Answer:
As lagartas das espécies de
borboletas investigadas pelo biólogo
Lucas Kaminski, em sua pesquisa de
doutorado, possuem glândulas que
produzem uma substância doce, das
quais as formigas se beneficiam. De
contrapartida, numa relação mutualística, as borboletas têm suas “filhas”
(as lagartas) protegidas contra ataques
de outros inimigos naturais e podem
se alimentar das plantas ocupadas
pelas formigas sem correr risco de
serem atacadas. O coorientador Paulo
Oliveira, especialista em ecologia
comportamental de insetos, explica
que as borboletas geralmente não
têm como lutar contra outros herbívoros, então, no caso dessas famílias,
as formigas acabam atuando como
guardiãs das larvas. “Ninguém chega
perto para fazer mal às larvas, pois
as formigas são agressivas e agem
como guarda-costas das lagartas”,
explica Oliveira. A tese de doutorado
está inserida dentro de uma linha de
pesquisa consolidada na Unicamp,
que aborda a interface da interação
entre plantas, formigas e herbívoros
no cerrado, coordenado por Oliveira.
O processo de seleção natural foi
observado por Kaminski quando,
após 25 dias de acompanhamento e
monitoramento do comportamento
de borboletas da espécie Parrhasius
polibetes, ele constatou que para tais
espécies a presença das formigas é
mais importante que a das plantas para
ovopositar, a fim de garantir a sobrevivência de sua prole. “O momento
mais importante na história evolutiva
dessas borboletas é colocar os ovos
onde suas larvas possam sobreviver”, explica Kaminski. De maneira
simples, Oliveira explica: “Sua prole
vai sobreviver aos ataques de outros
predadores e ainda vai ter do que se
alimentar. Elas serão avós porque as
larvas chegarão seguras à fase adulta e
os genes podem se perpetuar graças à
relação mutualística com as formigas”.
Oliveira lembra que formiga é o
bicho mais abundante da Terra. Se
for feito um quadrado na floresta
Amazônica de 100x100 metros,
serão encontradas 8 milhões de formigas no solo, segundo o biólogo.
Se pensar que todas elas, agressivas
como são, sobem em folhas para se
alimentar, isso é um problema grande para o indivíduo herbívoro. “O
principal dilema para os herbívoros
é não ser atacado por formigas na
hora de se alimentar”, acrescenta.
A relação amistosa das formigas
com outros insetos mutualistas já tinha
sido comprovada em estudos anteriores, que também foram importantes na
tese para constatar que as borboletas
exploram outras associações. É o caso
das cigarrinhas Guayaquila, parentes
dos pulgões, que também liberam
substâncias açucaradas importantes
para as formigas. O pesquisador observou que essas cigarrinhas também
servem como referência para as borboletas na hora de escolher os ramos
de Schefflera, planta tradicional do
Brasil, para colocar ovos. “Além de
localizar as formigas, elas conseguem
identificar essas cigarrinhas, pois sabem que ali suas larvas também estarão protegidas”, acrescenta Kaminski.
A descoberta de Kaminski é importante para compreender a história
evolutiva dessas famílias de borboletas, mas também para ampliar os estudos sobre outras interações da biodi versidade
Explanation:
Answer:
Lycaenid butterflies and ants are representative examples of mutualism, in which different species benefit from the activities of the other.
Explanation:
What is the mechanism or reason behind the ant association with butterfly larvae? ... Both of they got the benefit from each other, Larvae got protection and in reverse ants got food (Sugary substance secreted from 7-8 segment of body) from the larval body.
Need help ASAP! Will give brainliest;) NO LINKS please, WILL REPORT.
Answer: your answer is C
Explanation: brainliest?
can anyone help me with this? (inserted picture) giving brainliest
Answer:
d. 10
Explanation:
i hope this helps :)
A molecule that can be used as a molecular clock has a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 40 million years. How many years ago did two species share a common ancestor if the molecules found in these two species differ by a total of eight mutations
The two species must have shared a common ancestor 320 million years ago, since the neutral mutation rate of the molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years and the two species differ by a total of eight mutations.
