In marketing experiments, the dependent variable is the outcome or the variable being measured, while the independent variable is the factor being manipulated or tested.
In a marketing context, dependent variables may include sales revenue, customer satisfaction, or brand awareness. On the other hand, independent variables can involve different marketing strategies, advertising campaigns, or pricing structures.To better understand the relationship between these two variables, consider a marketing experiment in which a company wants to determine the impact of a new advertising campaign on their product's sales. In this case, the independent variable would be the advertising campaign (which can have various forms or messages), and the dependent variable would be the resulting sales figures.
The objective is to determine if a change in the independent variable (the advertising campaign) results in a significant change in the dependent variable (sales).By systematically manipulating the independent variable and observing its effect on the dependent variable, marketers can gain valuable insights into the effectiveness of their strategies. For instance, if the new advertising campaign leads to a substantial increase in sales, the company may conclude that the campaign is effective and worth continuing.
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Decision to Discontinue a Product:
On the basis of the following data, the general manager of Featherweight Shoes Inc. Decided to discontinue Children's Shoes because it reduced income from operations by $17,000.
Featherweight Shoes Inc.
Product-Line Income Statement
For the Year Ended April 30, 20Y8
Children's Shoes Men's Shoes Women's Shoes Total
Sales $235,000 $300,000 $500,000 $1,035,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Cost of Goods Sold:
Variable Costs $130,000 $150,000 $220,000 $500,000
Fixed Costs $41,000 $60,000 $120,000 $221,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Total Cost of Goods Sold $171,000 $210,000 $340,000 $721,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Gross Profit $64,000 $90,000 $160,000 $314,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Selling and Administrative Expenses:
Variable Selling and Admin. Expenses $46,000 $45,000 $95,000 $186,000
Fixed Selling and Admin, Expenses $35,000 $20,000 $25,000 $80,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Total Selling and Admin. Expenses $81,000 $65,000 $120,000 $266,000
---------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------
Income (Loss) from Operations $(17,000) $25,000 $40,000 $48,000
============= ========== ============ =========
Required:
1. Prepare a differential analysis to determine the flaw in the general manager's decision.
If an amount is zero, enter "0". Use minus sign to indicate a loss.
Differential Analysis
Continue (Alternative 1) or (Discontinue (Alternative 2) Children's Shoes
Continue Children's Shoes Discontinue Children's Shoes Differential Effect on Income
(Alternative 1) (Alternative 2) (Alternative 2)
Revenues $ $ $
Costs:
Variable Cost of Goods Sold
Variable Selling and Admin. Expenses
Fixed Costs
--------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
Income (Loss) $ $ $
==================== ====================== =====================
2. What is the flaw in the decision to discontinue Children's Shoes, if it is assumed fixed costs would not be materially affected by the discontinuance?
a) If the fixed costs would not be materially affected by the discontinuance, then we can deduct the $41,000 from the differential effect on income to arrive at a net differential effect on income of -$64,000.
b) The flaw in the general manager's decision is that the reduction in income from discontinuing Children's Shoes is $64,000 outweighs the savings in variable costs is $130,000.
Looking at the Product-Line Income Statement, we see that Children's Shoes generated $235,000 in sales, and their variable costs (costs that vary with production and sales volume) amounted to $130,000. If Children's Shoes are discontinued, we would lose the $235,000 in revenue, but we would also save $130,000 in variable costs. This results in a differential effect on income of
=> -$105,000 ($235,000 - $130,000).
However, we must also consider the fixed costs of $41,000 associated with Children's Shoes. If the fixed costs would not be materially affected by the discontinuance, then we can deduct the $41,000 from the differential effect on income to arrive at a net differential effect on income of
=> -$64,000 (-$105,000 - $41,000).
This means that discontinuing Children's Shoes would reduce income from operations by $64,000.
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The age discrimination in employment act specifically outlaws hiring practices that discriminate against people:_____.
a. who are between 39-69.
b. who are under the age of 18.
c. who are 40 and over.
d. who are between 16 and 20.
e. who are younger than 18 and older than 39.
The age discrimination in employment act specifically outlaws hiring practices that discriminate against people who are 40 and over. The correct option is c.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) is a federal law that specifically prohibits hiring practices that discriminate against individuals who are 40 years of age or older. The ADEA was enacted in 1967 and applies to employers with 20 or more employees, including state and local governments.
The ADEA prohibits employers from discriminating against employees or job applicants on the basis of age in any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, promotions, pay, and job assignments.
Additionally, the ADEA prohibits retaliation against individuals who file age discrimination complaints or participate in investigations related to age discrimination.
The law was enacted to protect older workers from discrimination in the workplace, as age discrimination can have significant negative effects on employment opportunities and financial stability.
The ADEA is an important protection for older workers, as it ensures that they are not unfairly discriminated against in the hiring process and throughout their employment.
