hich type of light can be broken into its individual wavelengths by a prism? a. infrared b. ultraviolet c. combination d. incandescent

Answer:

The correct answer is D. B = +3; H = -1.

To draw the Lewis dot structure of the BH4 ion, we first determine the total number of valence electrons:

B: 3 valence electrons

H: 1 valence electron x 4 = 4 valence electrons

Total: 3 + 4 = 7 valence electrons

The single B atom is the central atom, and the four H atoms are attached to it. Each H atom forms a single bond with the B atom, which uses up 4 valence electrons:

H H

| |

H-B-H

|

H

We have 3 valence electrons left, which we place around the central B atom as lone pairs:

H H

| |

H-B-H

| |

H--

Each H atom has a full valence shell (2 electrons), and the B atom has an octet (8 electrons). However, the B atom now has 5 valence electrons, which gives it a formal charge of +3. Each H atom now has only 1 valence electron, which gives it a formal charge of -1. The sum of the formal charges in the BH4 ion is 0, as it should be for a neutral molecule/ion.

24.1 K is the final temperature.

We must utilise the ideal gas law to solve for the final temperature because the volume is changing.  The ideal gas law's formula is PV = nRTPV = nRT, where P is for pressure, V is for volume, n is for moles of gas, R is for the gas constant, and T is for temperature.

Since the number of moles is constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for temperature:

[tex]T = (\frac{PV}{nR})[/tex]

In this case, P = 1 atm, V1 = 1.35 L, V2 = 2 L, n = 1 mol, and R = 0.0821 L-atm/K-mol.

[tex]T2 = (\frac{P (V2 - V1) }{ nR}) \\T2 = (\frac{1 (2 - 1.35) }{ 0.0821}) \\T2 = 24.1 K[/tex]

Therefore,The Final Temperature is 24.1K

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The approximate C-C-C bond angles in benzene, C6H6, are 120 degrees. This is because the carbon atoms in benzene are sp2 hybridized, which means that they have three electron orbitals in the same plane, forming a trigonal planar geometry.

The remaining sp2 hybridized orbital forms a π-bond with the adjacent carbon atom, creating the characteristic delocalized π-electron cloud in the benzene ring. The six carbon atoms in benzene are arranged in a hexagonal pattern, and each carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. This arrangement of bonds and electron orbitals results in a regular hexagonal geometry with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees.

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Due to its organic nature and its ability to produce a higher yield of the desired product aqueous sodium acetate preferred to aqueous sodium hydroxide for the conversion of anilinium hydrochloride to acetanilide.

We prefer  aqueous sodium acetate because of several reasons

1-One reason is that sodium acetate is an organic compound, whereas sodium hydroxide is an inorganic compound. This means that sodium acetate is more likely to react with the organic anilinium hydrochloride, whereas sodium hydroxide may react more with the water in the solution.

2-The conversion of anilinium hydrochloride to acetanilide is an organic reaction that requires the use of an organic base to deprotonate the amine group of the anilinium cation. Sodium hydroxide is an inorganic base that is very strong, and can often lead to overreaction or side reactions that produce undesired products. On the other hand, sodium acetate is a weaker organic base that is more selective and less likely to cause unwanted reactions.

Additionally, the use of sodium acetate can result in a higher yield of acetanilide, since it is less likely to produce byproducts that can reduce the overall yield.

Overall, the use of aqueous sodium acetate is preferred to aqueous sodium hydroxide for the conversion of anilinium hydrochloride to acetanilide due to its organic nature and its ability to produce a higher yield of the desired product.

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Yes, the valence electron theory applies to the compound SO₃.

The valence electron theory is used to explain the chemical bonding between atoms, based on the number of valence electrons in each atom. In SO₃, sulfur (S) has 6 valence electrons and each oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons. According to the valence electron theory, atoms tend to form chemical bonds by either sharing electrons or transferring electrons to achieve a full outer shell of electrons (known as the octet rule).

In SO₃, sulfur and oxygen atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds, which results in the formation of a stable molecule. Specifically, each oxygen atom shares a double bond with sulfur, which allows each oxygen atom to have a full outer shell of electrons.

Therefore, the valence electron theory applies to the compound SO₃, as it helps explain the chemical bonding between sulfur and oxygen atoms in the molecule.