A molecular clock is a tool used by scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. This is done by measuring the number of genetic differences, or mutations, between the two species. The molecular clock is based on the assumption that the mutation rate is constant.
In this case, we know that the neutral mutation rate of the molecule being used as a molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years. This means that for two species to have a difference of eight mutations, it must have been at least 320 million years ago that they shared a common ancestor.
To arrive at this conclusion, we can use the following formula:
Number of mutations × Neutral mutation rate = Time since common ancestor
In this case, 8 mutations × 40 million years = 320 million years. This means that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago for them to have a difference of eight mutations.
The molecular clock can be a powerful tool for scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. In this case, the neutral mutation rate of the molecule was known and used to calculate that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago.
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In the muscles of the limbs, the origin usually lies proximal to the insertion.
True
False
The statement "In the muscles of the limbs, the origin usually lies proximal to the insertion" is true.
In anatomy, the origin of a muscle is the attachment point that is closer to the center of the body, while the insertion is the attachment point that is farther away from the center of the body.For example, in the upper limb, the biceps brachii muscle originates from the scapula and inserts on the radius bone.
The deltoid muscle originates from the clavicle and scapula and inserts on the humerus. Similarly, in the lower limb, the quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the pelvic bone and inserts on the tibia. The hamstring muscle group originates from the ischium and inserts on the tibia and fibula.
This general rule holds true for the majority of muscles in the limbs, with the origin being proximal to the insertion. This is because the muscles are responsible for movement, and in order to generate force, the muscle fibers need to contract, and this contraction is more effective when the muscle fibers are shorter, which happens when the origin is proximal to the insertion.
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What component allows semen to temporarily coagulate, preventing it from leaking back out of the female reproductive tract, once ejaculated
The protein-based compound called semenogelin is the main component that allows semen to temporarily coagulate and remain in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation.
This compound is produced primarily in the seminal vesicles, which are located in the male reproductive system. Semenogelin is composed of two major proteins, semenogelin I and semenogelin II. These two proteins combine to create a gel-like substance that helps semen to form a cohesive mass.
This mass helps to keep semen from leaking back out of the reproductive tract and helps to ensure that sperm are able to reach the egg for fertilization. The gel-like substance also helps to protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the female reproductive system. This coagulation process typically lasts for around 30 minutes before the semen begins to break down and is reabsorbed into the female reproductive tract.
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differentiate between primary pulmonary cancers and secondary lung cancers?
Primary lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs. Secondary lung cancer is cancer that spreads from another part of the body to the lungs. Primary lung cancer is the topic of this page. Primary lung cancer comes in two main types.
These are categorized according to the kind of cells in which the cancer first appears. These are: Non-small-cell lung cancer is the most prevalent type, affecting between [tex]80[/tex] and [tex]85[/tex] of every [tex]100[/tex] cases. There are three possible varieties: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or large-cell carcinoma. Lung cancer with small cells is less common and typically spreads more quickly than non-small-cell lung cancer.
The recommended treatments are determined by the type of lung cancer you have. Older people are more likely to get lung cancer. It rarely happens to people under [tex]40[/tex]. In the UK, over [tex]4[/tex] out of [tex]10[/tex] people diagnosed with lung cancer are over [tex]75[/tex].
Lung cancer can occur in people who have never smoked, but smoking is the leading cause, accounting for more than [tex]70%[/tex][tex]%[/tex] percentage of all cases. This is due to the fact that smoking regularly results in the inhalation of numerous toxic substances.
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what type of genes change very quickly and what change very slowly?
Genes that change quickly are typically those that are involved in the adaptation of an organism to its environment, such as genes related to immune system responses or the ability to digest certain foods. These genes are subject to selective pressure, and mutations that confer an advantage in a particular environment can quickly become more common in a population.
