GEN CHEM 2 PLEASE HELP

Ernest Rutherford's experiments in which alpha rays pass through a thin piece of metal foil demonstrated that atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass. The correct answer choice is "the atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass."

The alpha-particle scattering experiment was performed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. It was conducted to discover the nature of atomic structure. The experiment demonstrated that most of the mass of an atom and all of its positive charge are contained in a small nucleus at the center of the atom.

The electrons were found to occupy almost all of the remaining space. Therefore, the correct answer is the atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass.

Therefore "the atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass." is the correct answer.

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Answer:

What is the heat in joules required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C? What is the heat in calories? Answer: 10450 J or 2500 calories of heat energy are required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C.

Answer: The surroundings will lower in temperature.

Explanation:

Endothermic reactions draw heat from the surroundings in order to occur. So the surroundings will feel cold, as the heat is being used as energy in the reaction.

The concentration of the CH₃COOH solution is 0.0399 M.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between CH₃COOH and NaOH is:

CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O

From the equation, it can be seen that one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of CH₃COOH. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH used in the titration is:

0.880 mol/L × 0.00680 L = 0.00598 mol

Since the dilution did not affect the number of moles of CH₃COOH, the number of moles of CH₃COOH in the original solution is also 0.00598 mol.

The volume of the original solution used in the titration is:

15.0 mL/100.0 mL = 0.15

Therefore, the concentration of the CH3COOH solution is:

0.00598 mol/0.15 L = 0.0399 M

As a result, the CH₃COOH solution has a concentration of 0.0399 M.

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Answer:

2 HClO4 + K2CO3 → CO2 + 2 KClO4 + H2O

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between perchloric acid (HClO4) and aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3) can be written as follows:

2 HClO4 + K2CO3 → CO2 + 2 KClO4 + H2O

In this reaction, two molecules of perchloric acid react with one molecule of aqueous potassium carbonate to produce one molecule of carbon dioxide gas, two molecules of potassium perchlorate, and one molecule of water.

Note that this reaction is a double displacement reaction, also known as a metathesis reaction, where the cations and anions of two different compounds exchange places, forming two new compounds. In this case, the hydrogen cation (H+) and the potassium cation (K+) exchange places, while the perchlorate anion (ClO4-) and the carbonate anion (CO3^2-) exchange places.

Answer:

Check to make sure the equation is balanced

Explanation:

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The components with higher boiling point will be at the bottom during fractional distillation. So, all of the following statement follows except option (A).

Fractional distillation process is defined as the process of separation of a mixture into its component parts or into the fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature after which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize from their component. This process uses distillation to fractionate. It is a process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts according to their different boiling points. This distillation process is used to purify chemicals and to separate mixtures to obtain their components. This involves repeated vaporization and condensation are part of the fractional distillation process.

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The complete question is,

which of the following is a characteristic of fractional distillation? select all that apply:

A. components with higher boiling points tend to rise to the top of the distillation apparatus.

B. repeated vaporization and condensation are part of the fractional distillation process.

C. fractional distillation is useful for the separation of liquids with boiling points that are close together.

D. the apparatus used for fractional distillation is often a multi-level insulated column.

When 350 L of nitrogen gas and 900 L of hydrogen gas are combined at STP using the Haber process, 329 L of ammonia gas is produced.

Assuming the reaction goes to completion, the Haber process synthesizes ammonia at elevated temperatures and pressures from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. As a result, balanced chemical equation can be given as:N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)The balanced equation establishes that one mole of nitrogen reacts with three moles of hydrogen to produce two moles of ammonia.

This implies that the stoichiometric ratios of the reactants are 1:3. Thus, if 350 L of nitrogen and 900 L of hydrogen are mixed in a reaction vessel and the reaction proceeds to completion, the limiting reactant will be nitrogen. Hence, the number of moles of nitrogen present is calculated using the ideal gas equation n = PV/RT as follows:n(N2) = PV/RT = (1 atm) x (350 L) / (0.08206 L atm/mol K) x (273 K) = 14.07 mol

Similarly, the number of moles of hydrogen is calculated as:n(H2) = PV/RT = (1 atm) x (900 L) / (0.08206 L atm/mol K) x (273 K) = 36.25 molSince nitrogen is the limiting reactant, it will completely react with 1/3 of the amount of hydrogen present to produce ammonia. As a result, the amount of ammonia generated will be equivalent to the quantity of nitrogen that reacted. Therefore, the volume of ammonia is calculated as follows:n(NH3) = n(N2) = 14.07 molV(NH3) = n(NH3) x (RT/P) = 14.07 x (0.08206 x 273 / 1) / (1) = 329 L

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Answer:

32

Explanation:

The mass of 11.2 L of H2 gas at STP is 1.008 grams.

