How many joules of energy is required to heat 145.0-g of water from 14°C to boiling (100°C)?

Section 25.1: 1.) white light, 2.)incandescence, 3.) emitting photons , 4.)  photon, 5.) orange, 6.) visible light, 7.) nanometers, 8.) electromagnetic spectrum, 9.) photon

Rods are the type of photoreceptor cell in retina and are sensitive to light levels and help give us good vision in low light.

Section 25.2

10. Cone cell specializes in detecting color.

11. Rod cell specializes in detecting light intensity

12. Human eye has 137 million : photoreceptors.

13. An HDTV screen has more than an ordinary TV screen : pixels

14. Magenta is a pigment used in the color model : CMYK

15. The is used by video cameras to achieve a range of colors : RGB color model

Section 25.3

16. A surface with produces a single beam of reflected light rays : specular reflection

17. occurs when light enters a material and bends : Refraction

18. Three examples of optical devices are converging lens,  diverging lens and prism.

19. Glass is transparent material because light passes through it without scattering.

20. Materials that allow light to pass but scatter it in all directions : translucent

21. The index of refraction of water is 1.33  

22. Surfaces that scatter light when it reflects have : rough surfaces

23. Converging lens bends light rays inward toward the focal point

24. Diverging lens bends light rays outward away from the focal point.

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The induced current in the loop will flow in a counterclockwise direction, as it opposes the change in magnetic flux and follows the right-hand rule.

To determine the direction of the induced current within the loop, we can use Lenz's Law and the right-hand rule.
Step 1: Lenz's Law states that the induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop. In this case, since the loop is being pulled to the right, the magnetic flux is decreasing.
Step 2: Using the right-hand rule, point your right thumb in the direction of the magnetic field (away from you). Then, curl your fingers in the direction of the loop's motion (to the right). The direction of your fingers curling indicates the direction of the induced current.
Based on these steps, the induced current in the loop will flow in a counterclockwise direction, as it opposes the change in magnetic flux and follows the right-hand rule.

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The required angle of principle maxima when wavelength and diffraction grating are given is calculated to be 15.07°.

The wavelength is given as 780 nm = 780 × 10⁻⁹ m

It is given that the diffraction grating contains 3300 lines per centimetre.

Distance between the slits d = 1 cm/3300 lines = 10⁻² m/3300 lines = 3×10⁻⁶ m

The angles of principle maxima are to be found out.

We know that,

d sin θ = m λ

where,

d is the distance between slits

θ is the angle with respect to the path of the incident light

m is the order of interference

sin θ = m λ/d

θ = sin⁻¹(m λ/d) =  sin⁻¹[(1× 780 × 10⁻⁹)/(3×10⁻⁶)] = sin⁻¹ (26× 10⁻²) = sin⁻¹(0.26) = 15.07°

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The rate at which the Sun emits energy is calculated using P = σ * A * T⁴. The fraction of emitted energy intercepted by Earth is (π * R_earth²) / (4 * π * R_earth-sun²). The solar constant is P * Fraction.

Step 1: Use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that the power (energy emitted per unit time) of a blackbody is given by:
P = σ * A * T⁴
where P is the power, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴), A is the surface area, and T is the effective surface temperature.

Step 2: Calculate the surface area of the Sun
The surface area of a sphere is given by:
A = 4 * π * R²
where R is the radius. Since the diameter is given, we can find the radius as half of the diameter:
R = diameter / 2

Step 3: Calculate the power emitted by the Sun
Using the surface area and temperature, calculate the power:
P = σ * A * T⁴

Step 4: Calculate the fraction of emitted energy intercepted by Earth
The fraction of emitted energy intercepted by Earth can be found by calculating the ratio of the cross-sectional area of Earth to the surface area of a sphere with a radius equal to the Earth-Sun distance.
Fraction = (π * R_earth²) / (4 * π * R_earth-sun²)

Step 5: Estimate the solar constant
The solar constant is the amount of solar energy received per unit area at the mean Earth-Sun distance. It can be calculated using the power emitted by the Sun and the fraction of emitted energy intercepted by Earth:
Solar constant = P * Fraction

By following these steps, you can estimate the rate at which the Sun emits energy, the fraction of emitted energy intercepted by Earth, and the solar constant, given the diameter and effective surface temperature of the Sun and the mean Earth-Sun distance.