What are mutations?A mutation is a change that occurs in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur naturally or be induced by various factors, including exposure to radiation or certain chemicals. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful, depending on their effects on the function of the gene they affect.
Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders, while others can help organisms adapt to their environments and increase their chances of survival and reproduction. Mutations can occur in various types of cells, including somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) and germ cells (reproductive cells), and can be passed down from generation to generation.
On the other hand, genes that change slowly are those that are involved in basic cellular functions or development and are generally more conserved across species. These genes are less subject to selective pressure, and changes that affect their function are often deleterious and therefore selected against. As a result, these genes tend to change much more slowly over evolutionary time.
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please help please please :(
Answer:
a natural disaster that eliminates a small number of organisms
I'm pretty sure this is the answer-
landslides are an example of
weathering
erosion
deposition
chemical change
I hope Answer is erosion
Explain how the structure and function of the smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is required for its function in the body.
Answer:
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated in appearance, while smooth muscle is not. Both cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary while skeletal muscle is voluntary. ... Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary muscle but is more akin in structure to skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.
The element phosphate can be found in which macromolecule(s):
O Protein
O Lipids
O Carbohydrates
O Nucleic Acids
O All of the above
O Proteins and Nucleic Acids only
O Carbohydrates and lipids only
The element phosphate can be found in nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (either deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA; adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil in RNA), and a phosphate group. The phosphate group is an important component of the nucleotide and plays a key role in the structure and function of nucleic acids.
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question 6
- 20 points
What gene controls fur color?
Scientists have identified a gene, DKK4, that helps regulate the early development of different coat patterns in domestic cats. The team believes that DKK4 is likely involved in color patterns in all cats, and possibly other mammals as well.
A cat with a dominant color (black, red, calico, etc.) needs a parent to indicate the dominant color. Her two parents with recessive colors (cream, blue, etc.) cannot produce offspring with dominant colors (black, red, etc.).
A co-dominant red gene (O/o) found on the X chromosome determines whether there is a red variation in coat color. This gene encodes pheomelanin. The dominant O allele encodes an orange tone, while the recessive O allele encodes non-orange pigmentation (black or brown).
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why does breathing become faster during exercise
Explanation:
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise.
Your body needs more oxygen and creates more carbon dioxide while you exercise because your muscles are working harder.
Which structures differentiate plant cells from animal cells?
Answer:
2,4,8
Explanation:
Hope it helps :)
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increased cottonwood growth on the food web?
(A) Increased cottonwood growth will lead to an increase in the number of primary consumers, resulting in more competition between kestrels and sparrows for food.
(B) Increased cottonwood growth will decrease the habitat available for lizards, resulting in a decline in the number of kestrels.
(C) Increased cottonwood growth will provide more resources for cicadas, resulting in an increase in the kestrel population.
(D) Increased cottonwood growth will lead to a large accumulation of dead wood that serves as fuel for wildfires, resulting in the collapse of the food web.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Increased cottonwood growth will lead to an increase in the number of primary consumers, resulting in more competition between kestrels and sparrows for food, is the best statement that predicts the effect of increased cottonwood growth on the food web.
What do you mean by Foodweb?The Foodweb may be defined as the number of food chains that are linked to one another in the same ecosystem.
Cottonwood is a variety of poplars that possess seeds with cottony hairs. They are medium in height and have a broad canopy.
This broad canopy favors the primary consumer to feed on it, as well as kestrels and sparrows. Due to the lack of space in between the leaves and stem, they suffer competition for both food and shelter.
Therefore, the statement that predicts the effect of increased cottonwood growth on the food web is, increased cottonwood growth will lead to an increase in the number of primary consumers, resulting in more competition between kestrels and sparrows for food.
