The dominance of western approaches to studying personality in non-western cultures was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality.
Hence, the answer is The dominance of western approaches to studying personality in non-western cultures.
Most accurate definition of culture?A population's collective ways of life, such as its institutions, beliefs, and artistic expressions, are collectively referred to as its culture. The phrase "the way of life for an entire civilization" has been used to describe culture.
What is culture, using an example?Culture is a collection of societal norms and the symbolic frameworks that give meaning to these norms. Cultural aspects include things like customs, legislation, attire, types of architecture, and social norms.
To know more about Culture visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30497684
#SPJ1
Importance of answering questions in the examination
Answering questions in an examination is an important aspect of the assessment process that helps evaluate a student's understanding of the subject matter.
The ability to answer questions demonstrates the student's knowledge, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. Answering questions in an examination is also an opportunity for students to demonstrate their understanding of the course material and apply it to specific scenarios or problems.
Teachers and examiners carefully design exam questions to appropriately challenge students' knowledge and understanding, and to test their analytical and reasoning skills. Answering exam questions correctly indicates that students have a deep understanding of the material, while incorrect answers may indicate areas that need further study and improvement.
In conclusion, answering questions in an examination is a crucial component of the evaluation process, and demonstrating proficiency in answering questions is important for academic success.
Know more about Examination or Exams - https://brainly.com/question/19953725
#SPJ4
Which statement is true regarding the structure of the U.S. government? (3 points) a The president has the most power in the country. b States have more power than the national government. c Each state has an executive branch that works together as the central government. d The central government is divided into three separate branches.
Answer: *MAY NOT BE RIGHT*
Each state has an executive branch that works together as the central government.
Explanation:
First of all, this is a democracy so no the president doesn't have the most power the people do. And no the central government isn't divided into three separate branches the Federal government is. States have more power than the national government might make sense but, if a state wants to make a new law for all of America but the national government says no I don't think that would happen. Also, each state can have its own laws I think they might have their own executive branch but the central government forms form when all the states work and chose together.
(sorry If it is wrong)
Acconding to Justice Harlan, what have states like Louisiana done to interfere with the blessing of freedom and civil rights?
Answer: all citizens are equal before the law
how do we forgive ourselves for what we did not become
Answer:
How can something be there, and then not be there?
according to utilitarianism, harming a human being is a.not as bad as harming a non-human animal. b.incomparably worse than harming a non-human animal. c.in and of itself not any better or worse than harming a non-human animal. d.in and of itself slightly worse than harming a non-human animal.
According to utilitarianism, harming a human being is in and of itself not any better or worse than harming a non-human animal. The correct answer is C.
Utilitarianism is a type of moral philosophy which believes that the right action is the one which brings the most happiness and reduces the most suffering. Therefore, it considers the consequences of an action more important than its intrinsic morality. This means that an action can be considered good or bad depending on the effects it produces. As such, utilitarianism does not see any difference between harming a human being or a non-human animal in terms of moral value.
The only factor that matters is whether or not the action increases or reduces happiness and suffering. This means that, if a certain action reduces suffering for some but increases it for others, utilitarianism will ultimately consider it bad because it will not have produced a net gain in happiness. Therefore, the best course of action from a utilitarian perspective is to maximize happiness and reduce suffering in all cases.
For such more questions on utilitarianism
https://brainly.com/question/29386474
#SPJ11
which highly respected psychologist, rejected the dehumanizing negativism of psychology and proposed the hierarchy of needs theory?
The highly respected psychologist that rejected the dehumanizing negativism of psychology and proposed the hierarchy of needs theory is Abraham Maslow.
He believed that humans are innately motivated to fulfill a certain set of needs that can be organized in a hierarchy. The needs at the bottom of the hierarchy must be satisfied before the needs at the higher levels can be fulfilled. The five basic needs, in order of importance, are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
Physiological needs include air, food, and water, safety needs include security and safety, love and belonging needs include friendship, family, and romantic relationships, esteem needs include respect from others and self-respect, and self-actualization needs include achieving one's full potential. Maslow believed that when these needs are met, a person can reach a level of self-actualization, which is the ultimate goal of the hierarchy of needs.