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Answer: Thursday, April 6, at 12:34 a.m.

Explanation:

Let m1 = 390 g be the mass of the first cart and m2 be the mass of the second cart. Since the collision is elastic, linear momentum is conserved.

Using the equation:m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2fwhere v1i = 1.6 m/s, v1f = 1.0 m/s, and v2f = 0 (since the second cart is initially stationary), we get:m2 = (m1v1i - m1v1f) / v2i m2 = 390 × (1.6 - 1.0) / 0 m2 = 624 g The mass of the second cart is 624 g.(b)  Using the same equation as in (a), we can solve for v2i:v2i = (m1v1i - m1v1f) / m2 v2i = (390 × 1.6 - 390 × 1.0) / 624 v2i = 0.429 m/sThe speed of the second cart after impact is 0.429 m/s.(c) The total momentum of the system is conserved in an elastic collision, so the velocity of the centre of mass (CM) of the two carts does not change. Therefore, the speed of the two-cart centre of mass is the same before and after the collision. We can use the formula:vCM = (m1v1 + m2v2) / (m1 + m2)where v1 = 1.6 m/s, v2 = 0.429 m/s, m1 = 390 g, and m2 = 624 g. The speed of the two-cart center of mass is:vCM = (390 × 1.6 + 624 × 0.429) / (390 + 624) vCM = 1.17 m/sThe speed of the two-cart center of mass is 1.17 m/s.

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The magnitude of the force per meter of length on the wire is 6.375 N/m when the wire is carrying an 8.50-A current perpendicular to a 0.75-T uniform magnetic field.

The magnitude of the force per meter of length on a straight wire carrying an 8.50-A current when perpendicular to a 0.75-T uniform magnetic field can be calculated using the formula F = BIL, where F is the magnitude of the force, B is the magnetic field strength, I is current, and L is the length of the wire.

Substituting the given values, we get:

F = (0.75 T) x (8.50 A) x 1 m

F = 6.375 N/m

This force is known as the Lorentz force, which describes the force experienced by a charged particle, such as an electron when moving in a magnetic field. In this case, the moving charges are the electrons in the wire, and the magnetic field causes them to experience a force perpendicular to their direction of motion.

This force can be used in various applications, such as electric motors and generators, where the motion of electrons in a magnetic field is utilized to produce mechanical work or generate electricity.

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The first four harmonics of a violin string vibrating at 400 Hz are 400 Hz, 800 Hz, 1200 Hz, and 1600 Hz, with each harmonic having a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency.

The first four harmonics of a violin string, which has a fundamental frequency of 400 Hz, can be computed as follows: The basic frequency, 400 Hz, is represented by the first harmonic, where n = 1. The frequency of the second harmonic (n = 2) is two times that of the main frequency. Consequently, the second harmonic's frequency is: 400 Hz + 2 f1 = 2 = 800 Hz The frequency of the third harmonic (n = 3) is three times that of the main frequency. Consequently, the third harmonic's frequency is: 400 Hz + 3 f1 = 3 = 1200 Hz The frequency of the fourth harmonic (n = 4) is four times that of the main frequency. Consequently, the fourth harmonic's frequency.

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The actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the message in a communication system is called the communication channel.

The channel is responsible for conveying information from the sender (source) to the receiver (destination) effectively and accurately. These channels can be either wired or wireless, depending on the type of communication system being used.

Examples of communication channels include:

1. Copper wires: Commonly used in traditional telephone systems and Ethernet cables.
2. Fiber-optic cables: Offer high-speed data transmission and are used for internet connections, television signals, and more.
3. Radio waves: Enable wireless communication for devices like mobile phones, radios, and Wi-Fi routers.
4. Infrared: Used for short-range communication, such as remote controls and wireless keyboards.
5. Satellite: Allows for global communication and data transmission, especially in remote areas.

