Explain why I2 is a solid, Br2 is a liquid but Cl2and F2 are gases even though they are all Halogens

To calculate the number of moles of nitrogen required to fill the airbag, we need to use the ideal gas law.

We know the temperature of the nitrogen gas produced by the chemical reaction, which is 495°C, and we assume that it behaves like an ideal gas.

We also know the volume of the airbag, which we can use to calculate the number of moles of nitrogen using the ideal gas law equation PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

Once we have calculated the number of moles of nitrogen required, we can move on to part C of the question, which asks us to calculate the mass of sodium azide required to produce that amount of nitrogen.

To do this, we need to refer to the balanced chemical equation given in part B and use the atomic weights from the periodic table to calculate the mass of sodium azide needed.

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The 3.80 mol Oxygen will produce 2.17 mol CO₂.

Assuming complete combustion of the oxygen, the balanced chemical equation is:

2C₂H₆ + 7O₂ -> 4CO₂ + 6H₂O

For every 7 moles of O₂ consumed, 4 moles of CO₂ are produced. Therefore, we can use a proportion to calculate the number of moles of CO₂ produced by 3.80 mol of O₂:

Number of moles of CO₂ produced= number of moles of O₂ x (4 moles of CO₂ are produced/7 moles of O₂ consumed)
Number of moles of CO₂ produced= (4 mol CO₂ / 7 mol O₂) x 3.80 mol O₂

Number of moles of CO₂ produced = 2.17 mol

Therefore, 2.17 mol CO₂ will result from 3.80 mol O₂. The compound formula is C₂H₆ .

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When 66.38 g of potassium chloride reacts with fluorine, you can obtain 0.4452 moles of chlorine.

To find out how many moles of chlorine you can get when 66.38 g of potassium chloride reacts with fluorine to produce potassium fluoride and chlorine, you'll need to follow these steps:

1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2 KCl + F2 → 2 KF + Cl2

2. Determine the molar mass of KCl (potassium chloride):
39.10 g/mol (K) + 35.45 g/mol (Cl) = 74.55 g/mol

3. Convert the given mass of KCl (66.38 g) to moles:
(66.38 g KCl) / (74.55 g/mol) = 0.8904 mol KCl

4. Use the stoichiometry from the balanced equation to determine the moles of Cl2 (chlorine) produced:
(0.8904 mol KCl) x (1 mol Cl2 / 2 mol KCl) = 0.4452 mol Cl2

So, when 66.38 g of potassium chloride reacts with fluorine, you can obtain 0.4452 moles of chlorine.

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Steam turbine will do 150 J more useful work

Given the efficiency of both a steam turbine (40.0%) and a steam engine (25.0%), we can calculate the amount of useful work each device can do when provided with 1000 J of thermal energy.

For the steam turbine:
Efficiency = (Useful work output) / (Input energy)
0.4 = (Useful work output) / (1000 J)
Useful work output = 0.4 * 1000 J = 400 J

For the steam engine:
Efficiency = (Useful work output) / (Input energy)
0.25 = (Useful work output) / (1000 J)
Useful work output = 0.25 * 1000 J = 250 J

Now, we can find the difference in useful work between the two devices:
Difference = Useful work (steam turbine) - Useful work (steam engine)
Difference = 400 J - 250 J = 150 J

So, the steam turbine will do 150 J more useful work than the steam engine when provided with 1000 J of thermal energy.

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The solubility of Ag and PO, in water at 25 °C is 4.3 x10-5 M. The Ksp for Ag3PO is 2.1 x 10-12. Thus, option A) is correct.

Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given solvent at a certain temperature and pressure. In this case, Ag3PO4 has a solubility of 4.3 x 10-5 M in water at 25°C. The Ksp (solubility product constant) for Ag3PO4 can be calculated using the following equation:

Ag3PO4(s) ⇌ 3Ag+(aq) + PO43-(aq)

Ksp = [Ag+]3 [PO43-]

To calculate Ksp, we need to determine the concentration of Ag+ and PO43- ions in solution. Since Ag3PO4 dissociates into three Ag+ ions and one PO43- ion, the concentration of Ag+ ions will be three times the solubility of Ag3PO4:

[Ag+] = 3(4.3 x 10-5 M) = 1.29 x 10-4 M

The concentration of PO43- ions will be equal to the solubility of Ag3PO4:

[PO43-] = 4.3 x 10-5 M

Now, we can plug these concentrations into the Ksp equation:

Ksp = (1.29 x 10-4)3 (4.3 x 10-5) = 2.1 x 10-12

Therefore, the answer is A) 2.1 x 10-12.

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Explanation:

You will need the specific heat of Mg which I found to be 1.02 J / (g C)

m * 45 C  * 1.02 J . (g C) = 843

m = 843 / (45* 1.02) = 18.4 g  of Magnesium

The volume of [tex]NaOH[/tex] used to titrate the[tex]HCl[/tex] is 5.80 mL

First, we need to find the number of moles of [tex]HCl[/tex] that reacted with the [tex]CaCO3[/tex].

2 mol [tex]HCl[/tex] react with 1 mol [tex]CaCO3[/tex]

Moles of [tex]HCl[/tex] = (7.50 mL) x (2.00 mol/L) = 0.015 mol [tex]HCl[/tex]

From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mol of [tex]CaCO3[/tex] reacts with 2 mol of [tex]HCl[/tex]. Therefore, the number of moles of [tex]CaCO3[/tex] in the original 0.205 g sample is:

Moles of[tex]CaCO3[/tex] = 0.205 g / 100.09 g/mol = 0.002049 mol [tex]CaCO3[/tex]

Since 1 mol of [tex]CaCO3[/tex] produces 1 mol of [tex]CO2[/tex], we have:

Moles of[tex]CO2[/tex]produced = 0.002049 mol [tex]CaCO3[/tex]

Now we need to calculate the concentration of [tex]CO2[/tex] in the final 125.0 mL solution.

Concentration of [tex]CO2[/tex] = Moles of [tex]CO2[/tex] produced / Volume of solution

Concentration of [tex]CO2[/tex] = 0.002049 mol / 0.125 L = 0.0164 mol/L

Finally, we can use the balanced equation for the titration reaction to calculate the number of moles of [tex]NaOH[/tex]used.

1 mol [tex]NaOH[/tex] reacts with 1 mol [tex]HCl[/tex]

Moles of [tex]NaOH[/tex] used = (0.058 L) x (0.1000 mol/L) = 0.0058 mol [tex]NaOH[/tex]

Since the volume of the aliquot is 10.00 mL or 0.0100 L, the concentration of [tex]HCl[/tex] is:

Concentration of [tex]HCl[/tex] = Moles of NaOH used / Volume of [tex]HCl[/tex]

Concentration of [tex]HCl[/tex] = 0.0058 mol / 0.0100 L = 0.580 M

Therefore, the volume of [tex]NaOH[/tex] used to titrate the [tex]HCl[/tex]is:

Volume of [tex]NaOH[/tex] = (0.580 M) x (0.0100 L) = 0.00580 L or 5.80 mL

So, the answer is 5.80 mL.

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To calculate the molarity of a solution, we need to know the number of moles of solute and the volume of the solution in liters.

a. 39 M solution with 0.70 M KOH:

Number of moles of KOH = 0.70 moles/Liter x 2.5 Liters = 1.75 moles

Volume of solution = 2.5 Liters

Molarity of solution = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution = 1.75 moles / 2.5 Liters = 0.70 M

b. 1 A solution:

This question is incomplete, as it is not specified what solute is dissolved in the solution. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate the molarity of the solution without this information.

c. 4.4 M solution of ABOOOO:

It is not possible to calculate the molarity of this solution without more information about the solute dissolved in the solution. The chemical formula or name of the solute is needed to determine the number of moles present in the solution.

