In this exercise, you will practice identifying a fallacy that is usually referred to as begging the question. This fallacy is often classified as a fallacy of presumption. Generally, fallacies of presumption arise because the premises simply presume what they are supposed to prove rather than provide evidence from which a genuine conclusion may be inferred. In particular, the fallacy of begging the question may presume its purported conclusion in one of three ways: 1. It may leave out a shaky premise that is nevertheless necessary for the conclusion to follow (thus presuming that there is stronger support for the conclusion than is actually the case). 2. It may simply restate a questionable premise using slightly different language. 3. It may reason in a circle of inferences from one shaky premise to the next, winding up with a conclusion that again restates a questionable premise. In each of these three ways, begging the question creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide actual support for a conclusion, when in fact the conclusion simply restates questionable assumptions that are left unproven within the premises. Consider each of the following argumentative passages and indicate (1) whether it commits a fallacy and (2) whether, specifically, it commits the fallacy of begging the question. (Note: It is possible for a single argument to commit more than one type of fallacy. Also, if an argument commits a different fallacy altogether, indicate that it does commit a fallacy, but not the "begging the question" fallacy.) George said that he selected leaders with the best of intentions, but he was still disappointed in the outcome. We can only surmise that the leaders' intentions weren't as good as George had expected. Passage A commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit the fallacy of begging the question. \begin{tabular}{|c|} \hline does \\ \hline does not \\ \hline \end{tabular} Passage B You can find scientists who believe that global warming is not significantly affected by human activity, just as you can find scientists whon believe that global warming is significantly affected by human activity. Since scientists cannot even agree on the issue, whould not alter our human activities in hopes of affecting global warming. Passage B commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit the fallacy of begging the question. Passage C I am tired of all these boring logic exercises. I can pass the test tomorrow without all this practice, anyway. Don't you want to quit doing logic exercises and go to the party with us, or are you going to be a nerd your whole life? Passage C commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit the fallacy of begging the question. War always involves killing, and murder is always wrong. Therefore, war is always wrong. Passage D commit a fallacy; specifically, it Passage E does not Earth is closer to the sun than Neptune. So, Earth has a shorter orbit than Neptune. Passage E commit a fallacy; specifically, it commit the fallacy of begging the question.

You can counter the effects of psychological listening barriers by: concentrate on listening.

Psychological listening barriers are the internal mental distractions that inhibit the ability to listen actively to what is being communicated by the speaker. Here are some ways to counter the effects of psychological listening barriers:

1. Concentrate on listening: Make a conscious effort to focus on what the speaker is saying, and don't let external or internal factors get in the way of your listening.

2. Empathize with the speaker: Put yourself in the speaker's shoes to understand the situation, and try to connect with their message.

3. Remove personal biases: Avoid assumptions, judgments, and stereotypes about the speaker or their message.

4. Be attentive: Look at the speaker, watch their body language, and listen carefully to the tone and pace of their voice.

5. Practice active listening: Encourage the speaker to continue and convey that you are listening to what is being said. In this way, the psychological barriers to listening can be removed.

6. Respond thoughtfully: Give a thoughtfully constructed answer that shows you heard and understood the speaker's message. This will motivate the speaker to continue communicating with you, and you'll be able to develop better communication skills over time.

7. Use effective communication techniques: Use a variety of communication techniques, such as paraphrasing, clarifying, and questioning, to better understand what is being said. These skills will help you to respond to the speaker and remove psychological listening barriers.

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The reason for why orangutans go for requests asking for food, even though the success rate for simply taking is much higher, is that the orangutans may want to maintain good social relations.

When orangutans use a request to ask for food, they are essentially expressing a need and allowing another individual to respond to it. By engaging in this cooperative behaviour, they are strengthening the bonds between the individuals in their social group.