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A diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in one direction and blocks it in the opposite direction.

A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction. When the voltage across the diode is positive (forward bias), the diode conducts current easily and has a very low resistance, allowing current to flow through the diode. However, when the voltage across the diode is negative (reverse bias), the diode has a very high resistance and will not conduct any significant current.

In practical circuits, the diode is often used as a rectifier, allowing current to flow in one direction and blocking current in the opposite direction. In forward bias, the diode acts as a closed switch, allowing current to flow freely in the forward direction. In reverse bias, the diode acts as an open switch, blocking any current flow in the reverse direction.

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Explanation:

Using conservation of momentum

  the bullets momentum   must equal the rifle's momnetum

5 000 gm * v  = 50 gm * 100 m/s

v = 1 m/s

The answer to this question is 0.64 r (option c).To calculate the magnetic field inside the wire, we can use Ampere's Law.

The magnetic field can be calculated by

1: Calculate the magnetic field strength at the surface using Ampere's Law for a long, straight wire.

2: Find the equation for the magnetic field strength at a distance x from the center of the wire.

3: Equate the magnetic field strength at distance x to half the magnetic field strength at the surface.

4: Solve for x in terms of the wire's radius r.

The answer is x = 0.64 r, which corresponds to option c) 0.64 r.

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In a ladder diagram, these symbols are organized into horizontal rungs, which represent parallel circuits, and vertical rails, which represent power supply lines.

In a ladder diagram, contacts associated with relays, timers, motor starters, and similar devices are represented using specific symbols and notations to show their function and status. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how they are represented:

1. Normally open (NO) contact: This is represented by two parallel lines, similar to an open switch. It indicates that the contact is open when the device (relay, timer, motor starter, etc.) is not energized. The symbol is (| |).

2. Normally closed (NC) contact: This is represented by two parallel lines with a diagonal line across them, similar to a closed switch. It indicates that the contact is closed when the device is not energized. The symbol is (|/|).

3. Relay coil: A relay coil is represented by a circle with the relay's identification (usually a letter and number) inside it. When the coil is energized, it causes the associated contacts to change their state (NO contacts close, NC contacts open).

4. Timer: Timers are represented by a square or rectangle with the timer's identification inside it, and sometimes the time delay setting. Timer contacts can be either normally open (| |) or normally closed (|/|), and their state will change after the specified time delay.

5. Motor starter: A motor starter is represented by a circle with an "M" inside it. Motor starters have both normally open and normally closed contacts, depending on the function (e.g., for starting or stopping the motor). The contacts are connected in series or parallel with the motor and other control devices.

In a ladder diagram, these symbols are organized into horizontal rungs, which represent parallel circuits, and vertical rails, which represent power supply lines. The diagram provides a clear and concise way to visualize the operation and interconnection of these devices in a control circuit.

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Jet streams are bands of high-speed wind found at elevations of 9-15 km. This wind current, referred to as jet streams, is formed by a combination of atmospheric temperature, Earth's rotation, and pressure differences in the atmosphere.

What are jet streams, Jet streams are fast-flowing, narrow air currents located in the upper atmosphere or the troposphere, generally around 8 to 9 miles high in the Earth's atmosphere.

They are formed due to the combination of the Earth's rotation, temperature, and atmospheric pressure.The temperature of the air in the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude. Because the Earth's rotation is faster at the equator than at the poles, the temperature difference causes high-altitude air to flow from west to east, resulting in a jet stream.

The band of high-speed wind called the jet stream can influence the weather in the areas they pass over. They push high and low-pressure systems around, affecting weather patterns. Jet streams are caused by differences in atmospheric pressure, Earth's rotation, and atmospheric temperature.

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The time constant of the RC circuit with two capacitors in series and a 1000 Ω resistor is 0.75 seconds.

When answering questions on the Brainly platform, it is important to always be factually accurate, professional, and friendly. Answers should be concise and not provide extraneous amounts of detail. It is also important to address all relevant parts of the question and avoid ignoring any typos or irrelevant information.

