Identify which of the following scenarios is most probable for the evolution of members of genus HomoA. Australopithecus afarensis gave rise to Homo habilis who gave rise to Homo ergaster who gave rise to Homo erectusB. Australopithecus afarensis gave rise to Homo erectus who gave rise to Homo ergaster who gave rise to Homo habilis C.Ardipithecus ramidis gave rise to Homo habilis who gave rise to Homo ergaster who gave rise to Homo erectusD. Australopithecus afarensis gave rise to Homo habilis who gave rise to Homo sapiens who gave rise t Homo erectus

The punishment goal of sending a habitually violent offender to a maximum-security prison would be to provide a deterrent effect and reduce the possibility of recidivism.

This goal is met by providing an environment that has high levels of security and surveillance, which ensures that the offender can not escape or commit any further violent acts.

Maximum security prisons also provide an environment that eliminates social contact between offenders and thus reduces the likelihood of them engaging in any further criminal activity. By separating offenders, maximum security prisons also reduce the risk of offenders influencing each other’s criminal behaviour.

Moreover, maximum security prisons provide structured and supervised activities which seek to rehabilitate offenders and thus reduce the chances of them reoffending once released.

These activities include educational, recreational and therapeutic interventions which are designed to give offenders the skills and knowledge necessary for them to live a productive life outside of prison.

Overall, sending a habitually violent offender to a maximum-security prison has the punishment goal of providing a deterrent effect and reducing the possibility of recidivism.

It does this by providing an environment with high levels of security and surveillance, eliminating social contact between offenders, and providing structured and supervised activities to rehabilitate them.

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In the Little Albert study, the rat served as the unconditioned stimulus, whereas the loud noise was the conditioned stimulus.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of the study and these terms:

1. The Little Albert study was an experiment conducted by psychologist John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner in 1920. The study aimed to demonstrate classical conditioning in humans, specifically how a fear response could be conditioned in a young child.

2. The experiment involved an 11-month-old boy named Albert, who was initially unafraid of a white rat. Watson and Rayner wanted to show that they could condition Albert to develop a fear of the rat.

3. The unconditioned stimulus (rat) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning. In this case, the rat was an unconditioned stimulus because Albert did not have any initial fear response to it.

4. The conditioned stimulus (loud noise) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. In this experiment, Watson and Rayner used a loud noise as the conditioned stimulus, which was created by striking a steel bar with a hammer.

5. Watson and Rayner repeatedly presented the white rat to Albert and, at the same time, made the loud noise. This pairing of the unconditioned stimulus (rat) with the conditioned stimulus (loud noise) was designed to condition Albert to associate the rat with the noise, thereby eliciting a fear response.

6. After several pairings of the rat and the loud noise, Albert started to show signs of fear when presented with the rat alone, even without the loud noise. This demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus (rat) had become a conditioned stimulus, capable of eliciting a conditioned response (fear) in Albert.

In summary, in the Little Albert study, the rat served as the unconditioned stimulus, while the loud noise was the conditioned stimulus. The experiment successfully demonstrated classical conditioning in humans, as Albert developed a fear response to the rat after it was paired with the loud noise.

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Joseph is experiencing microsleeps, which are brief episodes of sleep that occur during wakefulness. This is a common symptom of sleep deprivation, when a person has been awake for a long period of time.

Microsleeps usually last for a few seconds and can be triggered by tiredness, stress, and exhaustion. They can cause a person to suddenly lose concentration, experience confusion, and have difficulty remembering information. To reduce the risk of microsleeps, it is important to have a regular sleep schedule and make sure to get enough sleep each night. Microsleeps usually last for only a few seconds and can be dangerous, as it can impair concentration and cause accidents. To help Joseph recover from his sleep deprivation, he should aim to get seven to nine hours of sleep each night and to create a consistent sleep schedule.

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The following list outlines four ways that participating in fitness programmes can assist students in overcoming the detrimental emotional effects of discrimination are given below.

1. Raising one's self-esteem (Regular exercise can boost self-confidence and help individuals feel better about themselves)

2. Stress reduction (Discrimination can be a major source of stress. Exercise has been demonstrated to lower stress levels, which can aid people in coping with the unpleasant feelings brought on by discrimination.

3. Developing resilience (Exercising regularly can assist people in acquiring resilience and tenacity, both of which are helpful in overcoming the difficulties brought on by prejudice. Discrimination can be discouraging and make people want to give up.

4. Giving a feeling of community (Those who have experienced prejudice find a sense of community and belonging via participation in fitness programmes, which is crucial.

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Egocentric thinker (C) identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective.