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Several different compounds, including SO3, have chemical bonds and characteristics that may be explained by the valence electron theory. The valence electrons of each atom in a molecule are utilized.

the valence electron theory to forecast the kinds of chemical bonds that will form between the atoms. The outermost electrons of an atom, known as the valence electrons, have a role in chemical bonding. Each oxygen (O) atom contains six valence electrons, and sulfur (S) has six as well. For each oxygen atom in SO3, sulfur produces three double bonds. This implies that each sulfur atom shares two pairs of electrons with each oxygen atom, and vice versa. According to the valence electron hypothesis, the three double bonds between sulfur and oxygen in SO3 result in a trigonal planar geometry.

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Fatty acids are organic compounds made up of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group at one end. The length and degree of saturation of the carbon chain are key determinants of the melting point of fatty acids.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state. The fatty acid with the lowest melting point is α-Linoleic acid (18:3), which has 18 carbons and 3 double bonds.

This makes the chain more flexible and less dense, so it melts at a lower temperature. Oleic acid (18:1) has 18 carbons and 1 double bond, followed by Stearic acid (18:0) with 18 carbons and no double bonds. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) has 16 carbons and 1 double bond, and Palmitic acid (16:0) has 16 carbons and no double bonds.

As the chain length and the number of double bonds decrease, the melting point of these fatty acids increases. This increase in the melting point is due to the fact that the chain is becoming more tightly packed, so it must be heated to higher temperatures before it will become liquid.

In conclusion, the order of increasing melting point for fatty acids is α-Linoleic acid (18:3), Oleic acid (18:1), Stearic acid (18:0), Palmitoleic acid (16:1), and Palmitic acid (16:0).

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To solve the problem, we need to use the formula:

mass of solute = (percent by mass / 100) x mass of solution

where the "mass of solute" is the mass of AgCl that we need to find, the "percent by mass" is the concentration of the solution (13.5%), and the "mass of solution" is the total mass of the solution (575 grams).

mass of solute = (13.5 / 100) x 575

mass of solute = 77.625 grams

Therefore, we need 77.625 grams of AgCl to make 575 grams of a 13.5% solution.

gas B will have the higher value of KH (Henry's constant) as lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid higher is the value of KH .

In non-ideal solution, poor deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes.
The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends on temperature, the partial pressure of the gas over the liquid, the nature of the solvent and the character of the gas. The most common solvent is water. The gas that is more soluble in water may have lower value of KH consequently, fuel B has better fee okay
In a most boiling azeotrope, the liquid combination has a better boiling aspect than the person parts. It happens due to poor deviation. an answer that indicates massive horrific deviation from Raoult's law paperwork a maximum boiling azeotrope at a particular composition.

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The correct answer is c) NH3 < CH4 < PH3.In this case, NH3, CH4, and PH3 are all nonpolar molecules. However, NH3 and PH3 are polar molecules due to the presence of lone pairs on the nitrogen and phosphorus atoms, respectively.

The boiling point is a measure of the intermolecular forces between molecules. Polar molecules have dipole-dipole interactions, which are stronger than the London dispersion forces in nonpolar molecules like CH4. NH3 has the highest boiling point because it has the strongest dipole-dipole interactions due to its greater polarity compared to PH3. PH3 has the lowest boiling point because it has the weakest dipole-dipole interactions. Therefore, the correct order of increasing boiling point is NH3 < CH4 < PH3.

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Borax (Na2B4O7) reacts with water in a balanced chemical equation that looks like this: Na2B4O7 + 7H2O 2Na+ + 2B(OH)4- + 4H3O+

Just 10 water of crystallisation exists in borax, not 8. The chemical formula for borax, commonly known as tincal or sodium tetraborate decahydrate, is (Na2B4O710H2O). So, instead of eight water of crystallisation, borax has 10. Tetraborare decahydrate is the name given to it as a result.

The most prevalent sodium carbonate hydrate, which contains 10 molecules of water during crystallisation, is sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO310H2O), sometimes referred to as washing soda. To make washing soda, soda ash is dissolved in water and crystallised.

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The principal quantum number (n) in the quantum mechanical model of the atom determines several important properties of an atom and its electrons. Firstly, it determines the energy of an orbital, with higher values of n indicating higher energy levels. This in turn determines the energy of the electrons in the orbital.

Secondly, the principal quantum number determines the possible number of electrons on a particular orbital, with the maximum number being 2n²

Thirdly, it is related to the overall size of the atom and the size of the orbital, with higher values of n indicating larger size.

However, the principal quantum number does not determine the shape of the orbital or the orientation of the orbital in space. These properties are determined by the other quantum numbers, such as the angular momentum quantum number (l) and the magnetic quantum number (m).