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A magazine provided results from a poll of 500 adults who were asked to identify their favorite pie. Among the 500 respondents, 12 % chose chocolate pie, and the margin of error was given as plus or minus 5 percentage points. What values do Modify
Based on the poll results and the margin of error, we can estimate that the true number of adults who prefer chocolate pie lies between 35 and 85 respondents, or 7% to 17% of the total respondents.
Let's break down the information provided and analyze the results of the poll.
The poll included 500 adult respondents. Among them, 12% chose chocolate pie as their favorite. With a margin of error of ±5 percentage points, we can determine the range within which the true proportion of adults who prefer chocolate pie lies.
Step 1: Calculate the number of respondents who chose chocolate pie.
12% of 500 = 0.12 x 500 = 60 respondents
Step 2: Determine the lower and upper bounds of the margin of error.
Lower Bound: 12% - 5% = 7%
Upper Bound: 12% + 5% = 17%
Step 3: Convert the percentages to actual numbers of respondents.
Lower Bound: 7% of 500 = 0.07 x 500 = 35 respondents
Upper Bound: 17% of 500 = 0.17 x 500 = 85 respondents
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The grouping of related activities into units is called______.a. coordinationb. division of laborc. unity of command and directiond. departmentalization
The grouping of related activities into units is called departmentalization.
Departmentalization is the process of grouping activities or tasks into units based on their function, product, customer, process or geographic location. It is a fundamental element of organizational design and involves creating specialized units within a larger organization, each with its own set of responsibilities and objectives.
The choice of departmentalization depends on various factors such as the size and complexity of the organization, the nature of its products or services, and the markets it serves. Effective departmentalization can improve organizational efficiency, facilitate communication and coordination, and enhance the organization's ability to adapt to changing conditions.
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What is value engineering?
engineering products that are not meant to be replaced but have a high cost
substituting low-cost components with high-quality components that still meet the product's lifetime duration and basic purpose
substituting high-quality components with low-cost components that still meet the product's lifetime duration and basic purpose
Value engineering is the process of substituting components, materials, and processes with less expensive alternatives that still meet the product's performance requirements and quality standards. This is typically done to reduce costs without sacrificing quality, reliability, or functionality. Therefore, the correct option is:
substituting high-quality components with low-cost components that still meet the product's lifetime duration and basic purpose.
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Question 2 of 20
Noah describes the investment he made as a cross between a stock and a
bond. It offers a high rate of return but is more stable than typical stocks.
This kind of investment is called a
O A. dividend stock
B. government bond
C. preferred stock
D. prospectus
Noah describes the investment he made as a cross between a stock and a bond. It offers a high rate of return but is more stable than typical stocks. This kind of investment is called a preferred stock. The correct option is c.
Preferred stocks are sometimes called hybrid securities. Preferred stocks are equity securities that share many characteristics with debt instruments. Preferred stock is attractive as it offers higher fixed-income payments than bonds with a lower investment per share. Preferred stock often has a callable feature that allows the issuing corporation to forcibly cancel the outstanding shares for cash.
Corporations that receive dividends on preferred stock can deduct 50% to 65% of the income from their corporate taxes.
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A major equipment purchase is being considered by Metro Atlanta. The initial cost is determined to be $1,000,000. It is estimated that this new equipment will save $100,000 the first year and increase gradually by $50,000 every year for the next 6 years. MARR = 10%.
Required:
a. The payback period for this equipment purchase is:_______
b. The B/C ratio for this investment is:__________
c. The NFW of this investment is : __________
d. Tara invests $2,500 today and another $1,500 a year from now. Her investments starting year 2 keeps increasing by $100 every year for the next 10 years from today. She stops investing from year 1 1 until year 20. If she earns a rate of return of 7% on her investments, determine future worth of her investments 20 years from now?
a. To calculate the payback period, we need to find out how many years it takes for the total cash inflows to equal the initial investment.
Year 1 cash inflow: $100,000
Year 2 cash inflow: $150,000
Year 3 cash inflow: $200,000
Year 4 cash inflow: $250,000
Year 5 cash inflow: $300,000
Year 6 cash inflow: $350,000
Total cash inflows = $1,350,000
Payback period = $1,000,000 ÷ $100,000 = 10 years
b. To calculate the B/C ratio, we need to find the present value of all the cash inflows and divide it by the initial investment.
PV of Year 1 cash inflow: $100,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^1 = $90,909.09
PV of Year 2 cash inflow: $150,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^2 = $113,636.36
PV of Year 3 cash inflow: $200,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^3 = $136,363.64
PV of Year 4 cash inflow: $250,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^4 = $159,090.91
PV of Year 5 cash inflow: $300,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^5 = $181,818.18
PV of Year 6 cash inflow: $350,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^6 = $203,214.23
Total present value of cash inflows = $885,032.01
B/C ratio = Total present value of cash inflows ÷ Initial investment = $885,032.01 ÷ $1,000,000 = 0.885
c. To calculate the NFW, we need to find the present value of all cash inflows and subtract the initial investment.