Furthermore, the individual providing the food is likely to gain benefits such as a reputation as a generous individual, which could lead to reciprocity in the future. Additionally, requests may enable the orangutans to test the relationships between other individuals in the group, which can help them gauge the degree of trust and support in their relationships.

Finally, requests are an effective way to deal with potential conflicts since they are less confrontational and may act as a way to avoid fights over food.

In summary, the reason for why orangutans go for requests asking for food, even though the success rate for simply taking is much higher, is that it enables them to strengthen their social relationships, receive reputational benefits, test relationships, and avoid potential conflicts.

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Our friend's request is consistent with the principle of "spatial resolution", which refers to the ability to detect separate objects or sounds as they become closer together. For example, when we were sitting ten rows away from our friend at the football game, we could not make out their words until they were closer to us.

When we were able to make out our friend's request from ten rows down, you were effectively decoding their speech. In order to do this, we had to pay attention to the context of the situation, the facial expressions of our friend, and other subtle cues that helped you decipher what they were saying.

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Answer:with the results of the sumby and pollack study on the audiovisual advantage

Explanation:

During Don Quixote's first sally, he imagined himself at a castle being served an elegant dinner and being taken care of by a noble and his maidens. In reality, what was actually happening was that Don Quixote had stumbled upon an inn. The innkeeper mistook him for a knight and served him a meal which was far from elegant. Instead of the noble and his maidens, Don Quixote was taken care of by the innkeeper and his family.

Don Quixote was so enchanted by the illusion of the noble knight and his retinue that he imagined himself being served a meal of partridges, hares, and capons. He also imagined the noble knight and his ladies-in-waiting singing him ballads and playing music for him. In reality, the innkeeper's family served him a meal of dried fish, bacon, eggs, and potatoes.

Don Quixote's first sally was a vivid illustration of how imagination can create a world of its own, a world where everything is grand and majestic and no harm can come to its inhabitants. But, as the reality of the situation proved, this world of imagination had no place in the real world.

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Trying to understand why your roommate prefers a certain genre of music, over others, is an example of cultural capital. (option a)

Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, education, and values that a person acquires from their cultural background. This would involve reflecting on the various cultural elements that your roommate is exposed to and how that shapes their preferences and identity.

Cultural capital can be used to analyze how people come to understand the world around them and how this influences the decisions they make.

In this example, you may consider how your roommate's experiences and background have led them to appreciate and prefer one genre of music over another.

This could involve looking at the social context in which your roommate was raised, the music they have been exposed to, the people they have interacted with, and any other influences in their life. In doing so, you may be able to gain insight into why they have certain preferences.

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There are several techniques that you can use to help cope with the psychological effects of captivity. Some of these techniques include maintaining daily routines, staying active and engaged in activities, seeking social support, and practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques.

What are some techniques you can use to help cope with the psychological effects of captivity?

There are several techniques that you can use to help cope with the psychological effects of captivity. Some of these techniques include:

Maintaining daily routines: When in captivity, it can be easy to lose track of time and become disoriented. Maintaining a daily routine, such as waking up at the same time each day, eating meals at regular times, and engaging in regular activities, can help provide a sense of structure and control over your environment.

Staying active and engaged in activities: Engaging in activities, such as reading, writing, or drawing, can help distract you from the stress and boredom of captivity. Additionally, staying physically active, such as through exercise or stretching, can help improve your mood and reduce stress.

Seeking social support: It can be helpful to talk to others who are also in captivity or to seek support from friends and family members. Additionally, participating in support groups or therapy sessions can help provide a sense of community and help you process your experiences.

Practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques: Mindfulness and relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, can help reduce stress and improve your mental well-being. Practicing these techniques regularly can help improve your overall mood and reduce feelings of anxiety and depression. Thus, these are some techniques you can use to help cope with the psychological effects of captivity.

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The book Friedrich Nietzsche wrote when humanity disavows Christian values making will need to write its own and death will follow is 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra'.