What is egocentric thinking?Egocentric thinking is a developmental stage in which a child sees the world from their own viewpoint. It is the incapability of comprehending the perspectives of others, as well as a perception of being the center of the world. Egocentric thought is normal and necessary for human development, particularly during the preschool years.

However, as children get older, they begin to develop the ability to consider others' perspectives and ideas.Abstract thinker is not the correct option as abstract thinkers have the ability to grasp complicated concepts and can communicate and think creatively.

Role players are also not the correct option because they are kids who enjoy using their imaginations to take on the role of someone else. A child who understands conservation is not the correct option as they have the ability to comprehend that the amount of an object doesn't change even when the shape or position is changed.

A child who demonstrates high mental operations is not the correct option as these children demonstrate a high level of critical thinking and are often considered advanced learners. Therefore, the option that identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective is egocentric thinker. Therefore, the correct answers is C.

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Juanita comes from the generation known as the sandwich.

If you fall within the criteria of the "sandwich generation," you belong to the millions of people who are forced to look for both their children and elderly relatives at the same time. Either their children are still minors and in need of support, or they're older adults who still need a lot of assistance from their parents.

The phrase "sandwich generation" dates back to 1981 and was first used by two women, Ruth Miller & Elaine Brody, to refer to social professionals and geriatricians. Baby Boomers were the sandwich's middle generation at the time. Generation Xers are now the adult and couple in today's society.

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If Jack starts to experience symptoms of test anxiety, there are several things he can do to manage his anxiety and improve his performance on the exam.

Some strategies he can try include: Deep breathing, Positive self-talk, Visualization, Time management, Relaxation techniques, and Seeking help.

An exam is a formal evaluation of a student's knowledge, skills, and abilities in a particular subject or field. It is typically administered in a timed setting, and can take many forms, such as multiple choice, essay, or practical tests. While exams can be stressful, they also provide an opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of a subject.

Exams are a common way to assess a student's progress and understanding of a subject. They can be used to determine a student's readiness for advancement to the next level, or to assess their mastery of a particular topic or skill. Exams are also often used to determine grades or scores in a course or program, and can have a significant impact on a student's academic performance.

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The vast majority of those in the physical and social sciences have concluded that race is socially constructed, not biological because there is no scientific evidence to support the concept of race as a biological category.

Race is a social construct that has been used throughout history to classify people based on physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features.

However, genetic studies have shown that there is more genetic variation within racial groups than between them, which suggests that there are no clear-cut biological categories of race.

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The new student is engaging in the process of observing and identifying social groups, which is an example of social categorization.

Social categorization is a cognitive process that involves grouping individuals into categories based on shared characteristics, such as interests, values, or social identities. In this case, the new student is observing the social groups that exist in the school and categorizing their peers based on their interests or activities, such as the "nerds," "drama club kids," and "motorheads."

Social categorization is a natural process that helps individuals make sense of the social world around them. By identifying social groups, individuals can gain a better understanding of social norms, expectations, and behaviors and can also use this information to form social connections and relationships.

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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that the practice of baptisms for the dead is based on revelation received by the early leaders of the church, particularly Joseph Smith.

According to LDS Church teachings, Joseph Smith received a revelation on the subject in 1840, which is now found in the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of scripture used by the church. The revelation teaches that baptism for the dead is a necessary ordinance for the salvation of those who have died without having had the opportunity to hear and accept the gospel of Jesus Christ.

The LDS Church believes that baptisms for the dead were practiced by the early Christian church and that the practice was restored in the latter days through the revelation given to Joseph Smith. The practice involves living individuals being baptized on behalf of deceased individuals who did not have the opportunity to be baptized while alive. The church teaches that this practice does not force salvation on the deceased individuals, but rather gives them the opportunity to accept or reject the gospel in the afterlife.

In summary, the LDS Church teaches that the practice of baptisms for the dead was received through revelation given to Joseph Smith, and is based on the belief in the necessity of baptism for salvation.

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"Body language conveys messages nonverbally".

Body language is a form of communication through the movement of the body, which is different from verbal communication. Body language is a type of non-verbal communication that uses facial expressions, body movements, postures, and gestures to convey messages. By using body language, people communicate emotions, feelings, moods, and attitudes, among others.

Examples of body language include facial expressions such as smiling, frowning, nodding, and eye contact. Postures, such as crossing arms or legs, standing straight, or slouching, also convey messages. Gestures, such as pointing fingers, shrugging shoulders, and waving hands, can also be used to communicate messages nonverbally.

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Restructuring is: a rethinking and redesign of a firm's business processes. The correct option is A.