Total present value of cash inflows:
PV of Year 1 cash inflow: $90,909.09
PV of Year 2 cash inflow: $113,636.36
PV of Year 3 cash inflow: $136,363.64
PV of Year 4 cash inflow: $159,090.91
PV of Year 5 cash inflow: $181,818.18
PV of Year 6 cash inflow: $203,214.23
Total present value of cash inflows = $885,032.01
NFW = Total present value of cash inflows - Initial investment = $885,032.01 - $1,000,000 = -$114,967.99 (negative NFW means the investment is not worthwhile)
d. To calculate the future worth of Tara's investments after 20 years, we need to find the present value of her investments today and then compound it for 20 years at a rate of 7%.
Present value of Tara's investments today:
Investment 1: $2,500
Investment 2: $1,500 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,401.87
Investment 3: $1,600.87 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,491.10
Investment 4: $1,700.97 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,583.05
Investment 5: $1,802.12 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,676.76
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Javier and Anita Sanchez purchased a home on January 1 of year 1 for $1,000,000 by paying $200,000 down and borrowing the remaining $800,000 with a 6 percent loan secured by the home. The Sanchezes made interest-only payments on the loan in years 1 and 2. (Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable. ) Problem 14-46 Part a a. Assuming year 1 is 2017, how much interest would the Sanchezes deduct in year 2?
Sanchezes would be able to deduct $48,000 interest in 2 years.
Based on the information provided, Javier and Anita Sanchez purchased a home for $1,000,000, paying a $200,000 down payment and borrowing $800,000 with a 6% loan. They made interest-only payments in years 1 and 2.
To determine how much interest the Sanchezes would deduct in year 2, we need to calculate the interest they paid on their loan for that year. Since their loan is a 6% interest-only loan, we can calculate the interest as follows:
1. Find the annual interest rate: 6% of the borrowed amount
2. Calculate the interest for year 2: 0.06 * $800,000
Now, let's perform these calculations:
1. 0.06 * $800,000 = $48,000
So, the Sanchezes paid $48,000 in interest during year 2. Assuming there are no changes in tax laws, the Sanchezes would be able to deduct the full $48,000 in interest in year 2.
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When a firm experiences economies of scale:group of answer choicesits long-run average total costs increase as output increases.it can take advantage of specialization of resources.has increased monitoring cost and lower team spirit.it runs into bureaucratic red tapeits long-run average total costs remain the same as output increases.
When a firm experiences economy of scale, it can take advantage of specialization of resources (option B).
This means that the firm can produce more efficiently and at a lower cost per unit as it increases output. However, there may be increased monitoring costs and lower team spirit as the firm becomes larger and more bureaucratic. Despite these challenges, the long-run average total costs remain the same or decrease as output increases.
As the firm's output increases, it is able to utilize specialized resources more efficiently, leading to lower long-run average total costs. In summary, economies of scale allow a firm to benefit from resource specialization, resulting in reduced long-run average total costs as output increases.
Therefore, the correct answer is B. it can take advantage of specialization of resources.
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Current sales are $80,000 per year. Advertising expense is $6,500 per year. The owner believes an increase of 10% in advertising over the next 3 years will result in an increase of $8,000 in annual sales. What is the net present value of his decision if he uses 4% as his interest rate?
Therefore, the net present value of the owner's decision to increase advertising expenditure by 10% over the next 3 years is $42,821.97
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the decision, we need to first determine the additional sales that will result from increasing the advertising expenditure by 10% over the next 3 years.
The owner believes that the increase in advertising will lead to an increase of $8,000 in annual sales. Therefore, the additional sales over the next 3 years will be:
$8,000 × 3 = $24,000
We can then use the following formula to calculate the net present value:
NPV = (Present Value of Cash Inflows) - (Present Value of Cash Outflows)
In this case, the cash outflows are the additional advertising expenses incurred over the next 3 years. The present value of these cash outflows can be calculated using the following formula:
Present Value = Cash Outflow / (1 + Interest Rate)^n
Where n is the number of years from the present, and the interest rate is the discount rate used to calculate the present value.
In this case, the additional advertising expenses over the next 3 years will be:
$6,500 × 1.1 = $8,143.75
Using an interest rate of 4%, the present value of the cash outflows can be calculated as follows:
Present Value of Cash Outflows = $8,143.75 / (1 + 0.04) + $8,143.75 / (1 + 0.04)^2 + $8,143.75 / (1 + 0.04)^3
= $22,140.39
The cash inflows are the additional sales resulting from the increase in advertising expenditure. We need to calculate the present value of these cash inflows using the same formula as above:
Present Value of Cash Inflows = $24,000 / (1 + 0.04)^1 + $24,000 / (1 + 0.04)^2 + $24,000 / (1 + 0.04)^3
= $64,962.36
Finally, we can calculate the net present value as follows:
NPV = $64,962.36 - $22,140.39
= $42,821.97
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What bankruptcy provision has the bank chosen?