What did Nietzsche mean by the statement "God is dead"? Friedrich Nietzsche's statement "God is dead" is about the death of God's relevance in people's lives. Nietzsche, as a philosopher, believed that human beings had surpassed the need for religion, specifically Christianity. He regarded the church as outdated and absurd, and he thought that people should seek their truth and meaning in life. Thus, he believed that the meaning of life had shifted from divine inspiration to individual self-creation.

Nietzsche's philosophy represents a profound transition from God-based ethics to a self-determined ethos. He also rejected the Christian notion of morality, arguing that it was a kind of psychological blackmail that could lead to the suppression of human will.

As a result, Nietzsche thought that people should develop their ethics based on their desires and values. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche's most famous work, presents the idea of the Übermensch. The term translates to "Superman" or "Overman," and it refers to a type of human being who has transcended traditional morality and achieved a higher level of consciousness.

Nietzsche believes that the Übermensch is the next stage of human evolution and that it will require a complete rejection of traditional religious and moral values. Ultimately, Nietzsche's philosophy represents a call to embrace the fullness of human potential, free from the constraints of divine commandments or moral dogmas.

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"A minor scale differs from a major scale, which causes it to have a darker, often sadder sound, because of this one essential note called the third. Major typically sounds happy or fun, while minor often sounds sad or serious."

The difference between major & minor chords & scales boils down to a difference of 1 essential note – the third. The third is what gives major sounding scales & chords their brighter, cheerier sound, & what gives minor scales & chords their darker, sadder sound. In a minor scale, the third note that comp-rises the scale or chord will always be flat-tened (or lowered) by a half-step.

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"The first memory strategy acquired by most children is rehearsal" is true as rehearsal is the most basic strategy for storing new knowledge.

According to psychologists, rehearsal is the most basic strategy for storing new knowledge. Children use this strategy to store knowledge in their working memory, which is the temporary storage system used to manage cognitive demands.

This strategy involves the process of repeating new information multiple times until it is transferred to long-term memory. It's also known as rote learning, which is characterized by the repetition of material until it's committed to memory.

This method is used to remember and memorize new vocabulary, arithmetic facts, and other factual information.Since it is a basic and instinctive strategy, it is commonly used by children.

However, as they grow and develop, they begin to use more advanced memory strategies, such as elaboration, organization, and categorization, which help them to store information more efficiently. These advanced strategies use visual, auditory, and other sensory methods to store information.

To sum it up, the first memory strategy that most children acquire is rehearsal. This method is used to commit new knowledge to memory by repeating it several times.

Although it is a basic technique, it aids in the creation of more advanced techniques that are used to store information more effectively as children grow and develop.

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It is true that because of their interdependence, the members of the group shoulder the burden of the underachievers.

Social norms influence how members of a group communicate with one another. Unspoken guidelines on what can be joked about and what cannot be discussed exist. The guidelines for a group's functioning are called procedural norms. They assign members to tasks based on task norms.

By encouraging reflection on one's own understanding as well as on the ideas of others, norms can help learners develop the capacity to take risks. encouraging group members to communicate effectively.

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Intentionally touching another person in a harmful or offensive way without legal justification or the consent of that person is a battery.

Battery is a criminal offense that arises from the intentional physical contact of one person by another without their consent. This harm might be direct or indirect, such as by throwing something or jostling someone so hard that they are pushed into another person.

The term battery is derived from the Latin word battere, which means "to strike." It occurs when one individual intentionally touches another person in a hurtful, offensive, or destructive way without their permission. Battery can range from a minor touch, such as a slight push, to a severe assault, such as beating someone with a weapon.

Battery entails intentionally touching another individual in a harmful or offensive way without legal justification or the consent of that person. It includes touching that is harmful in nature or that makes the individual feel violated, rather than just unpleasant. The majority of battery offenses are prosecuted as misdemeanors. However, more serious battery offenses that cause substantial harm or involve deadly weapons may be prosecuted as felonies.