In regards to the provided student question, here is an answer:In order to determine the time constant of the RC circuit that has two capacitors in series, we must first use the formula for the equivalent capacitance of a series circuit,

which is given by 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2, where Ceq represents the equivalent capacitance of the circuit, C1 represents the capacitance of the first capacitor, and C2 represents the capacitance of the second capacitor.Using this formula,

we can calculate the equivalent capacitance of the circuit as follows:1/Ceq = 1/300x10^-9 + 1/100x10^-9 = (100x10^-9 + 300x10^-9) / (100x10^-9 x 300x10^-9) = 4/3 x 10^-9Ceq = 3/4 x 10^9 FNow that we have the equivalent capacitance of the circuit,

we can use the formula for the time constant of an RC circuit, which is given by RC, where R represents the resistance of the circuit and C represents the capacitance of the circuit.Using the given resistance of 1000 Ω and the calculated equivalent capacitance of 3/4 x 10^9 F,

we can calculate the time constant of the circuit as follows:RC = 1000 Ω x 3/4 x 10^9 F = 0.75 s

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To ensure that the speed of a circular hoop of radius r is equal to that of a sphere at the bottom, the hoop must be released from a height of r/2 above the sphere's release point.

Circular hoops are a set of steel or aluminum rings with an inner diameter of 16 inches, making them ideal for use with woven or braided nets. They are used to support the net and provide a framework for the ball to pass through. For balls up to 18 feet in diameter, we recommend a minimum of four hoops. The motion of rolling without slipping: The motion of rolling without slipping is the movement of an object without slipping.

Rolling without slipping is the motion of a circular object where there is a rolling motion of the object without slipping, meaning that the point on the outer edge of the circular object contacts the ground while rolling. The distance traveled by an object rolling without slipping can be calculated using the formula

S = Rθ

when it travels a distance θ with a radius R.

The answer to the question is that the circular hoop of radius r should be released from a height of r/2 above the sphere's release point in order to match the speed of the sphere at the bottom.

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Explanation:

meters per second  

    meters per second  

         seconds

When a light bounces off the surface of a metal cup and shines in Harold's eyes, the light waves undergo reflection. Reflection occurs when a wave encounters a boundary between two media and bounces back into the original medium.

When a light wave strikes the surface of the metal cup, some of the energy from the light is absorbed by the metal, causing electrons in the metal to become excited and move to higher energy levels. These excited electrons then release the energy they have absorbed by emitting new light waves, in a process called reflection. The reflected light waves bounce off the surface of the metal cup in many different directions, including towards Harold's eyes. When these waves enter Harold's eyes, they stimulate the cells in his retina, which sends electrical signals to his brain. His brain then processes these signals as visual information, allowing him to see the cup and the reflected light.

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Answer:

B.  10 m

Explanation:

f = v/λ = (20 m/s)λ / (5 m) = 4 Hz    original frequency

1/2(4 Hz) = 2 Hz   half the original frequency

(20 m/s) / λ = 2 Hz

λ = (20 m/s) / (2 Hz) = 10 m

The second wavelength would increase to 10 m

Answer:

F = 9×10⁹ N

Explanation:

Coulomb's Law, k = 8.98755×10⁹Nm²/C² , q₁ = 1C , q₂ = 1C, r = 1m[tex]F=k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2} \\\\F=(8.98755*10^9 Nm^2/C^2)*\frac{(1C)(1C)}{(1m)^2} \\\F = 9*10^9 N[/tex]

The force between the two objects is approximately [tex]9 * 10^9[/tex] N. So, the last option is accurate

Coulomb's law is an important principle in physics. It states that the force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

To find the force between two charged objects, we can use Coulomb's Law, which states:

[tex]F =k *\frac{ (q1 * q2)}{r^2}[/tex]

Where F is the force, k is Coulomb's constant ([tex]8.99 * 10^9 N m^2/C^2[/tex]), q₁ and q₂ are the charges of the objects, and r is the distance between them. In this case, q₁ = q₂ = 1 C (coulomb) and r = 1 m (meter). Plugging these values into the equation:

[tex]F = \frac{(8.99 * 10^9) * (1 * 1) }{ (1)^2}[/tex]

[tex]F = 8.99 * 10^9 N[/tex].