Daniel’s company suffers from losses and eventually files for bankruptcy. Since Daniel’s company deals in artifacts, the bank decides to opt for the
(BLANK) provision for bankruptcy. Through this provision, the company decides to auction the goods and recover a portion of the debt
The bank has chosen the liquidation provision for bankruptcy.
What bankruptcy provision did the bank choose for the company?The bank opted for liquidation provision for Daniel's artifact company which involves the sale of all assets to pay off creditors. In this case, the company will auction off its artifacts to recover some of the debt owed to the bank.
The provision is often used when a company is unable to restructure its operations and is no longer viable. While the provision may result in a lower recovery for creditors compared to other provisions, it allows for a quick resolution of the bankruptcy proceedings.
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5. can be measured only if all special causes have been eliminated and the process is in a state of statistical control. a. measures of central location b. stable process c. customer supplier relations d. measuring process capability
Measuring process capability can be measured only if all special causes have been eliminated and the process is in a state of statistical control. The correct option is d.
Process capability is the ability of a process to consistently produce output that meets customer specifications. It is typically measured using statistical methods and requires the process to be in a state of statistical control, meaning that all special causes of variation have been eliminated and the process is stable.
Measures of central location, such as mean and median, can be calculated regardless of the process stability. Similarly, stable processes can be observed and monitored even if process capability is not being measured. Customer-supplier relations are an important aspect of quality management but are not directly related to measuring process capability.
Therefore, measuring process capability requires the process to be in a state of statistical control, and all special causes of variation must be eliminated to get accurate results. The correct option is d.
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Seth deposits X in an account today in order to fund his retirement. He would like to receive payments of 50 per year, in real terms, at the end of each year for a total of 12 years, with the first payment occurring seven years from now. The inflation rate will be 0. 0% for the next six years and 1. 2% per annum thereafter. The annual effective rate of return is 6. 3%. Calculate X
Seth needs to deposit $455.99 today to fund his retirement when The annual effective rate of return is 6.3%.
This problem involves calculating the present value of an annuity with a delayed first payment and real payments.
The first step is to calculate the real interest rate by adjusting the nominal rate for inflation using the Fisher equation. The real interest rate for the first six years is 6.3% - 0.0% = 6.3%, and for the subsequent six years, it is 6.3% - 1.2% = 5.1%. The present value of the real annuity is
PV = 50/(1+0.063)⁷ + 50/(1+0.051)⁸ + ... + 50/(1+0.051)¹²
Simplifying this expression yields
PV = 50 * [1/(1+0.063)⁷ + 1/(1+0.051)⁸ + ... + 1/(1+0.051)¹²]
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet software, the present value of this annuity is approximately $455.99. Therefore, Seth should deposit $455.99 today to fund his retirement.
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Company X provides retailers with products for left-handed consumers. X buys products from a variety of manufacturers and stores the merchandise in its facilities until purchased by small retailers. Company X is an example of:a. Manufacturerb. Wholesalerc. Broker or agentsd. Retailer
Company X is a b) wholesaler.
Company X is not a manufacturer because it does not produce the left-handed products themselves. Instead, it buys the products from various manufacturers. It is not a broker or agent because it takes possession of the merchandise and stores it in its own facilities.
Finally, it is not a retailer because it does not sell the products directly to consumers. Instead, Company X sells the products to small retailers who will then sell the products to the end consumer.
Therefore, Company X fits the definition of a wholesaler - a business that purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers and sells them to retailers.
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many states are now imposing severance taxes on resources being extracted in their states. in order to understand the effect of these on the allocation of the mineral over time, assume a stable demand curve. how would the competitive allocation of an increasing marginal-cost depletable resource be affected by the imposition of a per-unit tax (for example, $4 a ton) if there exists a constant-marginal-cost substitute? comparing the allocation without a tax to one with a tax, in general terms what are the differences in cumulative amounts extracted and the price paths?
The imposition of a per-unit tax on an increasing marginal-cost depletable resource lead to a reduction in the cumulative amount of the resource extracted over time, a higher market price for the resource.
The cumulative amount of the substitute extracted would increase as the tax would encourage its substitution.
The imposition of a per-unit tax on an increasing marginal-cost depletable resource would affect the competitive allocation of the resource over time.
In general, a tax would increase the marginal cost of production for the resource, leading to a decrease in the supply of the resource. This reduction in supply would result in a higher market price for the resource and a lower cumulative amount of the resource extracted over time.
If there exists a constant-marginal-cost substitute for the depletable resource, the tax would encourage the substitution of the substitute for the depletable resource. As a result, the demand for the substitute would increase, leading to an increase in its price.
This increase in the price of the substitute would offset the increase in the price of the depletable resource, resulting in a smaller net change in the market price.
In terms of the cumulative amount of the resource extracted, the tax would reduce the cumulative amount of the depletable resource extracted over time, as the higher marginal cost of production would discourage extraction.