To find the mass of hydrogen gas in 11.2 L, we need to use the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (n), and temperature (T) of a gas:

PV = nRT

where R is the gas constant.

To solve for the mass of H2, we need to know the pressure, temperature, and number of moles of the gas. Let's assume that the H2 is at standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is 0 degrees Celsius (273.15 K) and 1 atmosphere of pressure (101.3 kPa).

At STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volume. Therefore, the number of moles of H2 in 11.2 L can be calculated as:

n = (11.2 L) / (22.4 L/mol) = 0.5 mol

Now we can use the molar mass of hydrogen (2.016 g/mol) to convert the number of moles to mass:

mass = n x molar mass = 0.5 mol x 2.016 g/mol = 1.008 g

Therefore, the mass of 11.2 L of H2 gas at STP is 1.008 grams.

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a. The pH of the buffer is 9.24.

b. The pH of the buffer after the addition of HCl is 8.68.

c. The pH of the buffer after the addition of NaOH is 9.37.

The chemical equation for the reaction between NH₄⁺ and NH₃ is,

NH₄⁺ + NH₃ ⇌ NH₃ + NH₄⁺.

At equilibrium, the concentration of NH₄⁺ equals the concentration of NH₃. The Ka for NH₄⁺ is 5.6 × 10^-10.

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]), where A⁻ is NH₃ and HA is NH₄⁺, we can calculate the pH of the buffer as follows:

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])

pH = pKa + log([NH₃]/[NH₄⁺])

pH = pKa + log([0.250 M]/[0.250 M])

pH = -log(5.6 × 10^-10) + log(1)

pH = 9.24

When 1.00 mL of 6.00 M HCl is added to the buffer solution, it reacts with NH3 to form NH4+ and Cl^- ions.

The new concentration of NH₄⁺ is

[NH₄⁺] = 0.250 M + (1.00 × 10^-3 L)(6.00 M)/(20.0 mL + 1.00 mL) = 0.302 M.
The new concentration of NH₃ is [NH₃] = 0.250 M - (1.00 × 10^-3 L)(6.00 M)/(30.0 mL + 1.00 mL) = 0.196 M. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as before, we can calculate the new pH of the buffer as follows:

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])

pH = pKa + log([NH₃]/[NH₄⁺])

pH = -log(5.6 × 10^-10) + log(0.196/0.302)

pH = 8.68

When 1.00 mL of 6.00 M NaOH is added to a fresh sample of the buffer, it reacts with NH₄⁺ to form NH₃ and Na+.

The new concentration of NH₄⁺ is,

[NH₄⁺] = 0.250 M - (1.00 × 10^-3 L)(6.00 M)/(20.0 mL + 1.00 mL)

= 0.198 M.

The new concentration of NH₃ is [NH₃] = 0.250 M + (1.00 × 10^-3 L)(6.00 M)/(30.0 mL + 1.00 mL) = 0.304 M. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as before, we can calculate the new pH of the buffer as follows:

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])

pH = pKa + log([NH₃]/[NH₄⁺])

pH = -log(5.6 × 10^-10) + log(0.304/0.198)

pH = 9.37

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Ionic and covalent network solids are hard, have high melting points, and are poor electrical conductors.

Commonly, materials that are hard, have high liquefying focuses, and poor electrical conductivities are ionic solids or covalent organization solids.

Ionic solids are made out of a three-layered exhibit of emphatically and adversely charged particles kept intact by electrostatic powers. The solid ionic connections between the particles make these solids hard and high softening, while the shortfall of free electrons makes them unfortunate channels of power.

Covalent organization solids, then again, are made out of an immense organization of covalent connections between particles in a gem cross section structure. These covalent bonds are major areas of strength for incredibly, these solids high softening focuses and hardness. Once more, the shortfall of free electrons implies these materials are unfortunate conduits of power.

Instances of ionic solids incorporate NaCl (table salt) and MgO (magnesium oxide), while instances of covalent organization solids incorporate jewel and silicon dioxide (quartz).

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Answer:

a. it is impossible to anticipate the pH profile of an acid and base without performing the experiment in the lab.

Explanation:

At ph = 0 must the solution in the lead-acid battery be to produce its standard cell potential of 2.05 v.