Restructuring is a process of redesigning and reorganizing an organization with the objective of increasing efficiency, effectiveness and profitability. Restructuring is a process of change, which aims to transform the organization from its current state to a desired state.

Restructuring is done to increase the profitability and competitiveness of the organization. Restructuring can be done in many ways, such as redesigning the business processes, restructuring the organization's staffing and hierarchy, or shifting from a functional to a more complex structure as the firm grows in complexity and size.

Restructuring is a process of change, which aims to transform the organization from its current state to a desired state. The process of restructuring is a continuous process, which means that it is done periodically to ensure that the organization is running effectively and efficiently.

The main objective of restructuring is to increase the profitability and competitiveness of the organization by improving its efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. In order to achieve this objective, the organization must be reorganized, redesigned, and restructured.

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complete question:

Restructuring is:

A. a rethinking and redesign of a firm's business processes.

B. radical readjustment of the organization's staffing and hierarchy.

C. a philosophy that states that mistakes, defects, and poor-quality materials are not acceptable and should be eliminated.

D. the shift that firms make from a functional to a more complex structure as the firm grows in complexity and size.

E. employed when a firm needs help in improving its functional strategies.

The Colonial and British reasons to oppose the Albany Plan of Union include:

Colonial reason to oppose :

British reason to oppose:

The Colonial reason to oppose the Albany Plan of Union was that it would have taken power away from colonial governments. The plan proposed the creation of a centralized government that would have had the power to tax and regulate trade across the colonies.

The British were concerned that the proposed central government could become a platform for the colonies to assert their independence from Britain. Additionally, the British believed that the Albany Plan of Union would have set a precedent for colonial unity and cooperation that could have led to greater challenges to British authority in the future.

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Casey will use the content analysis method to examine the violence contained within television shows in the past five years.

Content analysis is a technique for studying communications that quantitatively describes the content of the media. It involves identifying messages within media, such as television, and analyzing them based on specific criteria such as frequency of appearance, focus on particular topics or themes, and use of particular symbols or phrases.

The goal of content analysis is to determine the frequency, nature, and meanings of specific words, phrases, images, or themes within the media. It entails analyzing and interpreting the content of the media using a systematic and replicable method.

Researchers can use this technique to study messages from various media, including television, radio, newspapers, magazines, social media, websites, and other sources. Content analysis enables researchers to gain insights into the nature of media messages, which can inform theories of media effects, public opinion, and social behavior.

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Entrapment is often used to show a lack of intent due to inducement by government agents.

Entrapment is a legal defense that may be used in criminal cases in which the defendant claims that the idea for the crime was planted in their minds by law enforcement officials, who then pressured and lured them into committing it.

As a result, they claim that they would not have committed the offense if it were not for the police's misconduct.

In other words, the entrapment defense is based on the premise that the government went beyond acceptable investigative tactics in order to gain a conviction, effectively coercing the defendant into committing a crime that they otherwise would not have committed.

It is a tactic used by the defendant to refute criminal responsibility, and it is used in court to show that the defendant was induced to commit the crime by someone other than himself or herself, such as a government agent.

In conclusion, entrapment is a defense frequently used to demonstrate a lack of intent as a result of inducement by government agents.

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Answer:

Partial reinforcement

Explanation:

Partial reinforcement

Partial reinforcement is a type of operant conditioning in which a behavior is reinforced only intermittently, rather than every time it occurs. This type of reinforcement is often used in gambling and other types of reward-based behaviors, such as playing slot machines.

In a slot machine, the behavior being reinforced is the act of pulling the lever or pressing the button. The reward is the potential for winning money, which is only partially reinforced because it only occurs intermittently. The player may win occasionally, but more often they will not win. However, the unpredictability of the rewards is what keeps the player engaged and motivated to continue playing.

Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called hallucinations.

What are hallucinations?

A hallucination is a sensory experience that occurs without an external sensory stimulus. An individual having a hallucination is perceiving something that does not exist in objective reality. Hallucinations are a significant symptom of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are also common in drug-induced states, delirium, and other medical disorders.

The causes of hallucinations can include neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance use disorders. In some cases, medications can trigger hallucinations. For example, some people who take drugs called anticholinergics can experience hallucinations as a side effect.

Hallucinations can affect any of the five senses, although auditory hallucinations are the most common type. Other types of hallucinations include visual, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory. While hallucinations can be a symptom of a severe mental illness, many people who experience hallucinations do not have a mental health disorder.

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The  given statement "Memory is exemplified by one's memory of a conversation with a friend earlier in the week, whereas memory refers to one's remembering to call a friend later in the day" is true.