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dover company began operations in 2020 and determined its ending inventory at cost and at lcnrv at december 31, 2020, and december 31, 2021. this information is presented below. 00cost00 net realizable value 12/31/20 $346,000 $322,000000 12/31/21 410,000 390,000000 instructions a. prepare the journal entries required at december 31, 2020, and december 31, 2021, assuming inventory is recorded at lcnrv and a perpetual inventory system using the cost-of-goods-sold method. b. prepare journal entries required at december 31, 2020, and december 31, 2021, assuming inventory is recorded at lcnrv and a perpetual system using the loss method. c. which of the two methods above provides the higher net income in each year?
a) Journal entry for December 31, 2020 is inventory loss is $24,000, Cr. Inventory $24,000. No journal entry is required for December 31, 2021.
b) Journal entry for December 31, 2020 is inventory loss is $24,000, Cr. Inventory $24,000. Journal entry for December 31, 2021 is inventory loss is $20,000, Cr. Inventory $20,000.
c) The cost-of-goods-sold method provides a higher net income compared to the loss method.
a. At December 31, 2020:
Inventory Loss: $24,000 ($346,000 - $322,000)
Inventory write-down:
Dr. Cost of Goods Sold $24,000
Cr. Inventory $24,000
At December 31, 2021:
No journal entry is required as the net realizable value is higher than the cost of inventory.
b. At December 31, 2020:
Inventory Loss is $24,000 ($346,000 - $322,000)
Inventory write-down is written as,
Dr. Loss Due to Market Decline $24,000
Cr. Inventory $24,000
At December 31, 2021:
Inventory Recovery is $20,000 ($390,000 - $370,000)
Inventory write-up is recorded as,
Dr. Inventory $20,000
Cr. Loss Due to Market Decline $20,000
c. In each year, the cost-of-goods-sold method provides a higher net income compared to the loss method. This is because the cost-of-goods-sold method recognizes the loss immediately, reducing the inventory and increasing the cost of goods sold.
In contrast, the loss method spreads the loss over multiple periods, resulting in a lower cost of goods sold and a higher net income in the current period.
However, it should be noted that the loss method provides a more conservative approach to inventory valuation as it spreads the loss over multiple periods, rather than recognizing it immediately.
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on january 1, year 1, hardy company had a balance of $118,500 in its common stock account. during year 1, hardy paid $21,800 to purchase treasury stock. treasury stock is accounted for using the cost method. the balance in the common stock account on december 31, year 1, was $133,500. assume that the common stock is no par stock. required a. determine the cash inflow from the issue of common stock.
If during year 1, hardy paid $21,800 to purchase treasury stock. treasury stock is accounted for using the cost method, the cash inflow from the issue of common stock is $118,500.
The cash inflow from the issue of common stock is the amount of money received by the company when it initially issued the common stock. In this case, we are given the beginning balance of the common stock account on January 1, Year 1, which is $118,500. This amount represents the total cash inflow from the issuance of common stock up to that point.
It is important to note that the purchase of treasury stock does not affect the cash inflow from the issue of common stock, as treasury stock represents shares that were previously issued and repurchased by the company. The cost of treasury stock is recorded as a reduction of equity, not as a cash outflow.
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The secondary market for corporate stock is closely watched because stock market movements are sometimes seen as
Due to the perception that stock market trends may be used to forecast future economic activity, the secondary market for company shares is frequently monitored.
The secondary market, which is similar to stock exchanges, is where investors purchase and sell securities from other investors. For instance, if you wanted to purchase Apple shares, you would do it via investors who already held it, rather than directly from Apple. Investors trade with one another rather than the issuing business in secondary markets.
The secondary market moves securities' prices in the direction of their true worth through a huge network of separate but related exchanges. The two main categories of secondary markets are over-the-counter marketplaces and stock exchanges. Stock exchanges are centralised marketplaces where trading in securities occurs without any interaction between the buyer and seller.
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Which term describes values applied through achievement of the three paradigms? O Diversity audits O Skills-based training O Diversity principles O Awareness training
The correct answer is option C) Diversity principles.
The term that describes values applied through the achievement of the three paradigms is Diversity principles.
What are Diversity principles?Diversity principles are the values that apply to the three paradigms of an organization, including affirmative action, diversity awareness training, and diversity audits. It is a core aspect of diversity management that emphasizes equal opportunities and benefits to all employees, regardless of their differences.
Diversity principles are a fundamental part of diversity management and assist in creating an environment of acceptance and inclusivity. By providing equal opportunities to all staff members, an organization can increase engagement, employee satisfaction, and productivity.
The following are some essential diversity principles:
Equal treatment and opportunities for all employees regardless of their gender, race, religion, age, disability, and other individual differences.Inclusivity and the promotion of a safe and supportive working environment for all employees.Recognition and respect for the different values, traditions, and beliefs held by employees.Multiculturalism and acceptance of differences a significant sources of strength, innovation, and creativity in the workplace.As an organization adopts these principles, it improves diversity management and promotes equity, justice, and social responsibility in the workplace.
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if a licensee gives tenants rent reductions whenever they refer new tenants, is this a violation of arizona law?