The force is attractive when the charges are opposite (one negative and one positive), and the force is repulsive when the charges are the same (both negative or both positive).

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The focal length of the eyepiece lens should be 0.076 m to give a magnification of magnitude 250.According to the magnification formula, Magnification = focal length of the objective lens / focal length of the eyepiece lens.

Magnification = 250focal length of the objective lens = 19 m Magnification = focal length of the objective lens / focal length of the eyepiece lens.250 = 19 / focal length of the eyepiece lens Rearranging the above equation to get the focal length of the eyepiece lens: focal length of the eyepiece lens = 19 / 250focal length of the eyepiece lens = 0.076 m Therefore, the focal length of the eyepiece lens should be 0.076 m to give a magnification of magnitude 250.
To achieve a magnification of 250 with a telescope at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, you can use the formula.

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The correct statements are: a. In an electron microscope, electrons behave as waves. b. Waves do not have a very precise location. c. A neutron can behave as a wave.

An explanation of each statement is given below:

a. In an electron microscope, electrons behave as waves. This statement is true. In an electron microscope, electrons are used to image very small objects. In this case, electrons behave as waves, which can be focused and directed to create images of the object.

b. Waves do not have a very precise location. This statement is also true. Waves exhibit a property known as wave-particle duality, meaning they can be both waves and particles. As particles, they have a specific location. However, as waves, they do not have a precise location but rather are spread out over a region.

c. A neutron can behave as a wave. This statement is also true. Neutrons are particles that can also exhibit wave-like behaviour. This wave-particle duality is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics, which describes the behaviour of particles on very small scales.

d. A BB (small 1-2 mm ball of copper) can behave as a wave. This statement is false. A BB is a macroscopic object, meaning it is large enough to be observed without a microscope. The wave-particle duality only applies to particles on very small scales, such as electrons or neutrons.

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One phenomenon that we see when two monochromatic light source interfere constructively or destructively is the colors that are observed on the surface of a soap bubble. So option A is correct.

Constructive interference is when two light waves overlap and combines to form a larger wave. Destructive interference is when the waves cancel each other. Constructive interference occurs when the waves are in phase with each other, and destructive occurs when they are out of phase.

A soap bubble will have an internal and an external surface. Both these surface reflects light that falls in it regardless of the source. When these two reflected waves constructively or destructively interfere, we could see colors on the surface even the light reflected by both surfaces are white.

So the correct answer is option A.

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The complete question is

We have seen that two monochromatic light waves can interfere constructively or destructively, depending on their phase difference. One consequence of this phenomenon is

A) the colors you see when white light is reflected from a soap bubble.

B) the appearance of a mirage in the desert.

C) a rainbow.

D) the way in which Polaroid sunglasses work.

E) the formation of an image by a converging lens, such as the lens in your eye

When a parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery, if the plate separation is doubled the stored energy decreases by a factor of 2 while the capacitor remains connected to the battery. The correct option is (c)

The stored energy in a capacitor can be computed from the amount of charge stored on the plates and the voltage difference between them.

It is given by the formula E=½QV, where E is the energy, Q is the charge, and V is the voltage between the plates.

A capacitor stores energy in its electric field, which is created by the charge distribution on its plates.

When the plate separation is increased while the capacitor is connected to a battery, the electric field inside the capacitor decreases since the voltage across it is constant. This results in a reduced potential energy, as well as a decrease in stored energy.

As a result, the stored energy of the capacitor is reduced by a factor of 2 when the plate separation is doubled, as the electric field in the capacitor decreases by half. Therefore,option (c) is correct.

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The current in the circuit after passing through each 5-ohm resistor is 1 Ampere, using Ohm's Law.