To know more about hierarchy of needs theory, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14107364
#SPJ11
we want to know whether winning more star baker awards causes a change in likelihood of winning the season. why is it not sufficient to compare star baker rates for winners and losers?
To determine whether winning more star baker awards causes a change in the likelihood of winning the season, a more comprehensive analysis that accounts for confounding variables and uses a larger sample size would be necessary.
Comparing the star baker rates for winners and losers may not be sufficient to determine whether winning more star baker awards causes a change in the likelihood of winning the season. There are several reasons for this:
1. Sample size: The sample size of winners and losers may be too small to draw any meaningful conclusions. The number of contestants who win the season is usually small, which means that the sample size for winners is limited.
2. Confounding variables: There may be other variables that affect the relationship between star baker awards and winning the season. For example, some contestants may be more experienced or talented than others, which may affect their ability to win both star baker awards and the season.
To know more about baker awards:
https://brainly.com/question/9042874
#SPJ4
What is BDP at CPCC?
BDP at CPCC stands for Business Data Processing. It is a course designed to introduce students to the fundamentals of digital photography, including camera settings, image composition, and lighting.
BDP courses can be taken at CPCC (Central Piedmont Community College), a community college located in Charlotte, North Carolina. CPCC offers a range of academic programs and continuing education courses. The school has seven campuses located throughout the Charlotte area. CPCC provides students with the opportunity to earn a degree, diploma, or certificate.
BDP is the process of collecting and manipulating data to produce useful information. It involves using various computer technologies to manage, analyze, and organize data. BDP is used in various industries, including finance, healthcare, retail, and manufacturing. By using BDP techniques, businesses can improve their operations, make better decisions, and achieve their goals.
You can learn more about computer technologies at
https://brainly.com/question/29579978
#SPJ11
when sparrow refers to 'loss of stateness' as a potential risk of reliance on private policing, he most likely means?
When Sparrow refers to 'loss of stateness' as a potential risk of reliance on private policing, he most likely means that there will be a breakdown of the state's monopoly over the use of force, and this can lead to a loss of legitimacy and effectiveness in governance.
What is meant by the loss of stateness?
The term 'stateness' refers to the degree to which a state is in charge of its territory and can enforce its rules and regulations, maintain order, and ensure the safety of its citizens. Private policing, on the other hand, refers to the practice of using private security firms to provide law enforcement services rather than relying solely on public police forces. According to Sparrow, if private policing is over-relied upon, it could pose a risk to the state's monopoly over the use of force, which is one of the defining features of a state.
When this happens, the state is weakened, and it loses its legitimacy and effectiveness in governance. In addition, the state is unable to ensure the safety and security of its citizens, which is its primary responsibility.The loss of stateness, according to Sparrow, can lead to a variety of problems, including increased corruption, lawlessness, and instability. Private policing, on the other hand, can be beneficial in certain situations, but it should not be viewed as a substitute for public policing.
Sparrow argues that private policing should be viewed as a supplement to public policing and should be subject to the same standards of accountability and transparency. In summary, Sparrow's concern is that over-reliance on private policing can lead to a loss of stateness, which can undermine the effectiveness and legitimacy of the state.
For more such question on Sparrow
https://brainly.com/question/15325546
#SPJ11
what causes gov. gavin newsom recently declared states of emergency in how many counties
To support storm response and relief efforts gov. Gavin newsom recently declared states of emergency in 21 counties.
In order to support storm response and relief efforts in six additional counties, including Calaveras, Del Norte, Glenn, Kings, San Benito, and San Joaquin, Governor Gavin Newsom today declared a state of emergency.
Butte, El Dorado, Fresno, Humboldt, Imperial, Inyo, Lake, Mendocino, Merced, Monterey, Napa, Placer, Plumas, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Yuba are among the 21 counties currently covered by the State of Emergency.
The emergency proclamation states that the storms have left residents and motorists stranded in the affected counties, forced forced evacuations, and caused power outages. According to reports, more storms are also expected, which could continue to cause problems for communities.