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The amount of electrical energy (in kWh) needed to produce 1 kWh of electrical energy is 1 kWh or 3.6E6 J. The actual amount of energy needed may vary depending on the efficiency of the power generation system used.

A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy commonly used by electric companies to measure the amount of energy consumed by households or businesses over a period of time. One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equal to the amount of energy consumed by a 1,000 watt appliance for one hour.
We know that 1 kWh is equal to 3.6E6 J (joules). This means that to produce 1 kWh of electrical energy, we need to generate 3.6E6 J of energy.

In practical terms, the amount of electrical energy needed to produce 1 kWh depends on the efficiency of the power generation system. For example, a coal-fired power plant may require more energy input (e.g. coal) to generate 1 kWh of electrical energy compared to a renewable energy source such as solar or wind power.

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The answer to the appropriate number of significant figures is 6530.67.

Explanation:

When adding two numbers, the number of decimal places in the result should be the same as the number of decimal places in the number with the fewest decimal places. In this case, 6524 has no decimal places and 5.67 has two decimal places. Therefore, the answer should have two decimal places.

When adding whole numbers, the number of significant figures in the result should be the same as the number of significant figures in the number with the fewest significant figures. In this case, both numbers have four significant figures. Therefore, the answer should also have four significant figures.

Adding the two numbers gives:

6524
+ 5.67
-------
6530.67

Therefore, the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures is 6530.67.

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The molarity of the solution is 0.33 M.

To calculate the molarity, you need to divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solvent in liters. In this case, you have 2.0 moles of solute and 6.0 liters of solvent. Using the formula M = moles/volume, you can find the molarity of the solution:

M = (2.0 moles) / (6.0 L)
M = 0.33 M

This means that the concentration of the solute in the solution is 0.33 moles per liter. Molarity is an important concept in chemistry as it helps in determining the concentration of a particular substance in a solution and is useful in various calculations and reactions.

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Yes, there is enough information to calculate the amount of energy transferred in this situation. The heat energy transferred from the aluminum to the water is calculated by using the equation q = m•c•δt.

In this equation, q is the amount of heat energy transferred, m is the mass of the object, c is the specific heat capacity of the object and δt is the change in temperature of the object.

Knowing the mass of the aluminum and its specific heat capacity, as well as the change in temperature of the water, it is possible to calculate the amount of heat energy transferred from the aluminum to the water.

This will give an indication of the amount of energy that was released from the aluminum in this situation.

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Coach Pollard used about 544 J of kinetic energy during his sprint.

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object due to its motion. In this case, Coach Pollard's kinetic energy is directly proportional to his mass and the square of his velocity. As he runs faster or has more mass, his kinetic energy will increase accordingly. This is important to consider in athletics and sports where energy and power are key factors in performance.

The kinetic energy of Coach Pollard can be calculated using the formula KE = 1/2mv², where m is the mass of Coach Pollard and v is his velocity. Substituting the given values, we get KE = 1/2 × 68 kg × (4 m/s)² = 1/2 × 68 kg × 16 m²/s² = 544 J. As a result, Coach Pollard used approximately 544 J of kinetic energy throughout his sprint.

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8.13 x  10²⁴ magnesium ions in 4.5 moles of magnesium phosphate.

To determine the chemical formula for magnesium phosphate. Magnesium has a 2⁺ charge, and phosphate has a 3⁻ charge, so the chemical formula for magnesium phosphate is Mg₃(PO₄)₂.

Next, we need to use the coefficients in the formula to determine the number of magnesium ions in 4.5 moles of magnesium phosphate. There are 3 magnesium ions in one molecule of magnesium phosphate, so we can set up a proportion:

3 Mg ions / 1 Mg₃(PO₄)₂ molecule = x Mg ions / 4.5 moles Mg₃(PO₄)₂

Solving for x, we get:
x = 3 Mg ions / 1 Mg₃(PO₄)₂ molecule × 4.5 moles Mg₃(PO₄)₂
x = 13.5 moles Mg ions

Therefore, there are 13.5 moles of magnesium ions in 4.5 moles of magnesium phosphate. However, if we want to convert this to a more common unit, we can use Avogadro's number to convert moles to atoms or ions:

13.5 moles Mg ions × 6.022 x 10²³ions/mol = 8.13 x  10²⁴ Mg ions

Therefore, there are approximately 8.13 x 10²⁴ magnesium ions in 4.5 moles of magnesium phosphate.