Finally, the principal quantum number does have some influence on the energy of the electrons on the outer shell, but it is not the only factor that determines the energy levels of these electrons. Other factors, such as shielding and effective nuclear charge, also play a role in determining the energy of electrons on the outer shell.

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The line in the Paschen series of hydrogen that has a wavelength of 1090 nm originates from the fourth energy level of the hydrogen atom, n=4.

The Paschen series in hydrogen corresponds to transitions from higher energy levels to the third energy level (n=3).

The formula for calculating the wavelength of a transition in the hydrogen atom is given:

[tex]1/\lambda= R (1/n_1^2 - 1/n_2^2)[/tex]

where λ is the wavelength of the light emitted or absorbed.

R is the Rydberg constant [tex](1.0974\times 10^7 m^{-1)[/tex],

and [tex]n_1[/tex] and [tex]n_2[/tex] are the initial and final energy levels of the electron, respectively.

Substituting the given values into the equation, we get:

[tex]1/1090\ nm = R (1/n_1^2 - 1/3^2)[/tex]

Solving for [tex]n_1[/tex], we get:

[tex]n_1 = 4[/tex]

Therefore, the electron originated from the fourth energy level (n=4) and made a transition to the third energy level (n=3) in the hydrogen atom, resulting in the emission of light with a wavelength of 1090 nm in the Paschen series.

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In general, salts can be classified as neutral, acidic, or basic based on the nature of the anion and cation that make up the salt. Anions are negatively charged ions, while cations are positively charged ions. When a salt is dissolved in water, the anion and cation separate and interact with the water molecules to form an aqueous solution.

Neutral salts are those that do not contain any acidic or basic ions, and the pH of their aqueous solutions is close to 7. An example is SrBr2, which is made up of the neutral Sr2+ cation and the neutral Br- anion.

Acidic salts are those that contain acidic ions, which can donate protons to water molecules and lower the pH of their aqueous solutions. NH4CN and NH4ClO4 are examples of acidic salts, as they contain the ammonium ion (NH4+), which can act as a weak acid.

Basic salts are those that contain basic ions, which can accept protons from water molecules and raise the pH of their aqueous solutions. LiF and KCN are examples of basic salts, as they contain the fluoride ion (F-) and the cyanide ion (CN-), respectively, which can act as weak bases.

In summary, the classification of a salt as neutral, acidic, or basic depends on the nature of the ions that make up the salt and their behavior in aqueous solution.

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The number of π bonds in 3-butyn-2-one is 3, and the number of σ bonds is 6.

To count the number of π and σ bonds in the molecule, we need to first identify the multiple bonds and single bonds.

In the molecule, there is one triple bond between the carbon atoms, and one double bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms. These are all π bonds.

The remaining bonds, between the carbon and hydrogen atoms, and between the carbon and oxygen atoms (excluding the double bond) are all single bonds. These are all σ bonds.

Therefore, the molecule has 1 triple bond (which consists of 2 π bonds) and 1 double bond (which consists of 1 π bond), making a total of 3 π bonds. It also has 6 single bonds (which consist of 6 σ bonds).

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The concentration of H+ at equilibrium is 1.06 x 10^-4 M.

To determine the concentration of H+ in the weak acid solution at equilibrium, we need to use the percent ionization and the initial concentration of the weak acid.

Let's assume that the weak acid is denoted by HA. Then, we can write the equilibrium equation for the dissociation of HA as:

HA ⇌ H+ + A-

The equilibrium constant expression for this dissociation reaction is:

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

Since the acid is weak, we can assume that the concentration of A- at equilibrium is approximately equal to the initial concentration of HA, since only a small fraction of HA is dissociated. Therefore, we can simplify the equilibrium constant expression to:

Ka = [H+]^2/[HA]

Rearranging this equation, we get:

[H+]^2 = Ka[HA]

Taking the square root of both sides, we get:

[H+] = sqrt(Ka[HA])

Now, we can plug in the values given in the problem:

Ka = unknown

[HA] = 0.00550 M

percent ionization = 8.20%

To find Ka, we can use the percent ionization:

percent ionization = [H+]/[HA] x 100%

8.20% = [H+]/0.00550 M x 100%

[H+] = 0.000451 M

Now, we can use the equation we derived earlier to find [H+] at equilibrium:

[H+] = sqrt(Ka[HA])

0.000451 M = sqrt(Ka x 0.00550 M)

Squaring both sides, we get:

Ka x 0.00550 M = (0.000451 M)^2

Solving for Ka, we get:

Ka = (0.000451 M)^2 / 0.00550 M

Ka = 3.70 x 10^-6 M

Finally, we can use the equation [H+] = sqrt(Ka[HA]) to find the concentration of H+ at equilibrium:

[H+] = sqrt(3.70 x 10^-6 M x 0.00550 M)

[H+] = 1.06 x 10^-4 M

Therefore, the concentration of H+ at equilibrium is 1.06 x 10^-4 M.