Learn more about State of Emergency at:
brainly.com/question/15403273
#SPJ4
an invitation by one nation to allow inspectors from another nation to tour nuclear facilities is an example of a .
An invitation by one nation to allow inspectors from another nation to tour nuclear facilities is an example of a confidence-building measure.
Confidence-building measures are steps taken by nations to promote trust, transparency, and cooperation in their relationships with one another. They are particularly important in the context of arms control and disarmament, where trust and confidence are crucial in ensuring compliance with international agreements and preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
By allowing inspectors from another nation to tour its nuclear facilities, a nation is demonstrating its commitment to transparency and cooperation. This can help to build trust and confidence between the two nations and reduce the risk of misunderstandings, miscalculations, and conflict. Confidence-building measures are an important tool for promoting peace, stability, and security in the international system.
To know more about invitation click here:
brainly.com/question/1402968
#SPJ4
if a bicycle on your right reaches an uncontrolled intersection (i.e., one without signs or signals) at about the same time as you do, you should
You must surrender the right of way to a bicycle if it arrives at an uncontrolled intersection (one without signs or signals) at the same time as you do.
An uncontrolled intersection is a place where two or more roads meet, and there is no sign or signal indicating which vehicle should yield or stop the right of way. Pedestrian crossings, especially in busy cities, are also an example of uncontrolled intersections.
When two cars are approaching an uncontrolled intersection at the same time, the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right. When a bike and a car arrive at the same time at an uncontrolled intersection, the driver of the car must give way to the bicycle.
The cyclist has the same rights and responsibilities as a driver of a vehicle. An uncontrolled intersection is an intersection where there are no traffic signals or signs directing traffic, which can result in some tricky scenarios.
When driving on the road, intersections are a common source of confusion and concern for many drivers. They are intersections where two or more vehicles are approaching from different directions at the same time, and neither driver has the right of way.
In this situation, the drivers must take extra care and be cautious while passing through the intersection.
Learn more about uncontrolled intersections:- https://brainly.com/question/30204375
#SPJ11
all this will not be finished in the first 100 days. nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this administration, nor perhaps in our lifetime on this planet is an example of what
Perhaps in our lifetime on this planet is an example of a long-term goal that requires a sustained effort to achieve.
It's a thing that will bear commitment and fidelity from everyone involved. It's one that will bear multiple generations to work on, and likely bear a artistic shift in order to make progress. It's a thing that may bearre-defining of what's possible and attainable, and a amenability to suppose outside the box.
Eventually, it's a thing that will bear tolerance, dedication, and a nonstop trouble to push forward.
To know more about planet visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9211822
#SPJ4
If a man expects a woman to be an angel in his life. He must first create heaven for her first because angels don’t live in hell, what it's mean?
The phrase "If a man expects a woman to be an angel in his life. He must first create heaven for her first because angels don’t live in hell" means that in order for a man to have a positive and fulfilling relationship with a woman, he must create a supportive and nurturing environment for her to thrive in.
The phrase implies that women are like angels, and they require a loving and nurturing environment to be their best selves. Therefore, if a man wants a woman to be an angel in his life, he must create a heaven-like environment that provides the woman with the care, respect, and support she needs to flourish.
The phrase also suggests that if a man creates a negative or hostile environment, it can be akin to living in hell, which can make it difficult for a woman to thrive and be her best self. Therefore, the phrase emphasizes the importance of creating a positive and supportive environment for women to help them grow and succeed in the relationship.
Overall, the phrase emphasizes the idea that creating a supportive and nurturing environment is essential to building a healthy and successful relationship. It reminds us that we must treat our partners with love, care, and respect to foster a positive and fulfilling relationship.
To know more about the Heaven, here
https://brainly.com/question/30292433
#SPJ4
several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. his mistaken recall best illustrates:
The mistaken recall best illustrating Steve's memory of aliens abducting him and subjecting him to many horrors portrayed in a science-fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction is false memory syndrome.
What is False Memory Syndrome?False Memory Syndrome is the name given to memories that are untrue or imagined. People may believe that they have had experiences that they have not had or that they have had experiences that have occurred differently from how they remember them. In Steve's case, the alien abduction experience was false because he had been watching a movie about alien abduction for months.