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The clinician is engaging in guided imagery, a type of psychotherapy that uses relaxation techniques and mental imagery to access the subconscious mind.

Through guided imagery, the clinician guides the client through a series of mental images and encourages them to focus on the sensations, sounds, and smells associated with these images. By creating a safe, relaxed space, the clinician allows the client to explore their thoughts, feelings, and memories without fear or judgement.

This can help the client become more aware of their inner self and increase their ability to make positive changes in their life. In other words, it helps you in your personal development.

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This judgement has been made for a number of reasons. First, it is well known that a variety of other considerations, such as Social Security and private pensions, affect retirement decisions.

Supply and demand are impacted at the macroeconomic level by both domestic and global market dynamics, as well as elements like immigration, population ageing, and educational attainment. Unemployment, productivity, participation rates, total income, and gross domestic product are important metrics (GDP).

An economy produces more goods and services for the same amount of relative work as its labour productivity increases. Because of the rise in output, more products and services may be purchased for ever-lower prices. The labour force is a crucial element of economic expansion: as more individuals enter the labour force.

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The type of learning that occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to elicit a reflexive (or highly similar) response after it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response is Classical Conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves the association of two stimuli. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response until the neutral stimulus begins to elicit a reflexive or highly similar response. This reflexive response is called a conditioned response (CR). The reflexive response in classical conditioning is brought about by a stimulus that is presented to the individual and is always associated with the acquisition of a reflexive response that would not have been produced if the stimulus had not been present. The stimulus that elicits the reflexive response is called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the response that is produced is called the unconditioned response (UCR). The neutral stimulus is the one that is paired with the UCS to create the CR. The process of pairing the neutral stimulus with the UCS is called acquisition. For example, if a dog is presented with a loud noise followed by food, eventually the loud noise alone will trigger a response (salivating) in the dog.

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Transgressive content is not a primary feature of cult films.

Transgressive content, which can refer to themes, behaviors, or ideas that challenge social norms or moral standards, can be a defining feature of cult films. Many cult films have gained their status precisely because they push boundaries and challenge mainstream norms.

However, not all cult films contain transgressive content, and it is not a requirement for a film to be considered a cult classic. Other factors such as a devoted fan base, unconventional storytelling, or unique aesthetics can also contribute to a film's cult status.

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If you meet someone at a party and discover that he grew up in the same small town as you or attended your university, you may be attracted to him because of the force of proximity.

Proximity is the idea that people are more likely to be attracted to others who are close geographically. This is often seen as a way to increase the chances of forming social connections, as people who live closer to each other have more opportunities to interact with each other.

Proximity also suggests that people are more likely to have common interests and values with those who are nearby. In this case, you and the person you met at the party both grew up in the same small town, attended the same university, and like the same band.

These common experiences may create a feeling of familiarity and closeness between you two, which could lead to attraction.

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Answer:

false

Explanation:

The national science foundation recognizes it.

The correct option is D. The major institutions in a pluralistic, special-interest society will inevitably receive analysis and criticism.

What are the major institutions in a pluralistic, special-interest society?

The major institutions in a pluralistic, special-interest society are the businesses, the government, the media, the universities, and the religious organizations. Each of these institutions has a special role to play in society.The businesses are responsible for creating jobs and generating wealth, while the government is responsible for protecting the public and providing services. The media is responsible for providing information, while the universities are responsible for educating the next generation. Finally, the religious organizations are responsible for promoting morality and spirituality.

What is the meaning of pluralistic society?

In a pluralistic society, many different groups of people with different beliefs and values coexist. Because of this diversity, there is often a need for special-interest groups that represent the interests of specific groups of people. These special-interest groups may be based on ethnicity, religion, gender, or other factors. Major institutions in a pluralistic, special-interest society will inevitably receive analysis and criticism. This is because these institutions have a lot of power and influence over people's lives. As a result, it is important to keep them accountable and ensure that they are acting in the best interests of society as a whole. The correct option is D.