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The volume of 30% acid solution that we need is 34.5 liters and 23 liters of 50% solution should be mixed to obtain 57.5 liters of 38% acid solution.

Let's assume that the amount of the 30% solution that we need is x. Therefore, the amount of 50% solution that we need will be (57.5 - x).

The following is the method to determine the exact volume of each solution that is needed.

30% solution: x liters

50% solution: (57.5 - x) liters

38% solution: 57.5 liters

We will now apply the formula to find the exact amount of each solution that is needed.

Volume of Acid in 30% solution + Volume of Acid in 50% solution = Volume of Acid in 38% solution

0.3x + 0.5(57.5 - x) = 0.38(57.5)0.3x + 28.75 - 0.5x = 21.85-0.2x = -6.9x = 34.5

Therefore, the volume of 30% acid solution that we need is 34.5 liters, while the volume of 50% acid solution that we need is 57.5 - 34.5 = 23 liters.

Therefore, 34.5 liters of 30% solution and 23 liters of 50% solution should be mixed to obtain 57.5 liters of 38% acid solution.

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Following are the ranks of electron-pair geometries by increasing steric number: linear, trigonal Planar, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Tetrahedral, and Octahedral.

These are discussed in detail below:

1. Linear (Steric Number 2)
2. Trigonal Planar (Steric Number 3)
3. Trigonal Bipyramidal (Steric Number 4)
4. Tetrahedral (Steric Number 4)
5. Octahedral (Steric Number 5)

The steric number of an electron-pair geometry indicates the number of bonds and lone pairs of electrons in the shape. The steric number of an electron-pair geometry increases as more bonds and lone pairs of electrons are added.

Linear electron-pair geometries, such as linear geometry, have the lowest steric number, while shapes with more electron pairs, such as octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal geometries, have higher steric numbers.

The linear geometry has two electron pairs, the trigonal planar geometry has three electron pairs, the trigonal bipyramidal geometry has five electron pairs, the octahedral geometry has six electron pairs, and the tetrahedral geometry has four electron pairs.

Thus, the rank of electron-pair geometries by increasing steric number is linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral.

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Complete Question:

Rank the following electron-pair geometries by increasing steric number.

1. linear

2. trigonal planar

3. trigonal bipyramidal

4. octahedral

5. tetrahedral

When carbons enter the citric acid cycle, they are oxidized and undergo a series of reactions to produce energy in the form of ATP.

During the cycle, the carbons are completely oxidized and released as CO₂, which is exhaled by the organism. The process of citric acid cycle involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert acetyl-CoA, the starting molecule, into various intermediates, including citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, and malate. These reactions release electrons that are captured by electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, and used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, the fate of carbons that enter the citric acid cycle is to be completely oxidized, releasing energy that can be used to fuel various cellular processes.

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Distilled water affects [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] values by minimizing the concentration of ions in the solution.

Explanation:

When distilled water is added to a solution, it decreases the number of ions in the solution because it lacks minerals and other solutes. This decreases the ion product, and as a result, the  [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] value is lowered. Distilled water is a type of water that is free of minerals and other impurities. It is produced by boiling water and collecting the vapor as it condenses. Distillation removes almost all dissolved minerals and other impurities from the water. Distilled water has no ion or solute concentration, making it ideal for use in laboratory applications where pure water is needed.

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399.7 mL of EDTA  will be required in step 5 if your edta titrant is exactly 0.01000 m and you weighed out exactly 0.4000 g calcium carbonate .

Let's first write down the reaction that occurs between EDTA and calcium carbonate.

[tex]EDTA^4^-+ CaCO_3 = Ca[/tex]

[tex]EDTA^-[/tex] = [tex]CO_3^2^- + H_2O^+ +OH^-[/tex]

In the above reaction, one[tex]EDTA^4^-[/tex] reacts with one[tex]CaCO_3[/tex] to form one [tex]CaEDTA^-[/tex]

This means that the number of moles of EDTA used is the same as the number of moles of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] present in the sample.