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Approximately 0.0397 grams of reactant will produce 1370 J of heat in this chemical reaction.

To calculate the mass of reactant needed to produce 1370 J of heat in a chemical reaction that releases 34.5 kJ/g of heat for each gram of reactant consumed, follow these steps:

Step 1: Convert the given energy value from kJ/g to J/g.
1 kJ = 1000 J
So, 34.5 kJ/g = 34.5 * 1000 J/g = 34,500 J/g

Step 2: Use the energy conversion factor to determine the mass of reactant.
We know that 34,500 J of heat is released for every 1 gram of reactant consumed. We need to calculate the mass of reactant required to produce 1370 J of heat.

Step 3: Set up a proportion.
Let "m" represent the mass of reactant needed to produce 1370 J of heat. We can set up a proportion like this:

(34,500 J/g) / (1 g) = (1370 J) / (m)

Step 4: Solve for the mass of reactant "m".
To solve for "m", multiply both sides by "m" and then divide both sides by 34,500 J/g:

m = (1370 J) / (34,500 J/g)

Step 5: Calculate the value of "m".
m = 0.0397 g

Therefore, approximately 0.0397 grams of reactant will produce 1370 J of heat in this chemical reaction.

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Answer:

The theoretical yield of oxygen (O2) can be calculated using the balanced chemical equation:

2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

From part (c), we calculated that 90.0 g of water (H2O) can produce 31.98 g of oxygen (O2). Therefore, the theoretical yield of oxygen from 43,200 g of water is:

theoretical yield = (31.98 g O2 / 90.0 g H2O) x 43,200 g H2O

theoretical yield = 15,379.2 g O2

The percent yield of oxygen can be calculated using the formula:

percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

Substituting the given values, we get:

percent yield = (43,200 g / 15,379.2 g) x 100%

percent yield ≈ 280.9%

This result seems unusually high, and suggests an error in the calculations or experimental data. A percent yield greater than 100% indicates that the actual yield is greater than the theoretical yield, which is usually not possible due to limitations in the reaction conditions or experimental procedures.

The ionization process that requires the highest amount of energy is (d) ca(g) --> ca*(g) + e, as calcium has a higher ionization energy than the other elements listed.

To answer this question, we need to consider the ionization energy for each element involved. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in the gaseous state. The ionization processes mentioned are:

(a) Na(g) --> Na+(g) + e-
(b) Mg(g) --> Mg+(g) + e-
(c) Al(g) --> Al+(g) + e-
(d) Ca(g) --> Ca+(g) + e-

Comparing the first ionization energies for these elements:
Na: 496 kJ/mol
Mg: 738 kJ/mol
Al: 577 kJ/mol
Ca: 590 kJ/mol

Process (b) Mg(g) --> Mg+(g) + e- requires the highest amount of energy, as magnesium has the highest ionization energy among the given elements.

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Answer:

7.3

Explanation:

The volume of 2. 30 moles of gas exerting a pressure of 2. 80 atm at 155°C is 84.7 L.

We can use the ideal gas law to solve for the volume:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we need to convert the temperature to Kelvin:

155°C + 273.15 = 428.15 K

Next, we can plug in the values and solve for V:

V = (nRT) / P

V = (2.30 mol * 0.08206 Latm/molK * 428.15 K) / 2.80 atm

V = 84.7 L

Therefore, the volume of 2.30 moles of gas exerting a pressure of 2.80 atm at 155°C is 84.7 L.

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The theoretical yield of this reaction in grams is approximately 1.54 g.