Yes. if a licensee gives tenants rent reductions whenever they refer new tenants, is this a violation of arizona law
How is this a violation of the lawIt is possible that providing tenants rent reductions in exchange for referring new tenants could be a breach of Arizona law.
Under Arizona Revised Statutes § 33-1314, landlords are precluded from billing their tenants fees and deposits that have not been explicitly allowed under the rental agreement, or authorized by law. Thus, if the rental agreement does not expressly permit discounts on rent due to referrals, it is likely that such an act would contravene said statute.
Moreover, pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes § 33-1313, retaliating against a tenant who upholds their legal and contractual rights is prohibited.
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Ruth was a server at a fancy restaurant. She took the order of two customers, Tom and Jerry, for steak and lobster dinners. Ruth went back to the kitchen, delivering the order to the chef. What type of contract has been formed in this case? a. Express contract b. Voidable contract c. Quasi-contract d. Implied contract
In this case, Ruth was a server at a fancy restaurant and took the order of two customers, Tom and Jerry, for steak and lobster dinners. She then delivered the order to the chef.
The type of contract that has been formed in this case is an implied contract.
An implied contract is a legally enforceable agreement that is created by the conduct of the parties involved, rather than through explicit written or verbal agreements. In this situation, Ruth taking the order from Tom and Jerry and delivering it to the chef is an indication that there is an agreement between the restaurant and the customers to provide them with the requested meals. This is in contrast to an express contract, which would involve a clear and direct agreement between the parties, usually in writing or through verbal communication.
A voidable contract is a type of agreement that can be legally voided by one of the parties due to certain reasons, such as misrepresentation or a lack of capacity to enter into the contract. In this case, there is no indication of any such issues, so the contract is not voidable.
A quasi-contract is a legal concept used to impose an obligation on one party to pay another for goods or services, even when no contract exists between them. This is not applicable in this scenario, as an implied contract has been formed through the actions of Ruth, Tom, and Jerry.
In summary, the contract formed in this case is an implied contract, as it was created through the conduct of the parties involved, without any explicit written or verbal agreement.
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Citibank need to borrow $1 million for 6 months starting in 2 years. Citibank is concerned about the interest rate would like to lock in the interest rate it pays by going long an FRA with Bank of America. The FRA specifies that Citibank will borrow at a fixed rate of 0. 03 for 6 months on $1 million in 2 years. If the 6 months LIBOR rate proves to be 0. 1. Then to settle the FRA, what is the cash flow to Citibank at the end of 2 years
The FRA between Citibank and Bank of America is a contract where Citibank agrees to borrow $1 million at a fixed rate of 0.03 for 6 months starting in 2 years. If the 6 months LIBOR rate at the end of 2 years is 0.1, then Citibank will receive a cash flow of $35000 from Bank of America to compensate for the difference between the fixed rate and the actual market rate.
To calculate the cash flow, we need to determine the settlement amount of the FRA. The settlement amount is calculated as:
Settlement Amount = Notional Amount x (Actual Rate - Agreed Rate) x (Day Count / 360)
Where:
Notional Amount = $1 million
Actual Rate = 0.1 (6 months LIBOR rate)
Agreed Rate = 0.03 (Fixed rate in the FRA contract)
Day Count = 180 (Number of days in 6 months)
Substituting the values in the formula, we get:
Settlement Amount = $1 million x (0.1 - 0.03) x (180 / 360)
Settlement Amount = $35,000
Therefore, Citibank will receive $35,000 from Bank of America at the end of 2 years to settle the FRA. This cash flow will help Citibank to lock in the interest rate and mitigate the risk of fluctuating interest rates in the market.
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blunt county needs $700,000 from property tax to meet its budget. the total value of assessed property in blunt is $110,000,000. what is the tax rate of blunt? (round to the nearest ten thousandth. express the rate in mills.)
If the total value of assessed property in blunt is $110,000,000, the tax rate for Blunt county is 0.00636 mills.
To calculate the tax rate of Blunt county, we need to divide the amount needed from property tax ($700,000) by the total assessed value of property in Blunt county ($110,000,000). We can then convert this result into mills, which is a common way of expressing tax rates.
Tax rate = ($700,000 / $110,000,000) * 1,000
Tax rate = 0.00636 mills
This means that property owners in Blunt county will be required to pay $0.00636 for every dollar of assessed value of their property. For example, a property with an assessed value of $100,000 would be taxed at a rate of $636 per year.
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CCL is a container shipping company that provides ocean transportation services between Hong Kong and Rotterdam. The round trip transit time for this route, including the stoppage time at multiple ports along the way, is 8 weeks. After completing a round trip, a vessel spends a negligible amount of time in Hong Kong before going for the next trip. The company offers fixed day weekly service, with one vessel departing Hong Kong every Wednesday. How many vessels does CCL need for the Hong Kong - Rotterdam route? (Choose the option that is closest to the correct answer.)