We can use the following formula to calculate the moles of  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] present in the sample:

mols [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]= mass of  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] ÷ molar mass of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]

We can use the following formula to calculate the number of moles of EDTA required to react with the [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]present in the sample:

mols EDTA = mols [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]

Therefore, the number of moles of EDTA required to react with 0.4000 g [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] is:

mols  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] = mass of  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] ÷ molar mass of  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex]

mols  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] =0.4000 ÷100.09 = 0.003997 mols

EDTA = mols

[tex]CaCO_3[/tex]= 0.003997

The volume of EDTA required to react with this amount of  [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] is given by the following formula:

[tex]V = n[/tex]÷[tex]C_V[/tex] = 0.003997  ÷0.01000 = 0.3997 L = 399.7 mL

Therefore, 399.7 mL of EDTA titrant is required to react with 0.4000 g of calcium carbonate.

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A 6.1 g sample of gold (specific heat capacity = 0.130 J/g °C) is heated using 18.9 J of energy. the final temperature of the gold is 48.5°C.

We can use the formula:

q = mCΔT

where q is the amount of heat transferred, m is the mass of the substance, C is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Rearranging the formula to solve for ΔT, we get:

ΔT = q / (mC)

Substituting the given values, we get:

ΔT = 18.9 J / (6.1 g × 0.130 J/g°C)

ΔT = 23.5°C

This is the change in temperature, so we need to add it to the original temperature to find the final temperature:

Final temperature = 25.0°C + 23.5°C

Final temperature = 48.5°C

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Because there is less air above you as you rise in height, the pressure drops. Air molecules spread out more when the pressure drops, causing the air to expand, and the temperature to drop.

When it is snowing and the humidity is 100%, the temperature drops more slowly with height. While both locations with low and high elevations are in the troposphere, which is the same atmospheric layer, this is due to the troposphere's uneven density. In its lowest points, the troposphere has the maximum density, and as height rises, the density drops. Because the upper portions are less dense, there are fewer gases and hence fewer molecules with greater distances between them.

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This compound is called copper sulfate pentahydrate because it consists of copper ions (Cu2+) and sulfate ions (SO42-) that are bonded together along with five molecules of water (H2O). The prefix “penta-” refers to the five water molecules that are part of the compound.

Copper sulfate pentahydrate has the chemical formula CuSO4 · 5H2O. The CuSO4 portion of the formula represents the copper and sulfate ions that are chemically bonded together. The · symbol is used to separate the two parts of the compound. The 5H2O portion of the formula indicates that there are five water molecules attached to each copper sulfate molecule.

The name of a compound often provides information about its chemical composition or structure. In this case, the name copper sulfate pentahydrate tells us that the compound contains copper, sulfate, and water. The prefix “penta-” tells us that there are five water molecules attached to each copper sulfate molecule.

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The answer is "Saturated". A saturated solution is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, where the rate of dissolution of the solute is equal to the rate of precipitation of the solute from the solution.

What is Saturated Solution?

A saturated solution is a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. In other words, no more solute can dissolve in the solvent without changing the conditions, such as increasing the temperature or pressure.

The solubility of NaCl at 30 oC is 36.0 g NaCl/100 g water.

For 513 g of water, the maximum amount of NaCl that can dissolve at 30 oC is:

(36.0 g NaCl/100 g water) x (513 g water) = 184.68 g NaCl

Since the mixture contains exactly 184.68 g NaCl, it is a saturated solution.

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Answer: Stormy

As this warm moist air rises it cools and the water vapor condenses into rain. So a warm air mass tends to bring with it plenty of rain and drizzle

Answer: -3474.2  kJ

Explanation:

2CH3CH2CH2OH(l)+9O2(g)→6CO2(g)+8H2O(g)

ΔG∘ = Products - reactants

Products: 6CO2(g)+8H2O(g)

Reactants: 2CH3CH2CH2OH(l)+9O2(g)

6 * −394.4 = -2366.4

8 * - −228.6 = -1828.8

-2366.4 + -1828.8 = -4195.2

2 * −360.5 = -721

9 * 0 = 0

-721 + 0 = -721

ΔG∘ = (-4195.2) - (-721) = -3474.2  kJ

The correct answer is C. Hydrocarbons are composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrocarbons are composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon. They are organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, while carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is essential for life.

Hydrocarbons are found naturally in fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as in living organisms. They play a crucial role in modern society as a source of energy and as raw materials for the production of a wide range of products, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and fertilizers.

The properties of hydrocarbons depend on their molecular structure and can vary widely, from gases such as methane and propane to liquids such as gasoline and diesel fuel to solids such as paraffin wax.