The theoretical yield of a reaction is the maximum amount of product that could be obtained if the reaction went to completion. In this case, since we know the actual yield (0.97 g) and the percent yield (63.1%), we can use this information to calculate the theoretical yield.

First, we can use the percent yield formula to calculate the actual amount of product that was expected based on the theoretical yield:

Percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100

Rearranging this formula, we can solve for the theoretical yield:

Theoretical yield = actual yield / (percent yield / 100)

Plugging in the values we know, we get:

Theoretical yield = 0.97 g / (63.1 / 100) = 1.54 g

Therefore, the theoretical yield of this reaction is 1.54 g. This means that if the reaction had gone to completion, we would have expected to obtain 1.54 g of product. The actual yield of 0.97 g represents only 63.1% of the theoretical yield.

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Predicting the substances with the highest volatility, the substances you've provided are ethanol (CH3CH2OH), benzene (C6H6), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), and water (H2O). Among these, dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) has the highest volatility. This is because volatility is directly related to the strength of intermolecular forces.

Dimethyl ether has weak Van der Waals forces, making it easier for molecules to evaporate from the liquid phase to the gas phase. Ethanol and water both have hydrogen bonding, while benzene has stronger dispersion forces, resulting in lower volatility for these substances.

For the substances with the highest surface tension, the provided substances are water (H2O), methane (CH4), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), and methanol (CH3OH). Among these, water (H2O) has the highest surface tension. Surface tension arises from the imbalance of intermolecular forces near the surface of a liquid.

Water has strong hydrogen bonding, causing the molecules at the surface to be attracted to each other, creating a high surface tension. Methane has weak Van der Waals forces, while dimethyl ether and methanol have intermediate forces between hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces, resulting in lower surface tensions for these substances.

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An unknown solution can be tested to see if it contains magnesium nitrate or strontium nitrate by combining it with potassium carbonate and potassium sulphate. For each reaction, the balanced molecular equations are given.

A "chemical process occurring in an aqueous solution when two or more ionic bonds combine, producing an insoluble salt," is what is referred to as a "precipitation reaction." precipitation is the insoluble salts that result from the precipitation processes.

Precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions, and oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions are the three primary categories of aqueous reactions.

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The scientist could infer that the sedimentary rock in the Himalaya Mountains was formed through processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. The rock cycle played a crucial role in creating this landform.

Tectonic plate movement and the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates led to the uplift and folding of these sedimentary layers, ultimately forming the high elevation mountain range.

Based on the rock cycle and the formation of major landforms, the scientist could infer that the sedimentary rock was most likely formed from the accumulation of sediment in a low-lying area, such as a river delta or shallow sea. Over time, the sediment was buried and compacted, eventually forming sedimentary rock.

This rock was then subjected to tectonic forces, likely as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates, which caused it to be uplifted and exposed at a high elevation in the Himalaya Mountains.

Therefore, the scientist could infer that the sedimentary rock became part of the mountain range through a combination of geological processes, including sedimentation, compaction, tectonic activity, and uplift.

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D. Grasslands are converted to cropland

As the human population grows, individuals use land in a variety of ways to suit their requirements, including housing, agriculture, industry, and transportation.

This usually results in more urbanization and the change of natural habitats to human-dominated environments. Some examples of common land-use shifts are:

D. Grasslands are converted to cropland: As food need grows, grasslands are frequently converted to cropland for agricultural production. This can result in soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and other environmental consequences.

As the human population expands, so does the need for resources and space, resulting in a variety of changes in land usage. The conversion of natural habitats such as forests and grasslands into human-dominated landscapes is one of the major land-use shifts.

This process, referred to as urbanization, frequently includes the creation of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure to support human activity. Furthermore, as the demand for food and other agricultural products grows, more land is converted to agriculture.

These land-use changes can have serious environmental consequences, such as habitat loss, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As a result, it is critical to think about the potential repercussions of land usage and design sustainable practices that balance human demands with environmental conservation.

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The age of the rock is approximately 2.6 billion years.