To compute the ongoing in the circuit, we can utilize Ohm's Regulation, which expresses that the ongoing moving through a circuit is straightforwardly corresponding to the voltage and contrarily relative to the opposition.The all out opposition of the circuit is equivalent to the amount of the singular protections in series, which is 5 ohms + 5 ohms = 10 ohms.Utilizing Ohm's Regulation, we can compute the ongoing in the circuit as follows:

I = V/R

Where I is the current, V is the voltage, and R is the opposition.Subbing the qualities, we get:

I = 10 V/10 ohms = 1 Ampere

Subsequently, the ongoing in the circuit after it goes through every one of the two 5-ohm resistors is 1 Ampere.

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Answer:
We can use the equations of motion to find the horizontal distance (range) x from the edge of the building where the rock will land. The vertical motion of the rock is governed by the acceleration due to gravity, which is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s^2.

First, we can find the time it takes for the rock to hit the ground using the vertical motion equation:

where y is the initial height of the rock (5 m), vi is the initial vertical velocity of the rock (0 m/s), a is the acceleration due to gravity (-9.81 m/s^2), and t is the time it takes for the rock to hit the ground.

Solving for t, we get:

Now we can find the horizontal distance (range) x from the edge of the building using the horizontal motion equation:

where vx is the horizontal velocity of the rock, which is constant and equal to 2 m/s.

Substituting the values we have, we get:

Therefore, the distance (range) x from the edge of the building where the rock will land is 2.04 meters.

One of the most compelling pieces of evidence is the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), which is a faint glow of electromagnetic radiation that fills the entire universe.

This radiation is thought to be the afterglow of the Big Bang and is consistent with the predictions of the theory. Additionally, observations of the distribution and movement of galaxies in the universe suggest that the universe is expanding. Finally, the observed abundance of light elements in the universe, such as hydrogen and helium, is also consistent with the predictions of the Big Bang theory. Together, these observations provide strong evidence that the universe began with a sudden expansion from a singularity.

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The correct statements concerning this collision are:

In a collision between two objects, the total momentum of the system is conserved. This means that the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision. However, the kinetic energy of the system may not be conserved, as some of it may be lost to other forms of energy, such as heat, sound, or deformation of the objects involved.

When two vehicles collide, the total momentum of the system is conserved, but the kinetic energy of the system is not necessarily conserved. During the collision, both vehicles experience an equal and opposite average force, as required by Newton's Third Law of Motion. However, the change in momentum experienced by each vehicle depends on its mass and velocity before and after the collision. The small car will experience a greater change in momentum than the SUV because it has a smaller mass. Options A and C are correct

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Using stoichiometry, use the conversion factor of 1 mol/molar mass of LiBr

Molar mass of Li = 6.941 g

Molar mass of Br = 79.904 g

Molar mass of LiBr = 6.941 g + 79.904 g

Molar mass of LiBr = 86.845 g

[tex]77.0 g LiBr(\frac{1 mol LiBr}{86.845g LiBr})\\\\0.886637112096[/tex]

There are 0.886637112096 moles of LiBr in 77.0 grams of LiBr.

The molecular mass of Lithium Bromide (LiBr) is found by adding the atomic masses of Lithium and Bromide. Given a mass of 77.0 grams of LiBr, by converting this to moles using the molecular mass, we find there are 0.887 moles of LiBr.

The process to solve this involves finding the molecular mass of Lithium Bromide (LiBr), which allows us to convert grams to moles. The atomic mass of Lithium (Li) is approximately 6.94 g/mol, and Bromide (Br) is 79.9 g/mol. Hence, the molecular mass of LiBr = 6.94 g/mol + 79.9 g/mol = 86.84 g/mol.

To calculate the quantity of moles, we use the formula: Moles = mass (grams) / molecular weight (g/mol). Given a mass of 77.0 grams, the quantity in moles = 77.0 g / 86.84 g/mol = approximately 0.887 moles of LiBr.

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According to fossil evidence, South America and Africa were formerly part of a single geographical mass.

The eastern Greenland and Appalachian mountain ranges' similarity is scientists evidence for the theory of continental drift. In rocks that are the same age but on continents that are currently far apart, ancient fossils of the same species of extinct plants and animals can be found.s.

The most convincing proof, in his opinion, that the two continents were formerly connected is the existence of identical fossil species along the coasts of South America and Africa.

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