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"The proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm is called the cost/reward model."

The cost/reward model suggests that in emergency situations, individuals tend to respond in a way that minimizes the cost of their actions and maximizes the benefits. This model proposes that people respond to an emergency by evaluating the costs and rewards associated with different responses and choosing the most cost-effective action to reduce the shock and alarm.

For instance, if a person hears a fire alarm, they might quickly evaluate the cost of exiting the building and the reward of avoiding harm and then act accordingly. This model emphasizes the rationality of human behavior and how people seek to reduce the negative emotions associated with emergency situations.

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The researcher researched that in the United States, about 17% are engaged in what is called Binge drinking

Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption characterized by consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, typically within two hours. The specific amount of alcohol that constitutes binge drinking varies depending on factors such as body weight, gender, and tolerance level, but generally involves consuming enough alcohol to raise the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 or higher.

In the United States, binge drinking is often defined as consuming four or more drinks for women and five or more drinks for men within a two-hour period.

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Option C is the false statement.

Attitudes are not instinctive or biologically determined; instead, they are learned and developed through experiences, socialization, and culture. Attitudes are organized mental representations that involve beliefs, emotions, and behavioral tendencies towards a particular object, person, group, or situation.

Attitudes can be changed through various methods such as persuasion, cognitive dissonance, social influence, and education. Additionally, attitudes are not fixed or unchanging; they can be influenced by new information, experiences, and social contexts. Therefore, it is incorrect to suggest that attitudes are instinctive.

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The theoretical approach that uses the analogy of the human body in assessing the role of each part of society in the continuation of society as a whole is Functionalism or Structural functionalism.

The body analogy used in this perspective means that every part of society has a specific function, just like every organ in the human body has a specific role to play in maintaining the health of the entire body. According to functionalism, each part of society, such as the government, the economy, and social institutions, performs specific functions that contribute to the overall stability and continuation of society.

Dysfunction in any part of society can result in instability and lead to societal breakdown. The concept of functionalism was developed by Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist, in the 19th century. It has been widely used in the field of sociology to understand the dynamics of society and its role in shaping human behavior.

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One way that sleep deprivation affects drivers is by impairing motor skills. Sleep deprivation is a state in which a person is deprived of the appropriate amount of sleep required by the body to function efficiently.

Due to sleep deprivation, there are different ways in which the body can be affected. One of such ways is by impairing motor skills, especially in drivers who may be operating vehicles that require high levels of alertness and coordination.

Lack of sleep causes individuals to experience a delay in their reflexes, making them slow to react to various stimuli they encounter on the road. Sleep deprivation can cause micro-sleep, which is when an individual falls asleep for a few seconds, even when awake.

Sleep deprivation can have negative effects on drivers, including reducing their attention span, reducing vision and hearing, making them drive more slowly and cautiously, and increasing irritation, frustration, and potential road rage. It is essential to get an adequate amount of sleep to function properly in daily life activities, including driving.

The amount of sleep required by different people may vary, but it is generally recommended that an adult should have between 7-9 hours of sleep per night.

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Facilitating a support group of parents whose children have been diagnosed with autism is an example of Macro social work. Social work is a field of study that is concerned with human well-being and the enhancement of individuals' quality of life.

Social work involves assisting people in addressing social issues and challenging circumstances in their lives. The macro level of social work is concerned with community-level social problems, which includes policy advocacy and community organizing to enhance the wellbeing of individuals and society at large.

The social worker at the macro level works with individuals, communities, and organizations to change policies and the larger social context in which people live. They advocate for social justice by working to improve the distribution of resources and address the systemic inequalities that cause social problems. Macro social work is distinguished from micro social work, which focuses on individual-level problems and counseling services to help people resolve their personal problems.

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Comparing the rate of overall crime in the United States to that of other parts of the world can provide valuable insight into a nation's criminal justice system and the measures taken to reduce crime.