As a result, he began to recall having had an alien abduction experience. This situation best illustrates false memory syndrome.
To know more about false memory syndrome refer to-
brainly.com/question/25450337#
#SPJ11
Which option is not a response to which option is not a response to internal stimuli
Answer:
wearing sunglasses to protect eyes from UV rays!!
Explanation:
quzilet in what way can solidarity damage social relationships? question 37 options: by fostering conflict with those who are outside your group by fostering cooperation with those within your group by opening the definition of who is within your group to too many people by fostering conflict with those who are within your group
Working together to address the other party's issues and your own in an effort to reach a mutually beneficial solution is known as collaboration.
What is it called when a person disagrees with their entire team or organisation that they are a member of?Interpersonal conflict is conflict between two or more people; it may be the result of a single occurrence or a recurring problem. Intragroup conflict is when one or more members of the same group or team are at odds with one another.
How does intragroup conflict impact interactions between two or more groups at work?Changes result from intergroup conflict both within and between the groups involved. Members of the groups typically ignore personal differences in an effort to
To know more about collaboration visit:-
brainly.com/question/14190740
#SPJ1
Which are functions of the stomata in the leaves of seed plants? select two options. reduce water loss make glucose absorb sunlight take in carbon dioxide produce oxygen
The two functions of the stomata in the leaves of seed plants are to reduce water loss and to take in carbon dioxide.
Stomata are tiny pores located on the surface of leaves that are responsible for gas exchange. During photosynthesis, stomata allow plants to take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is used to produce glucose and oxygen.
However, the opening of stomata also allows for water to escape from the plant through a process known as transpiration. By controlling the opening and closing of stomata, plants can regulate the balance between carbon dioxide absorption and water loss. This is particularly important in hot, dry environments where water is scarce.
In addition to regulating gas exchange, the stomata also play a role in plant defense against pathogens and pests. When plants are attacked, the stomata can close to prevent the entry of harmful microorganisms or insects. Overall, the stomata are a crucial adaptation that allows plants to survive and thrive in a wide range of environments.
Learn more about the photosynthesis:
brainly.com/question/29764662
#SPJ4
It takes more than a great topic that relates to the audience to capture the audience's attention and then maintain it throughout a speech. What is it about one speech that piques our curiosity while another speech turns us off?
Watch the video clip below to see one way you can peak your audience's attention. Then, respond to the following questions.
The speaker in the video piques our curiosity and desire to learn more by
Multiple Choice
telling a story.
creating a riddle.
creating information overload.
creating information hunger.
None of these choices are correct.
The correct answer is creating information overload.The audience refers to the group of people or individuals who are intended to receive a message, such as information.
Communication, or entertainment, from a particular source, such as a speaker, writer, or performer. The audience can be a specific group of people who share common characteristics, such as age, gender, interests, or beliefs, or a general group of people who may have diverse backgrounds and characteristics. Understanding the audience is essential in effectively communicating and engaging with them, as it helps in tailoring audience's the message to suit their needs, preferences, and expectations.
Learn more about audience's :
https://brainly.com/question/30435704
#SPJ4
according to karl marx, all of history is a struggle between___
According to Karl Marx, all of history is a struggle between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).
Marx believed that the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production, exploited the proletariat, who did not own any means of production and were forced to sell their labor to survive.
Marx saw this struggle as the driving force behind historical change, with revolutions by the proletariat leading to the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of a classless society. Marx argued that this process was inevitable, as the contradictions and tensions between the two classes could not be sustained indefinitely.
Marx's ideas about class struggle and the role of the working class in society had a profound impact on social and political thought, and continue to be influential today in debates about inequality, capitalism, and social justice.
To know more about Karl Marx
brainly.com/question/13742699
#SPJ4
according to the text, the tragic explosion on the deepwater horizon oil rig was an example of? sociology
The tragic explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig was an example of corporate negligence and a disregard for safety protocols.
This incident highlighted the need for stronger regulations and monitoring of oil extraction processes, as well as greater accountability for companies who fail to ensure safety standards are met.
