q_1}[/tex] approximately 15.39 N to the right.
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Explanation:
the force effect the aeroplane and ship are Gravity and drug
Answer:
The answer is GRAVITY and DRUGS
Explanation:
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Find the y-component of this vector: 22.3 m 77.1° Remember, angles are measured from the +x axis.
Answer:
-21.7m
Explanation:
To find the y-component of the vector, we need to find the vertical displacement from the point at the bottom of the vector to the x-axis (or its y-coordinate value).
To calculate this we can create a triangle with the vector as the hypotenuse, the y-axis as the second side and draw an imaginary line from the end of the vector directly horizontally across to the y-axis.
We can use the given angle to find the angle between the y-axis and the angle. Since the angle of a quadrant is 90 degrees, the angle within our triangle must be [tex]90-77.1=12.9[/tex] degrees.
From here, to find the length of the side on the y-axis we can use the trigonometric cos function.
[tex]cos \theta =\frac{adjacent side}{hypotenuse}[/tex]
Therefore [tex]cos 12.9=\frac{y-component}{22.3}[/tex] and [tex]ycomponent = 22.3cos12.9[/tex]
This gives us a value of 21.7 (3.s.f) for our y-component.
Finally, the y-component is also a vector so it also needs a direction. Therefore like its coordinate, its value will be -21.7m.
A 1070-kg car starts from rest at the bottom of a drive way and has a speed of 3.00 m/s at a point where the drive way has risen a vertical height of 0.600 m. Friction and the drive force produced by the engine are the only two nonconservative forces present. Friction does -2870 J of work. How much work does the engine do
In the question the only nonconservative forces in play are friction and the engine's motive force. Work done by friction is -2870 J. The work done by the engine is 1285 J.
The work done by an engine can be determined by the change in kinetic energy of the car. The work-energy principle states that the net work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy. The initial kinetic energy of the car is 0 J (at rest) and the final kinetic energy of the car is 1/2mv^2, where m is the mass of the car and v is its final speed. The work done by the engine is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the car, which is the final kinetic energy minus the initial kinetic energy.Work_engine = change in kinetic energy = (1/2)mv^2 - 0
Work_engine = (1/2)(1070)(3)^2 = 4155 J. The work done by friction is -2870 J, which is negative because it is opposing the motion of the car. The net work done by nonconservative forces is the sum of the work done by the engine and the work done by friction. Net work = Work_engine + Work_friction = 4155 J + (-2870 J) = 1285 J. Therefore, the work done by the engine is 1285 J.
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Two points, point 1 and point 2, are located inside a region with an electric field pointing to the left, as shown in the figure. 1 50% Part (a) If a proton is moved from point 1 to point 2, how will the potential energy of the charge-field system change? How will the potential change?
If protons move in the direction of the electric field, the electric potential would change, and it decreases, but if you move opposite the field, the potential energy increases.
If the field is directed from lower potential to higher then the direction is taken to be positive. If the field is directed from higher potential to lower potential then the direction is taken as negative. Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy and vice versa.
Potential energy is the stored energy in any object or system by virtue of its position or arrangement of parts. However, it isn't affected by the environment outside of the object or system, such as air or height.
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The diagram pictured shows a loop of wire being rotated at a constant rate about an axis in a uniform magnetic field.
Axis of
rotation
N
S
Wire
loop
Which of the following would increase the current induced in the loop of wire ?
decrease the number of loops in the coil of wire
reverse the direction of the batteries
o increase the speed of rotation of the loop of wire
decrease the strength of the magnetic field
If two objects collide and are stationary, what must the total momentum of the sum of the objects have been before collision?
Explanation:
Concept: In collision between two isolated bodies momentum is always conserved.
Also, if the collision is elastic kinetic energies are also conserved
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f.
and in elastic collision
[tex]½m1v1i^2 + ½m2v2i^2 = ½m1v1f^2 + ½m2v2f^2.[/tex]
Momentum is preserved in collisions between two objects. The initial moment not being zero, the final momentum is not zero. This means both object has to be in motion.
However, it may be possible for one of the objects to be at rest after the collision. For instance, if the masses of the two objects are same, then after a head-on elastic collision the object initially at rest is moving and the object initially moving is at rest.