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Which of the following is not detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies? Multiple Choice a. Oxygen b. Blood pressure c.pH d.Carbon dioxide e.Oxygen and carbon dioxide
To us, the positions of the continents never seem to change, but scien-
tists believe that they are always moving.
What explains why most humans have not seen a change in the continent's
positions?
Due to the slower velocity of continental drift, most humans have not seen a change in the continent's positions.
What is continental drift?Continental drift is the movement of continents towards and away from each other. These are large-scale, horizontal movements that span thousands of years.
The movement of the earth's crust, known as plate tectonics is the driving force behind continental movement. Earthquakes are byproducts of tectonics.
The average velocity with which the plates move ranges from 1-5 cm/year. Due to this reason, it takes thousands of years for visual confirmation of continental movement.
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How did Lucy get a black eye?
Ricky recalls giving Lucy a black eye by mistake, as do the Mertzes. Ricky recalls giving Lucy a black eye by mistake, as do the Mertzes.
Executives recommended Lucy sit behind chairs or tables to conceal her pregnancy. Not Lucy," was his reply. When Ricky throws a book Lucy catches the first shiner, but Fred and Ethel hear Lucy and Ricky reading the obscene book aloud and don't believe Lucy's story. In "The Crying Dame," Lucy's eyes are hidden by her hair because her parents were bothered by her habit of mindlessly staring at them and let her to grow it out in the hope that she would stop.
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Association of glucocorticoids with their dna binding sites is essential for the regulation of inflammatory response genes. which one or more of the following might disrupt normal association of glucocorticoids with their dna binding sites and be cause for concern?
a. excess serum glucocorticoid levels b. taking prednisone for an asthma attack c. genetic mutation in the GRE d. zinc deficiency in a patient
c. Genetic mutation in the GRE, d. zinc deficiency in a patient might disrupt normal association of glucocorticoids with their DNA binding sites and be cause for concern
Genetic mutations in the GRE (glucocorticoid receptor elements) are an important factor in determining the effectiveness of glucocorticoid hormone therapy.
If a patient is deficient in zinc, this can interfere with the normal binding of glucocorticoids to their DNA binding sites, which can be a cause for concern.
In order to ensure that the treatment is effective, patients must have adequate zinc levels in order for the glucocorticoids to be properly bound to their respective DNA binding sites. By doing so, the effectiveness of the treatment is increased and the risk of side effects is minimized.
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heyy! i’ll give brainliest help asap pls
Answer:
I think the answer is A
hope this helps
have a good day :)
Explanation:
The appropriate response I accept would be dumping industrial sediment into the oceans.
HELP!!!!! WILL GIVE BRAINILEST!!!!! Consider the following experiment. A plant is set in one corner of a box. A top is put on the box so that the hole in the top is opposite to the plant.
Over the next week, the plant in the box should:
A. grow downward
B. grow away from the hole
C. bend and grow towards the hole
D. die for lack of air
Answer:
C. bend and grow towards the hole
Explanation:
Plants grow toward the light as a way of generating more energy through photosynthesis. So how do the plants grow toward the light? Plants contain a hormone called auxin, which causes plant cells to grow longer. Plant cells on the shady side of a plant contains more auxin hormones, making the plant bend toward the light as the cells in the shade el
Which instrument contours a band around the tooth to allow for minimal exposed cement at the margins
The correct option is D ; Band-removing pliers , The Mathieu plier includes a rapid release locking and unlocking mechanism that is utilized for elastomeric ligature installation.
The bird beak, also known as the 139 plier, has pyramidal and conical beaks that are used to bend orthodontic wires.
Cements of Zinc Phosphate. Zinc phosphate cements are commonly used to cement orthodontic bands. Although certain encapsulated formulations are advertised, most of these cements are offered as hand-mixed powder-liquid systems.
Radiographs are an important diagnostic tool in identifying an orthodontic condition and a treatment plan. The panoramic (OPG) and cephalometric views are the two most frequent radiographs, albeit they are not exclusive.