In sociological terms, this incident is an example of a structural problem, with various causes and consequences affecting individuals, communities, and businesses.
Structural problems, such as corporate negligence, can cause a ripple effect across a wide range of social contexts, with repercussions on the environment, human health, and economic systems.
The Deepwater Horizon incident is an example of how an isolated incident can have wide-reaching consequences, and how it is important to address structural problems to prevent these kinds of disasters.
To know more about corporate click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/30029715#
#SPJ11
What are the top solutions for Getting Off The Line Or Putting On The Line
Depending on the context, the expressions "getting off the line" and "putting on the line" might signify different things.
In contrast, "putting on the line" generally refers to taking a chance or making a commitment, but "getting off the line" might allude to beginning a race or competition. Please provide additional details about the context if you're seeking for answers relating to these terms in it so that I can respond with a more appropriate reply.
Getting Off The Line: Improving reaction time: Practicing drills that help you react quickly to a stimulus or signal, such as a starting gun, can help you get off the line faster.
Putting On The Line: Preparing ahead of time: Doing research, creating a detailed plan, and anticipating potential challenges can help you put your best offer or proposal on the line.
Learn more about "getting off the line
https://brainly.com/question/4236726
#SPJ4
A pediatric client is complaining of a sore throat and general weakness. The provider diagnoses the client with Group A B-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). Identify three (3) manifestations of GABHS?Mouth odor/breathingSnoring & nasal qualities in voiceFeverAlso include Tonsil inflammation with redness & edema
Group A B-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) can manifest with the following symptoms: mouth odor/bad breath, snoring and nasal qualities in voice, fever, and tonsil inflammation with redness and edema
Group A B-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) is a type of bacterial infection that commonly causes sore throat in children. The manifestations of GABHS include mouth odor/breathing, which is caused by the accumulation of bacteria in the mouth; snoring & nasal qualities in voice, which can occur due to inflammation in the throat and nasal passages; and fever, which is a common symptom of infections.
Additionally, tonsil inflammation with redness & edema is also a common manifestation of GABHS. The tonsils are an important part of the immune system that act as a barrier against infections, but they can become inflamed and swollen due to GABHS infection.
In severe cases, GABHS can also cause complications such as rheumatic fever, which can affect the heart, joints, and other organs. Therefore, it is important to seek prompt medical attention and treatment for GABHS to prevent complications and ensure a speedy recovery.
Learn more about streptococci https://brainly.com/question/7037123
#SPJ11
during a boating accident, chontelle watched helplessly as her father drowned after saving her. she awoke in the hospital with little recollection of the event, but she was blind with no neurological basis for her symptoms. she likely derived primary gain from her symptoms to:
Chontelle's blindness is likely a psychological defense mechanism known as conversion disorder, or functional blindness.
Conversion disorder is when psychological stress is converted into physical symptoms. It is thought that this disorder is a way for the person to cope with a traumatic experience and the stress associated with it, allowing the individual to feel a sense of control and receive sympathy and understanding.
In Chontelle's case, her blindness could be a way to cope with the overwhelming emotions of seeing her father drown while trying to save her. By blinding herself, she can remain removed from the traumatic event, while receiving the comfort and compassion of those around her. Conversion disorder is a subconscious defense mechanism, and the primary gain of the symptoms is emotional relief.
For more such question on blindness
https://brainly.com/question/28850536
#SPJ11
The parenting style that can be described as lenient or inconsistent is called __________. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. backbone please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The parenting style that can be described as lenient or inconsistent is called permissive. Therefore, option C is correct.
The indulgent parenting style, also referred to as permissive parenting, is characterized by high responsiveness and low demands. Permissive and indulgent parents are particularly sensitive to their children's emotional needs. However, they either do not establish boundaries or do not consistently enforce them.
Children of lenient parents typically have lower academic achievement. Guardians that are tolerant don't train or deal with their children's way of behaving.Permissive parenting is a type of parenting that can be inconsistent or lenient. As a result, choice C is correct.