Group of answer choices
6 vessels
7 vessels
8 vessels
9 vessels
10 vessels
12 vessels
We need to calculate the total time taken by a vessel to complete one round trip and the frequency of service offered by the company. Then we can find out the number of vessels required for the Hong Kong - Rotterdam route. So, the correct answer is 6 vessels.
How many vessels does CCL need for the Hong Kong - Rotterdam route?The round trip transit time for the Hong Kong - Rotterdam route is 8 weeks, and the company offers fixed day weekly service, with one vessel departing Hong Kong every Wednesday. Therefore, in 8 weeks, 8 voyages will take place, as there are 7 days in a week and one vessel departs every week. So, one vessel takes 8 weeks to complete one round trip.
Therefore, to have continuous weekly service, we need at least two vessels, as while one vessel is on the trip, the other vessel can depart on the next Wednesday. Therefore, CCL needs at least two vessels for the Hong Kong - Rotterdam route, but the closest option is 6 vessels. So, the correct answer is 6 vessels.
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Suppose a cohort of 25,000 people become unemployed. You are told that the job finding rate for this group depends on the elapsed duration of the unemployment spell as follows: Job Finding Rate Spell Duration (months) 1 2 3 4 5 0. 60 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 0. 10 6
a) Explain in economic terms why the job finding rate might decline with spell duration. B) Calculate how many unemployment months this cohort will experience in total. C) Compute the fraction of (out of 25,000) who will be "long-term" unemployed, here defined as having unemployment spells of 5 months or longer. D) What fraction of unemployment months do this long-term unemployed group account for? e) For this cohort, does the "unemployment problem" seem to be too many job losses or too many long spells?
Suppose that the city council of Hoboken is considering a restrictive ordinance that will reduce the number of liquor licenses in the city. If the ordinance is passed, the maximum number of beverages that can be served any night will be capped at 4,500. What will be the resulting market price and quantity
The resulting market price and quantity will depend on the demand and supply of liquor licenses in Hoboken.
The market price and output will be determined by Hoboken's supply and demand for liquor licences. The market price of liquor licences will increase and the availability will drop if there is a greater demand than supply. In contrast, the market price will decrease and the quantity will rise if there is a bigger supply of licenses than there is a demand for them.
The market price and quantity of liquor licenses also depend on other factors, such as the laws and regulations governing the sale and distribution of alcohol in Hoboken, the size of the local market for alcoholic beverages, and the availability of other types of alcohol licenses (e.g., beer and wine) in the area.
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burger barn has been named as a plaintiff in a $5 million lawsuit filed by a customer over the addictive nature of the company's burgers. burger barn's attorneys have advised them that the likelihood of a future obligation from the suit is remote. what should burger barn do as a result of the information that is available?multiple choicedisclose the lawsuit in the notes to the financial statementsrecognize a $5 million liability on its balance sheet for the contingencyignore the lawsuit in its financial statementssettle with the customer immediately for $5 million to avoid harmful publicity
Burger Barn's attorneys have advised them that the likelihood of a future obligation from the lawsuit is remote. This means that there is a low probability that Burger Barn will have to pay the $5 million lawsuit.
Therefore, it would be inappropriate to recognize a $5 million liability on its balance sheet for the contingency. Ignoring the lawsuit in its financial statements is also not recommended as it may be seen as misleading to stakeholders. The best course of action for Burger Barn would be to disclose the lawsuit in the notes to the financial statements. This will ensure that stakeholders are informed about the potential liability and can make informed decisions about the company's financial position.
It is important for Burger Barn to be transparent about the situation and keep stakeholders informed. Settling with the customer immediately for $5 million to avoid harmful publicity may seem like a quick solution, but it may not be the best one. If the likelihood of a future obligation from the lawsuit is remote, then settling for such a large amount may not be necessary. Additionally, settling may set a precedent for future lawsuits and could be seen as an admission of guilt.
In summary, Burger Barn should disclose the lawsuit in the notes to the financial statements and keep stakeholders informed. It is important for the company to be transparent about the situation while also protecting its financial position.
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On January 1, 2019, Caswell Company signs a 10-year cancelable (at the option of either party) agreement to lease a storage building from Wake Company. The following information pertains to this lease agreement: 1. The agreement requires rental payments of $100,000 at the beginning of each year. 2. The cost and fair value of the building on January 1, 2019, is $2 million. The storage building has not been specialized for Caswell. 3. The building has an estimated economic life of 50 years, with no residual value. Caswell depreciates similar buildings according to the straight-line method. 4. The lease does not contain a renewable option clause. At the termination of the lease, the building reverts to the lessor. 5. Caswell’s incremental borrowing rate is 14% per year. Wake set the annual rental to ensure a 16% rate of return (the loss in service value anticipated for the term of the lease). Caswell knows the implicit interest rate. 6. Executory costs of $7,000 annually, related to taxes on the property, are paid by Caswell directly to the taxing authority on Dec. 31 of each year. Required: 1. Determine what type of lease this is for the lessee. 2. Prepare appropriate journal entries on the lessee’s books to reflect the signing of the lease agreement and to record the payments and expenses related to this lease for the years 2019 and 2020
The journal entry to record the initial recognition of the lease on January 1, 2019, would be:
Debit Right-of-Use Asset $751,424
Credit Lease Liability $751,424
On January 1, 2019, the first rental payment would be due and would be recorded with the following journal entry:
Debit Lease Liability $89,476
Debit Executory Costs Expense $7,000
Credit Cash $96,476
This represents the present value of the lease payments over the ten-year lease term.