Generally speaking, the U.S. has a higher rate of crime than other nations, and this can be attributed to a variety of factors. For example, there is a higher rate of poverty and social inequality in the U.S. than in many other parts of the world, leading to a greater number of people living in high-crime areas.

Additionally, many states have lenient gun control laws, which allows firearms to be easily obtained and can contribute to the prevalence of violent crimes.

Furthermore, the United States has a much higher incarceration rate than many other countries, leading to the notion that the U.S. relies heavily on punitive approaches to justice, rather than rehabilitation.

Thus, it is not surprising that the rate of overall crime in the United States is higher than that of many other parts of the world.

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Upper  body position during a swerve on a straight road is best described as option b. upright .

The ideal body position during a swerve while riding a motorcycle or bicycle will depend on several factors, such as the speed of the vehicle, the angle of the swerve, and the rider's experience and skill level.

However, in general, a rider should try to maintain a balanced and relaxed body position during a swerve. The rider should grip the handlebars firmly but not tense up their arms or upper body. The knees should be bent, and the feet should be firmly planted on the footpegs or pedals.

As the rider initiates the swerve, they should lean their body in the direction of the turn, while keeping their head up and looking where they want to go. This helps to maintain stability and control of the motorcycle or bicycle.

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Today discusses the time, but the other response options express an opinion.

Individuals might be unreliable due to dishonesty, being perpetually late, being subpar at their jobs, or simply being inconsistent. Items that are broken or ancient can be untrustworthy. If the trains are never on time, a train schedule may not be reliable. Be careful because there are a lot of unreliable things in life.

It's interesting to note that ambiguity or a lack of commitment might lead to unreliability. Passive aggressive behaviour, such as contributing less than we could or doing so inconsistently, can be used to convey uncertainty about something or how much we feel involved in a relationship.

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According to the US Constitution, Article I, Section 7, only the House of Representatives can introduce Bills for the raising of revenue.

The Constitution of the United States establishes a bicameral legislature, which means that there are two separate houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The Constitution specifies which types of bills may only be introduced in one chamber. Bills can be introduced in either the House of Representatives or the Senate as a general rule.

However, there are exceptions, and certain bills can only be introduced in one chamber. The Constitution specifies that all revenue-related bills must begin in the House of Representatives.

Bills that impose taxes, tariffs, or other levies to raise funds are examples of revenue bills. Bills that include appropriations, or government spending, are also included in this category.

In reality, the Senate may change revenue-related bills sent to it by the House of Representatives, but the Constitution's provision that these bills must begin in the House of Representatives remains in place.

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Answer:

Wells, water wheels, and electricity

Explanation:

The first uses of natural water resources by humans were the creation of wells. Natural wells access underground water sources and bring clean water to the surface for drinking, bathing, and farming. Water wheels were invented to use natural water pressure to enhance machines and make millwork easier for people. Lastly, scientists have invented ocean tunnels to harness electricity through ocean tides.

Answer:

The first uses of natural water resources by humans were the creation of wells. Natural wells access underground water sources and bring clean water to the surface for drinking, bathing, and farming. Water wheels were invented to use natural water pressure to enhance machines and make millwork easier for people. Lastly, scientists have invented ocean tunnels to harness electricity through ocean tides.

Explanation:

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Correct answer is option B

Natural concepts refer to concepts that exist in the world in a real and tangible way. These concepts are typically tied to the physical world and can be observed directly. These concepts are considered to be innate to the human experience and do not require any additional information or knowledge to understand. Artificial concepts refer to concepts that are created by humans and do not exist in the world in a tangible way.

These concepts are typically abstract and require a deeper understanding of the world in order to comprehend. The distinction between natural and artificial concepts is important in psychology because it helps to explain how humans perceive and understand the world around them. By understanding the difference between these two types of concepts, psychologists can gain insight into how people learn and process information.

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