Memory is defined as the ability of the brain to store and recall information over time. The ability to retain, retrieve, and use information is known as memory. Memory is exemplified by one's memory of a conversation with a friend earlier in the week. Memory, on the other hand, refers to one's remembering to call a friend later in the day. In general, both long-term and short-term memory are included in the notion of memory.

Memory is critical to our capacity to learn and interact with the world. It enables us to remember our experiences, make judgments, and form relationships with others. It also enables us to interact with the environment and make adjustments as necessary.

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The claim that human rights are self-evident and inalienable, not earned (as seen in the writing of John Locke) is an example of a natural law.

Natural law is a philosophical belief that some laws are inherent to human nature and are not created by society or government. It's a concept that dates back to ancient Greece and Rome, but it was later popularized by philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas and John Locke.The concept of natural law is founded on the idea that humans have inherent rights, regardless of their location or culture. These rights are seen as self-evident and inalienable, meaning that they can't be taken away or earned.

Natural law also holds that these rights exist before governments, laws, or other social institutions. Therefore, governments and laws should be created to protect these inherent rights, not to grant them. This concept is seen in the writing of John Locke, who argued that individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property.Natural law is often associated with the concepts of morality and ethics, as it's founded on the belief that there are universal principles that govern human behavior. However, it's important to note that natural law isn't a religious concept, even though it's often associated with the idea of divine law.

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Studies have shown that elderly people and those with chronic health conditions are more likely to experience a higher probability of dying themselves in the first year following the death of a spouse.

The groups that tend to have a higher than normal probability of dying themselves in the first year following the death of a spouse are:

Older adults who have lost their spouses are among the groups that are most likely to experience serious health consequences, such as heart attack and stroke, and may even die within a year.

Older adults are more likely to be widowed due to their age, which puts them at greater risk. Furthermore, being a female makes one more vulnerable to death during the year following the death of one's spouse.

Other factors that may increase the likelihood of dying within a year of losing a spouse include depression and a lack of social support from family, friends, or church members.

Women may be more likely than men to be widowed, but men may be more likely to suffer adverse health consequences after losing their wives as a result of a lack of social support.

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The six men gave off the following warning signs to Salva when they first approached the group at the muddy, shallow pond on the other side of the desert:

It is important to note that the situation described in this statement is not clear without additional context. It is possible that the men had legitimate reasons for their behavior or were there to provide assistance. However, based solely on the warning signs mentioned, it appears that Salva had reason to be cautious and alert in this situation.

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Reformist claims are most commonly associated with the positivist paradigm. This is a scientific approach to studying the social world that emphasizes the objective collection of data and the use of quantitative research methods.

This approach is rooted in the belief that human behaviour is governed by laws and can be studied in an empirical and scientific manner.

Under this paradigm, reformist claims often aim to identify the underlying causes of social problems and then propose solutions based on that evidence. It is a goal-oriented approach to research that emphasizes the importance of empirically grounded interventions and solutions.

Reformist claims are often aimed at creating social change, such as improved health care, better access to education, or changes in public policy.

Reformist claims can be based on research that is conducted using qualitative or quantitative methods. In both cases, the goal is to uncover the underlying causes of a particular social problem and propose solutions that are empirically grounded and effective.

The purpose of this research is to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with evidence-based interventions that can create positive and lasting social change.

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Neulinger's theory of leisure states that people engage in leisure activities to satisfy their needs, which are influenced by their personal preferences, past experiences, and present situations. The correct answer is b) Leisure-work.

Intrinsic motivation is a state of mind in which a person engages in an activity because they enjoy it, find it satisfying or interesting, or because it provides a sense of accomplishment. People who are intrinsically motivated to participate in a leisure activity do so because it fulfills a need that they find personally meaningful. Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal preferences, values, and attitudes towards an activity. It is a self-motivating state of mind that does not rely on external rewards or incentives. It is the opposite of extrinsic motivation, which is driven by external rewards or incentives.

Freely choosing to brew beer at home because it is fun and saves money is an example of Neulinger's state of mind which is called intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is a state of mind in which a person engages in an activity because they enjoy it, find it satisfying or interesting, or because it provides a sense of accomplishment. The correct answer is b) Leisure-work.

The question is:

Freely choosing to brew beer at home because its fun but also because it saves money is an example of which of Neulingers states of mind?

a) Pure Leisure

b)Leisure-work

c) Leisure-job

d) Pure work

e) Work-job

f) Pure job

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The best description of a psychoactive drug is B: "Intoxication is a primary effect."

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect the brain and can alter mood, perception, behavior, and consciousness. They can be used for therapeutic purposes, but also can have negative consequences when abused. The primary effect of psychoactive drugs is to alter the brain's chemical balance, which can lead to feelings of intoxication or altered states of consciousness.