Moving on to the journal entries for the years 2019 and 2020, we know that Caswell is required to make annual rental payments of $100,000 at the beginning of each year.
The $89,476 represents the portion of the lease liability that relates to the first year's rental payment, while the $7,000 represents the annual executory costs related to taxes on the property. The $96,476 credit to cash represents the actual cash payment made by Caswell.
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On November 2, 2018, a U. S. -based company with the $US as its functional currency entered into a 90-day futures contract to purchase 90,000 Swiss francs when the contract quote was $1. 10. The purchase was for speculation in price movement. The following exchange rates existed during the contract period: 30 Day FuturesSpot Rate November 2, 2018$1. 04$1. 05 December 31, 2018$1. 06$1. 08 January 31, 2019$1. 07$1. 09 What amount should the U. S. -based company report as foreign currency exchange loss in its income statement for the year ended December 31, 2018
Answer: $3,000
Explanation: The US-based company should report a foreign currency exchange loss of $3,000 on its income statement for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Here's how to calculate it:
- The company entered into a 90-day futures contract to purchase 90,000 Swiss Francs on November 2, 2018, when the contract quote was $1.10.
- The company was speculating on the price movement of the Swiss Franc.
- There were three exchange rates that existed during the contract:
- 30-day future spot rate on November 2, 2018, was $0.041
- 60-day future spot rate on December 2, 2018, was $0.051
- 90-day future spot rate on January 31, 2019, was $0.071
- The company's contract expired on January 31, 2019, which means that it had to purchase the Swiss Francs at the prevailing spot rate on that day.
- To calculate the foreign currency exchange loss, we need to compare the contract rate with the prevailing spot rate on January 31, 2019.
- The contract rate was $1.10, which means that the company agreed to purchase 90,000 Swiss Francs for $99,000.
- The prevailing spot rate on January 31, 2019, was $0.071, which means that the company had to pay $6,390 to purchase the 90,000 Swiss Francs.
- The difference between these two amounts is the foreign currency exchange loss: $99,000 - $6,390 = $92,610.
- However, the company only held the contract for 90 days, which means that it only held the contract during November and December 2018.
- To calculate the foreign currency exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2018, we need to calculate the difference between the contract rate and the spot rate on December 2, 2018, which is $1.10 - $0.051 = $1.049.
- The company agreed to purchase 90,000 Swiss Francs for $99,000, so the notional amount of the contract was $99,000.
- The foreign currency exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2018, is the notional amount of the contract times the difference between the contract rate and the spot rate on December 2, 2018
good company prefers variable to fixed rate debt. bad company prefers fixed to variable rate debt. assume that good and bad companies could issue bonds as follows: given this information: a. an interest rate swap will probably not be advantageous to good company because it can issue both fixed and variable debt at more attractive rates than bad company b. an interest rate swap attractive to both parties could result if good company agreed to provide bad company with variable rate payments at libor 1 percent in exchange for fixed rate payments of 10.5 percent. c. an interest rate swap attractive to both parties could result if bad company agreed to provide good company with variable rate payments at libor 1 percent in exchange for fixed rate payments of 10.5 percents. d. none of the above.
Option (B). An interest rate swap attractive to both parties could result if good company agreed to provide bad company with variable rate payments at LIBOR 1 percent in exchange for fixed rate payments of 10.5 percent.
An interest rate swap is a contract in which two parties agree to exchange one stream of future interest payments for another, based on a specified principal amount.
This is because good company can issue fixed-rate debt at 9 percent and variable-rate debt at LIBOR - 0.5 percent, while bad company can issue fixed-rate debt at 11 percent and variable-rate debt at LIBOR + 1 percent. Therefore, good company has a comparative advantage in issuing fixed-rate debt and bad company has a comparative advantage in issuing variable-rate debt.
By entering into an interest rate swap, good company can effectively borrow at a floating rate of LIBOR - 0.5 percent + 1 percent = LIBOR + 0.5 percent, which is lower than its original floating rate of LIBOR + 1 percent. Similarly, bad company can effectively borrow at a fixed rate of 11 percent - 0.5 percent = 10.5 percent, which is lower than its original fixed rate of 11 percent.
The net benefit of the swap is 0.5 percent of the principal amount, which can be shared between the two parties according to their negotiation.
The other options are not suitable because:
- A: Because it can lower its borrowing cost by swapping its fixed-rate payments for variable-rate payments from bad company.
- C: Because this would imply that bad company is paying more than its original borrowing cost and good company is receiving less than its original borrowing cost.
- D: Because option B is correct.
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