Learn more about permissive parenting style, here:
https://brainly.com/question/5934240
#SPJ4
mignon moore's research with black lesbian couples in the united states suggests that they are creating a new version of which cultural value?
Mignon Moore's research with Black lesbian couples in the United States suggests that they are creating a new version of the cultural value of family.
What is culture?Culture refers to the concepts, behavior, practices, and customs that characterize a particular community, society, or nation. Culture is the collection of ideas, norms, traditions, language, and other things that define a group of people.
The family is a fundamental cultural institution. It is a unit of people who are associated by blood, adoption, or marriage. Moore's research suggests that Black lesbian couples are creating a new version of the cultural value of family.
Moore's study revealed that Black lesbian couples frequently relied on extended kinship ties and friendship networks to meet the emotional and practical requirements of family life. This was critical since their families of origin were frequently unsupportive or non-existent.
The fact that Black lesbian couples were finding innovative methods to form meaningful relationships and create families was important to the notion of a cultural value of family. In conclusion, Moore's research with Black lesbian couples in the United States indicates that they are creating a new version of the cultural value of family.
To know more about lesbian , refer here
https://brainly.com/question/1194066#
#SPJ11
b) why does he take such care to avoid securing his own acquittal? he could have begged for clemency, used his wife and children to get a pity vote, offered a reasonable alternative sentencing, promised to behave differently. is he really an example of a man who lived and died by his own philosophy? or is he a self-appointed martyr? are they mutually exclusive? is there virtue in being a martyr?
It is possible that the individual in question takes such care to avoid securing his own acquittal because he believes in living and dying by his own philosophy.
He may see pleading for clemency or using his family for pity as betraying his beliefs and principles. By accepting the consequences of his actions, he may feel that he is remaining true to his convictions and demonstrating his commitment to his beliefs.
Whether he is a self-appointed martyr or not is a matter of interpretation. Some may see his actions as heroic and selfless, while others may view them as foolish and unnecessary. Being a martyr and living by one's own philosophy are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as one can be committed to a cause and willing to suffer for it while still adhering to a personal philosophy.
As for the virtue of being a martyr, it depends on one's perspective. Some may see it as an admirable act of self-sacrifice for a greater cause, while others may view it as a futile and unnecessary gesture that ultimately achieves little. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to determine their own values and beliefs regarding martyrdom and living by one's philosophy.
To know more about philosophy click here:
brainly.com/question/16999698
#SPJ4
who were the communist fighters in south vietnam disrupting the corrupt government?
The communist fighters in South Vietnam disrupting the corrupt government were known as the Viet Cong.
They were a guerrilla force that operated in the southern region of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong were supported by North Vietnam and were fighting to overthrow the South Vietnamese government, which they viewed as a puppet regime of the United States.
They employed tactics, ambushes, and traps to destabilize the government and gain support among the rural population. Despite facing a superior enemy force, the Viet Cong were able to hold their own which eventually contributed to the fall of the South Vietnamese government in 1975.
Learn more about Communist Fighters:
https://brainly.com/question/974899
#SPJ4
who is most likely to abuse his child? group of answer choices louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children derek, who was never abused when he was a child joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives scott, who is wealthy
Parents are more inclined to reject an unruly kid or adolescent, which starts a spiralling cycle that could result in criminality.
Which of the following is a known association between family factors and delinquency?Juvenile delinquency is risk-related to family features such inadequate parenting abilities, family size, domestic strife, child abuse, and antisocial parents (Derzon and Lipsey, 2000; Wasserman and Seracini, 2001).
What role does family play in crime?According to research, kids who grow up in loving, caring, and supportive environments are less likely to act out. Parents who reject their children have some of the highest delinquency rates. Research also suggest that the disposition of the child contributes to this causal chain.
To know more about spiralling cycle visit:-
brainly.com/question/11923068
#SPJ1
Why is it important that mangrove trees form a barrier between land and Sea
Answer:
below
Explanation:
The dense roots of mangroves help to bind and build soils. The above-ground roots slow down water flows, encourage deposition of sediments and reduce erosion. Erosion refers to the removal of sediments from the shore, resulting in the loss of land and a retreating shorelin