Some psychoactive drugs can also cause analgesia (pain relief), but this is not the primary effect of most psychoactive drugs. Prescription requirements for psychoactive drugs depend on the drug and the country in which it is being used.

So, the correct answer to this question is B:  "Intoxication is a primary effect."

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A confirmation bias refers to a person's tendency to seek out, interpret, and create information that verifies their existing beliefs. This often occurs without conscious effort and can lead people to ignore or overlook evidence that goes against their existing beliefs. This type of bias can lead to flawed decision-making and conclusions.

For example, if a person believes that a certain political party is best, they may selectively focus on news stories or research that supports that viewpoint. This person might then ignore information or arguments from the other side of the debate, regardless of their validity.

Confirmation bias can also lead to a phenomenon known as groupthink, where members of a group or organization will think and act in the same way out of a desire for unity or conformity. This can lead to decisions and opinions being based on emotion rather than facts, which can lead to poor decisions.

Overall, confirmation bias is an unconscious process of seeking and interpreting information that reinforces a person's existing beliefs. This can lead to flawed decision-making and an inability to consider new evidence or alternative points of view.

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Mrs. Jacobs is using a grid strategy to analyze similarities across newly learned French words. This strategy allows students to identify relationships across words by completing a grid.

The grid strategy is a type of graphic organizer used to analyze and categorize information. It involves creating a grid with rows and columns and using it to compare and contrast related concepts or ideas. In language learning, it can be used to identify similarities and differences among vocabulary words or grammar structures.

By using this strategy, students can visualize the connections between words and enhance their understanding and retention of the language.

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Yes, broadband internet and VoIP service providers are covered by the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA).What is the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)?

The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) is a law enacted by the United States Congress in 1994. It specifies that all telecommunications carriers must ensure that they are able to provide law enforcement agencies with access to lawfully intercepted communications. This includes broadband internet and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service providers. They are also required to maintain records of information relevant to a law enforcement agency's to intercept and access communications. The aim of CALEA is to maintain a balance between individual privacy rights and public safety concerns by ensuring that law enforcement agencies can access communication facilities when necessary.

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True as the Responding to your audience directly can negatively impact your reputation because it can create a sense of entitlement among your audience.

If they feel they can demand attention and get a response, they can become overly demanding, disrespectful, and ungrateful. Additionally, it can be difficult to address everyone's individual concerns in a timely manner and to ensure that all messages are answered in the same, consistent manner.

This can lead to inconsistencies in your messaging, and can cause confusion among your audience.

Additionally, responding to your audience can be time-consuming and overwhelming, as there is no guarantee that you will receive appropriate responses from every individual.

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According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with an avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth Strange Situation, he or she will typically show minimal distress when the mother leaves and avoidant behavior when she returns.

According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with an avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth Strange Situation, he or she will typically show minimal distress when the mother leaves and avoidant behavior when she returns. The child will have a lower propensity to explore, engage with strangers, or show intense emotions. They are unable to regulate their emotions properly and instead withdraw themselves to avoid getting hurt. Even though the child is not happy or content when the mother is present, he/she shows no attachment behavior when the mother is absent, and is very much indifferent when she returns.

In the Ainsworth Strange Situation, researchers examine the baby's attachment style by bringing the baby into an unfamiliar environment and watching their reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. The strange situation test is a method for determining how children's behavioral responses vary depending on their attachment styles. Mary Ainsworth classified the infant's attachment styles into three categories based on how they respond to the stranger and separation. These attachment styles are safe, avoidant, and resistant/ambivalent.

In conclusion, a child with an avoidant attachment style is emotionally aloof and typically shows little distress in the mother's absence and avoidance behavior when she returns. They are typically unresponsive to their mother's efforts to comfort or soothe them, and they may seem withdrawn and uninterested in exploring their environment.

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Leanne, at 5 months old, should show the most evidence of stranger anxiety.

Stranger anxiety is a normal phase in infant development and typically occurs between 6-8 months of age. During this phase, infants become fearful of strangers and display anxiety in their presence.

At 5 months old, Leanne is likely in the peak of the stranger anxiety phase, while Chastity and Dominique, at 8 and 25 months old, are likely past the peak.

Explaining why Leanne would be more likely to show evidence of stranger anxiety than Chastity or Dominique.

Leanne is the youngest of the three infants and is most likely to be in the peak of the stranger anxiety phase. At 5 months old, Leanne is more likely to display signs of fear and anxiety when around strangers, as her brain is still developing and learning to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.

Chastity and Dominique, at 8 and 25 months old, are more likely to be past the peak of stranger anxiety, as they have had more time to become familiar with different people.

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