Pb + PbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ ⇄ 2PbSO₄ + 2H₂O

At anode: Pb + SO²⁻₄ → PbSO₄ + 2e⁻

E = 0.356 V

At  Cathode: PbO₂ + H₂SO₄ +2H⁺ + 2e⁻→ PbSO₄ +2H₂O

E = 1.690 V

Overall:

Pb + PbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ ⇄ 2PbSO₄ + 2H₂O

E =2.05 at standard concentration = 1 M

ph = log[1]

ph= 0

The cell potential is the voltage of a single electrochemical cell, to put it simply. To boost the voltage of the battery, many cells may be packaged in series. A completely charged lead-acid battery will always have a cell potential of about 2.1 V, regardless of the battery's size since cell potential is a property of a specific chemical reaction. Similar to this, depending on the cathode material, lithium-ion batteries have nominal cell potentials between 3.2 and 3.85 V.

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The order of bonds from highest polarity to the lowest is:1. O--Cl2. H--N3. C--S4. N--Si

Polarity can be explained as the extent to which electron density is unevenly distributed between atoms within a molecule. This can result in the molecule having a partial positive or negative charge.

The polarity of the bond is decided by the electronegativity difference between the two atoms involved in the bond. If the difference is greater, the bond will be more polar.

O--Cl bond: Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine, so the bond is polar. Hence, O--Cl has the highest polarity.

H--N bond: The difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and nitrogen is not as great as that between oxygen and chlorine, but it is still significant. Hence, H--N has the second-highest polarity.

C--S bond: The difference in electronegativity between carbon and sulfur is less significant, making the bond less polar. Hence, C--S has the third-highest polarity.

N--Si bond: The difference in electronegativity between nitrogen and silicon is the least significant of all the bonds given. Thus, N--Si has the lowest polarity.

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In 8.00 seconds, approximately 0.84 mol of NO2 decomposes. The closest answer among the given options is 0.85 mol.

To find out how much NO2 decomposes in 8.00 s given the initial concentration and rate constant, we can use the second-order reaction formula:

1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]₀

Where:
- [A]t is the concentration of NO2 at time t (which we want to find)
- k is the rate constant (0.255 M⁻¹s⁻¹)
- t is the time (8.00 s)
- [A]₀ is the initial concentration of NO2 (1.33 M)

Step 1: Plug the values into the equation.
1/[A]t = (0.255 M⁻¹s⁻¹)(8.00 s) + 1/(1.33 M)

Step 2: Calculate the value on the right side of the equation.
1/[A]t = 2.04 M⁻¹

Step 3: Solve for [A]t (concentration of NO2 at 8.00 s).
[A]t = 1/2.04 M⁻¹ = 0.49 M

Step 4: Calculate the change in concentration (how much NO2 decomposes).
Change in concentration = [A]₀ - [A]t = 1.33 M - 0.49 M = 0.84 M

Step 5: Convert the change in concentration to moles (since the volume is 1.00 L, the change in concentration is equal to the change in moles).
Change in moles = 0.84 mol

So, the correct option is 0.85 as it is closest to the answer.

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The arrangement of radial, symmetric, and asymmetric letters is found in the attachment.

Bilateral Letters: These are letters that have a symmetrical shape where the left and right sides are mirror images of each other. In other words, if you were to draw a vertical line down the center of the letter, both sides would be identical.

Examples of bilateral letters include B, C, D, E, G, H, K, M, O, P, Q, R, S, U, and V.

Radial Letters: These are letters that have a symmetrical or circular shape around a central point. If you were to draw a circle around the letter, it would fit within that circle.

Examples of radial letters include A, C, D, M, and O.

Asymmetric Letters: These are letters that do not have symmetry or balance. If you were to draw a vertical line down the center of the letter, the two sides would not be mirror images of each other.

Examples of asymmetric letters include I, J, L, N, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

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The heat of formation of the given reaction is -56.4 kJ/mol.

What is Heat?

Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder object. It is a type of energy transfer that occurs due to a temperature difference between two objects. The direction of heat flow is always from the object with higher temperature to the object with lower temperature until they reach thermal equilibrium.

The heat of formation of a compound is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of the compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states at a given temperature and pressure. The standard state of an element is its most stable form at 1 atm pressure and a specified temperature.

Using the heat of formation values from standard tables, we can calculate the heat of formation of the products and reactants in the given reaction as follows:

Heat of formation of NO2 = -33.2 kJ/mol

Heat of formation of NO = +90.3 kJ/mol (since NO is an unstable gas at room temperature, we use the heat of formation of NO at 298 K instead of the standard heat of formation)

Heat of formation of O2 = 0 kJ/mol

Therefore, the heat of formation of the given reaction is:

ΔHf = Σ(heat of formation of products) - Σ(heat of formation of reactants)

ΔHf = [2(-33.2 kJ/mol)] - [2(90.3 kJ/mol) + 0 kJ/mol]

ΔHf = -56.4 kJ/mol

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When adding numbers in scientific notation, we need to ensure that the exponents of 10 are the same.