The fact that the rock contains one-fourth of its original amount of potassium-40 means that three-quarters of the original potassium-40 has decayed.

Since the half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years, this means that the rock has gone through two half-lives of decay.

To calculate the age of the rock, we can use the following formula:

age = number of half-lives x half-life

In this case, the number of half-lives is 2 and the half-life is 1.3 billion years. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

age = 2 x 1.3 billion years

age = 2.6 billion years

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The value of Ea′ is -53 kJ/mol, and it represents the energy released during the chemical reaction.

The given values ∆E = −33 kJ/mol and Ea = 20 kJ/mol represent the activation energy and the change in energy, respectively, for a chemical reaction. The activation energy, Ea, is the minimum energy required for the reaction to occur, while the change in energy, ∆E, represents the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products.

The relationship between the activation energy, Ea, and the change in energy, ∆E, can be expressed using the equation: ∆E = Ea + Ea′ where Ea′ represents the energy released during the reaction. Since the change in energy and the activation energy are given, we can rearrange the equation to solve for Ea′: Ea′ = ∆E - Ea

Substituting the given values, we get: Ea′ = −33 kJ/mol - 20 kJ/mol = -53 kJ/mol. Therefore, the value of Ea′ is -53 kJ/mol. This negative value indicates that the reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy as it proceeds. The magnitude of the value (-53 kJ/mol) indicates that the energy released during the reaction is significant.

In summary, the value of Ea′ is -53 kJ/mol, and it represents the energy released during the chemical reaction. This value can be calculated using the equation Ea′ = ∆E - Ea, where ∆E is the change in energy and Ea is the activation energy.

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As water evaporates, the concentration of ions in the remaining solution will increase.

This is because as water evaporates, it leaves behind the dissolved ions, which become more concentrated in the remaining solution. The extent of this concentration increase will depend on the initial concentration of the ions in the original solution and the rate of water evaporation.

In general, the longer the water is allowed to evaporate, the more concentrated the remaining solution will become.

For example, imagine a solution containing salt dissolved in water. As the water evaporates, the concentration of salt ions in the solution will increase, making the solution increasingly salty. If the solution is left to evaporate completely, all the water will eventually be gone and only the salt crystals will remain.

In this case, the concentration of salt ions will be at its maximum.

Overall, the concentration of ions in a solution will increase as water evaporates, resulting in a more concentrated solution. This can have implications for a variety of processes, from cooking to chemical reactions, where precise control of ion concentration may be necessary for the desired outcome.

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The amount of H₂SO₄ needed is 30 mL, under the condition that the required amount is needed to neutralize 50. ML of 1. 2 M AL(OH)₃.

In order to solve this problem, we need to apply stoichiometry and the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between  H₂SO₄  and AL(OH)₃.

The derived balanced chemical equation for this reaction is

2AL(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₄  → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 6H₂O

Now regarding the equation, we can evaluate that 3 moles of H₂SO₄  are necessary to react with 2 moles of AL(OH)₃.

We can apply this information to calculate how much H₂SO₄   is needed to neutralize 50 mL of 1.2 M AL(OH)₃.

Step 1, we need to calculate how many moles of AL(OH)₃ are present in 50 mL of 1.2 M solution:

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

1.2 M = moles of AL(OH)₃ / 0.050 L

moles of AL(OH)₃ = 0.060 moles

Now we can apply stoichiometry to calculate how many moles of H₂SO₄   are required

moles of H₂SO₄   = (0.060 moles AL(OH)₃ x (3 moles H₂SO₄   / 2 moles AL(OH)₃

moles of H₂SO₄   = 0.090 moles

Finally, we can evaluate how many milliliters of 3.0 M H₂SO₄   are required

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

3.0 M = 0.090 moles / liters of solution

liters of solution = 0.030 L

We need to convert liters to milliliters:

0.030 L x (1000 mL / 1 L)

= 30 mL

Hence, 30 mL of 3.0 M H₂SO₄   are necessary to neutralize 50 mL of 1.2 M AL(OH)₃.

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