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Answer: Carbon

K12 quiz test

The enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at 298.2 K is 30.8 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at its boiling point

33.06 kJ/mol

(a) To calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at 298.2 K, we can use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:

ln(P2/P1) = -(ΔHvap/R)(1/T2 - 1/T1)

where P1 and P2 are the vapor pressures of benzene at two different temperatures (in this case, we will use the normal boiling point of benzene, 353.2 K, and the temperature given in the problem, 298.2 K), ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization we want to calculate, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol.K), and T1 and T2 are the corresponding temperatures in Kelvin.

Using the standard enthalpy of the formation of gaseous benzene, we can calculate the standard enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at 298.2 K:

ΔHvap = ΔHf°(g) - Cp,mΔT

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

ΔHvap = (82.93 kJ/mol) - (81.67 J/mol.K)(353.2 K - 298.2 K)

ΔHvap = 30.8 kJ/mol

Therefore, the enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at 298.2 K is 30.8 kJ/mol.

b. To calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at its boiling point, we can use the following formula:

ΔHvap = ΔH°fus + ΔH°vap

where ΔH°fus is the enthalpy of fusion and ΔH°vap is the enthalpy of vaporization.

First, we need to calculate the enthalpy of fusion:

ΔH°fus = ΔH°f(g) - ΔH°f(l)

ΔH°fus = 82.93 kJ/mol - 32.04 kJ/mol

ΔH°fus = 50.89 kJ/mol

Next, we can calculate the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point:

ΔH°vap = ΔH°v(g) - ΔH°v(l)

We can assume that the entropy change during vaporization is constant, so we can use the following equation to relate the enthalpy change to the temperature change:

ΔH°vap = ΔS°vap × (Tb - T)

where ΔS°vap is the standard entropy change of vaporization, Tb is the boiling point of benzene, and T is the temperature at which we know the heat capacity.

At 298.2 K, we know that:

ΔS°vap = ΔS°g - ΔS°l

ΔS°vap = 269.9 J/mol·K - 173.2 J/mol·K

ΔS°vap = 96.7 J/mol·K

Using this value, we can calculate the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point:

ΔH°vap = ΔS°vap × (Tb - T) + Cp,m × (Tb - T)

ΔH°vap = 96.7 J/mol·K × (353.2 K - 298.2 K) + 81.67 J/mol·K × (353.2 K - 298.2 K)

ΔH°vap = 33.06 kJ/mol

Therefore, the enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at its boiling point

33.06 kJ/mol

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Coupling reactions allow a cell to capture the free energy of glucose oxidation rather than let it escape into the environment in the form of heat. Coupling reactions are the ability of cells to transfer energy from exergonic (energy-releasing) reactions to endergonic (energy-absorbing) reactions.

The energy generated from glucose oxidation is utilized to drive the endergonic reactions that are necessary for a cell's survival. In biological systems, coupling reactions are critical for capturing energy and preventing it from dissipating as heat into the environment. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is an exergonic reaction that releases energy, but if it happens too quickly, the energy will be lost as heat instead of being captured by the cell.

Coupling reactions help prevent this by utilizing the energy released during glucose oxidation to drive other endergonic reactions, such as the production of ATP, which is critical for the cell's functioning. Coupling reactions, as a result, allow cells to harvest the energy produced by glucose oxidation and use it to drive other processes within the cell, rather than allowing it to escape as heat. The ATP that is generated can then be utilized for a variety of purposes, including muscle contraction, cellular transport, and cellular respiration, among other things. In this manner, the energy that is generated from glucose oxidation is put to good use by the cell.

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The pH of the 0.140 M citric acid solution that is H₃C₆H₅O₇ is 1.99.

The chemical equation is as :

            H₃C₆H₅O₇ + H₂O  --->   H₂C₆H₅O₇⁻ + H₃O⁺

Initial         0.140                                0                0

Change        -x                                   +x              +x

Eq.                0.140 - x                         x               x

The acid ionization constant is the very small, that means the change in the concentration  have the negligible effect on equilibrium concentration for the citric acid.

The expression for the Ka is as :

Ka = [H₂C₆H₅O₇⁻] [ H₃O⁺] / [H₃C₆H₅O₇]

7.4 × 10⁻⁴ = x₂ / 0.140

x = 0.0101

The concentration of the [ H₃O⁺] = 0.0101 M

The pH of the citric acid solution is :

pH = -log (0.0101)

pH = 1.99

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