2.98x10^7 + 3.12x10^7 can be rewritten as:

(2.98 + 3.12) x 10^7

= 6.10 x 10^7

Therefore, the sum of 2.98x10^7 and 3.12x10^7 in scientific notation is 6.10x10^7.

Answer:

Thus, to yield the enthalpy of the combustion reaction, we then sum the enthalpies of formation of the products, weighted by their stoichiometric coefficients, and subtract the enthalpy of formation of ethanol (-277.69kJ/mol). The result is ethanol's standard enthalpy of combustion of -1234.79kJ/mol.

When cucumbers are immersed in a concentrated saltwater solution, the process of osmosis occurs. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

In this case, the concentrated saltwater solution outside the cucumber has a much lower water concentration than inside the cucumber. As a result, water from inside the cucumber moves out of the cell membrane and into the saltwater solution, causing the cucumber to shrink.

Additionally, the salt ions from the solution enter the cucumber through the cell membrane, which is permeable to ions. The presence of salt ions in the cucumber affects the taste, making it salty. The salt also acts as a preservative, inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can spoil the cucumber. This is why pickles have a longer shelf life than fresh cucumbers.

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6.00 mL of the 0.500 M HCl stock solution is required to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.0300 M HCl.

We can use the following formula to calculate the volume of stock solution needed:

V(stock) x M(stock) = V(final) x M(final)

where V(stock) is the volume of the stock solution, M(stock) is the concentration of the stock solution, V(final) is the final volume of the diluted solution, and M(final) is the desired concentration of the diluted solution.

Plugging in the given values, we get:

V(stock) x 0.500 M = 100.0 mL x 0.0300 M

Solving for V(stock), we get:

V(stock) = (100.0 mL x 0.0300 M) / 0.500 M = 6.00 mL

A diluted solution is a solution that has been made weaker by adding more solvent (usually water) to a more concentrated solution. This results in a decrease in the concentration of the solute in the solution.

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Answer:

Explanation: The equation of water is H2+1/2O2=H2O

->5 moles H2O*1 mol O2/2 mole

-> H2O=2.5 moles O2

->Now, molar mass of O2= 2*16=32gms

To find mass of O2,

-> No. of moles*Molar mass of O2

->2.5*32=0 gms

So, the mass of oxygen will be 80 gms.

19.7 g of calcium carbonate must be decomposed to produce 5.00 L of carbon dioxide gas at STP.

Calcium carbonate, also known as limestone, can be heated to produce calcium oxide (lime), an industrial chemical with a wide variety of uses, and carbon dioxide. In order to produce 5.00 L of carbon dioxide gas at STP, we need to determine how many grams of calcium carbonate must be decomposed.The chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate is:CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g).To find out the number of grams of calcium carbonate that must be decomposed to produce 5.00 L of carbon dioxide gas at STP, we can use the following steps:

Step 1: Write down the given information.V = 5.00 L (volume of carbon dioxide gas)T = 273 K (temperature at STP)P = 1 atm (pressure at STP)

Step 2: Use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas.n = PV/RT = (1 atm) x (5.00 L) / (0.0821 L atm/mol K x 273 K) = 0.197 mol

Step 3: Use the stoichiometry of the chemical equation to calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate required to produce this amount of carbon dioxide gas.

The stoichiometry of the chemical equation tells us that 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2. Therefore, we need 0.197 moles of CaCO3 to produce 0.197 moles of CO2.Step 4: Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate required using its molar mass.The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.1 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of CaCO3 required is:m = n x M = 0.197 mol x 100.1 g/mol = 19.7 g.

Therefore, 19.7g calcium carbonate must be decomposed to produce 5l of co2 gas at STP .

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The average of the three titrations is 0.104 m.

The standard deviation is 0.0055

The average of the three titrations is as follows:

(0.105 + 0.0990 + 0.110) / 3  = 0.104 m.

To calculate the standard deviation, we first need to calculate the variance. The variance is the sum of the squared differences from the mean, divided by the number of measurements minus one. Using the formula for variance, we get:

Variance = [(0.105 - 0.104)² + (0.0990 - 0.104)² + (0.110 - 0.104)²] / (3 - 1)

               = 3.05 x 10⁻⁵

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, which is:

standard deviation = √(3.05 x 10⁻⁵) = 0.0055

The standard deviation is relatively small compared to the average, indicating that the results are precise. However, we cannot determine if the results are accurate without knowing the true value of the NaOH solution concentration. Therefore, we need to compare the average to the expected value or to a certified reference material.