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Full Question ;
Which instrument contours a bound around the tooth to allow for minimal exposed cement at the margins?
A)Band seater
B)Band pusher
C)Bird-beak pliers
D)Band-removing pliers
What is the probability that a baby born to a man and woman both carriers for the recessive albino gene will be an albino?
If both parents have the gene, their child has a 1 in 4 chance of having inheritance albinism and a 1 in 2 chance of having the gene. Although they do not have albinism, carriers can pass the gene on.
One type of inheritance pattern for a trait, sickness, or problem that is passed down through families is autosomal recessive characteristics. There must be two copies of a recessive trait or disease for it to manifest. The gene or characteristic will reside on a non-sex chromosome. As a trait requires two copies to develop, many people may unintentionally carry a disease. A recessive illness or characteristic may go unnoticed for a few of generations before manifesting as the phenotypic, according to evolutionary theory. Diseases that are autosomal recessive include albinism and cystic fibrosis.
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Pls help full explination best answer gets brainliest
Answer:
Volume of large cube: 64 mm square
Small: 0.001 mm square
Explanation:
Multiply the 3 side lengths of both cubes
Now answer the 2 questions
Despite differences in onset, involvement, and symptomatology, all of the spondyloarthropathies involve:
A)
sacroiliitis.
B)
calcinosis.
C)
excessive bone turnover.
D)
autoimmune etiology.
Despite differences in onset, involvement, and symptomatology, all of the spondyloarthropathies involve Sacroiliitis.
Spondyloarthritis is a form of arthritis that affects the joints of the spine and, in some cases, the arms and legs as well. Additionally, the skin, intestines, and eyes may be affected. Most patients' primary symptom, or what they experience, is low back discomfort. Axial spondyloarthritis is where this happens the most frequently.
One or both of your sacroiliac joints may become inflamed, which is known as sacroiliitis. Where the sacrum (the triangular final segment of the spine) meets the ilium is where these two joints are situated (a part of the pelvis).
Lower back pain, as well as pain in the thighs or buttocks, are frequently brought on by sacroiliitis. Since many different illnesses can cause pain in the same places, diagnosing them can be challenging.
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explain the movement of food through the phloem using the mass flow hypothesis
Summarize the function of water during chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the passage of ions down their electrochemical gradient over a structure bound to a semipermeable membrane.
Protons, also known as hydrogen ions, will diffuse from an area with a high proton concentration to a site with a low proton concentration. Using an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane, ATP can be produced.
The oxidation of water, which is "divided" into protons and oxygen by the oxygen-evolving complex, replaces the electrons lost from Photosystem II (OEC, also known as WOC, or the water-oxidizing complex). Ten photons must be absorbed by Photosystems I and II, four electrons must pass through the two photosystems, and two NADPH must be produced in order to create one molecule of diatomic oxygen (later used for carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin Cycle).
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What happens after point A in regard to the population and resources available at that point in time?
At Point A, population and resources are consistent with each other. This meant at the time, that populace had access to sufficient resources.
Natural resources are anything that can be obtained from the environment for human needs. The more the population increases, the more natural resources are used to meet needs.
For example, food, clean water, clean air, and other needs. If the population increases, various problems will arise, for example, traffic flow density which causes air pollution, many agricultural lands being used as residential areas resulting in slums, and finally clean water becomes a problem. The more the population, the fewer natural resources will be eaten.
The complete question is seen in the picture
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A student like yourself planned and set up the next experiment. Look at it carefully.
In two weeks, the root should:
Grow straight downward dramatically
Wither and dry up
Bend and grow toward the wet soil at the right side of the container
Answer:
The plant will grow towards the wet sponge
Explanation:
The plant is in constant need of it's tools for survival: being sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and other necessities. If the soil is extremely dry, then it will adapt to the pot/container, and grow towards the water source. This process also works with sunlight.