If the average is within an acceptable range of the expected value or certified reference material, then the results are acceptable. Otherwise, more titrations should be performed to increase the precision and accuracy of the measurements. It is recommended to consult with a teacher or a supervisor to determine the appropriate number of titrations needed for the specific experiment.

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The molecular geometry of a given element is octahedral and it has no dipole moment. Therefore octahedral, No would be the correct answer.

The SF6 molecule has no dipole moment because each S−F bond dipole is balanced by one of equal magnitude pointing in the opposite direction of the other side of the molecule.

The three-dimensional configuration of the atoms that make up a molecule is known as molecular geometry. In addition to providing details about the molecule's overall shape, it also provides data on the bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, and any other geometrical factors that affect each atom's position.

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The rates are constant for this reaction 0.0782 M⁻¹s⁻¹. Second-order reactions are those in which the total of the exponents in the appropriate rate law of the chemical reaction equals two.

Second-order reactions are chemical processes that depend on either the concentrations of two first-order reactants or the concentration of one second-order reactant, according to the rate law equations provided below. A chemical reaction's half-life is the length of time it takes for half of the reactant to move through the reaction.

Second-order kinetics can be used to explain a variety of significant biological processes, including the creation of double-stranded DNA from two complementary strands. The total of the exponents in the rate law is equal to two in a second-order reaction. In this section, the two most typical types of second-order reactions will be thoroughly covered.

The differential (derivative) rate equation and the integrated rate equation are used to explain how the rate of a second-order reaction varies with the concentration of reactants or products. The integrated rate equation demonstrates how the concentration of species varies over time, whereas the differential rate law demonstrates how the reaction's rate changes over time.

Second order reaction for calculating rate constant is

t1/2 = 1/KCAO

Half-Life period = 18 s

Initial Concentration of reactant = 0.71M

18s = 1/K(0.71M)

K = 0.0782 M⁻¹s⁻¹

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According to galvanic cell video which is provided in the introduction page of this module, the statement which is true about the four main parts of the galvanic cell will be; "The cathode will be the electrode where reduction can occurs." Option D is correct.

A galvanic cell, also termed as a voltaic cell, in an electrochemical cell which  uses a spontaneous redox reaction to generate an electric current. The cell consists of two half-cells, each containing an electrode and an electrolyte solution. The two half-cells are connected by a wire as well as a salt bridge.

The other statements are not correct; The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, not where it receives electrons.

An external circuit with a voltmeter (not multimeter) is used to measure the potential difference (voltage) between the two electrodes.

There are two electrodes, but they are immersed in different solutions (not the same metal solutions).

The salt bridge is placed in both cells to allow the flow of ions to maintain electrical neutrality, not just in one cell.

Hence, D. is the correct option.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"According to the galvanic cell video provided in the introduction page of this module, which statement is true about the four main parts of the galvanic cell? group of answer choices A) the anode is the electrode that receives electrons. B) an external circuit with a multimeter will be used to transfer electrons. C) there are two electrodes and they will be immersed in the same metal solutions. D) the cathode is the electrode where oxidation occurs. E) salt bridge will only be placed in one of the cells."--

No, it is not true that new types of atoms are produced in chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is a process that results in the chemical conversion of one group of chemical compounds into another.

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances, but atoms themselves are not created or destroyed in the process. This is known as law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of products.

Therefore, the types of atoms present in the reactants are also present in the products, just in different combinations and arrangements.

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The probability of finding a hydrogen 1s electron within the so-called van der Waals radius of hydrogen is 90%.

Van der Waals radius (vdW) is an estimate of the size of an atom. It is the radius of a sphere encompassing the outermost orbital of an atom (such as van der Waals radii).The probability of locating an electron in a particular area is referred to as probability density. The probability density of an electron in the hydrogen atom in its ground state is greatest at the center of the atom and decreases exponentially as the distance from the nucleus increases.The probability of finding a hydrogen 1s electron within the so-called van der Waals radius of hydrogen is approximately 90%.

The radius of the hydrogen atom is 53 pm, and the van der Waals radius of the hydrogen atom is 120 pm, respectively. As a result, there is a higher likelihood of locating a hydrogen 1s electron within the van der Waals radius of hydrogen than outside of it, which is roughly 90%.

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