Many smoke detectors use americium-241 to detect very small particulates in the air. This is done by using a stream of radioactive


particles that can be stopped by the small smoke particulate. Which type of radiation is MOST LIKELY used in a smoke detector, as


it can be stopped by something this small?

The  three general exceptions to the octet rule is:

The octet rule is  described as a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

The structure of the octet is usually held responsible for the relative inertness of the noble gases and the chemical behavior of certain other elements.

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2 moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution has the greatest concentration.

Concentration refers to the quantity of solute that is dissolved in a specific amount of solution, and it is commonly measured in units such as moles per liter or grams per liter.

To determine which solution has the greatest concentration, we need to calculate the number of moles of solute present in each solution and then compare the values.

a. Concentration = 2 moles / 1 liter = 2 M

b. Concentration = 0.3 moles / 0.6 liters = 0.5 M

c. Concentration = 2 moles / 10 liters = 0.2 M

d. Concentration = 0.1 moles / 0.5 liters = 0.2 M

Comparing the concentrations, we see that solution (a) has the greatest concentration of 2 M, while the other solutions have concentrations of 0.5 M or lower.

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The volume of the gas at 2.00 atm and 200.0 K is 18.75 L.

We can use the combined to solve this problem:

(P1 * V1) / (T1) = (P2 * V2) / (T2)

where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature.

Plugging in the given values:

(0.250 atm * 300 L) / (400.0 K) = (2.00 atm * V2) / (200.0 K)

Simplifying:

V2 = (0.250 atm * 300 L * 200.0 K) / (2.00 atm * 400.0 K)

V2 = 18.75 L

Therefore, the volume of the gas at 2.00 atm and 200.0 K is 18.75 L.

Gas laws refer to a set of principles that describe the behavior of gases under different conditions, including pressure, temperature, and volume.

There are several gas laws, including Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, and the ideal gas law.

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The appropriate term for the following mixtures are;

A mixture is a substance made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined chemically.

The components of a mixture can be easily separated because each component keep their original properties or identity.

A homogenous mixture is a gaseous, liquid or solid mixture that has the same proportions of its components throughout a given sample e.g. juice while heterogenous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture e.g. smoke.

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Answer:

Its in my screenshot

Explanation:

If the unknown solution reacts with potassium carbonate to form a white precipitate, then it contains strontium ions, indicating that the unknown solution is strontium nitrate.

On the other hand, if the unknown solution reacts with potassium sulfate to form a white precipitate, then it contains magnesium ions, indicating that the unknown solution is magnesium nitrate.

Therefore, based on the observations, if a white precipitate is observed when the unknown solution is mixed with potassium carbonate and no precipitate is observed when the unknown solution is mixed with potassium sulfate, the unknown solution is most likely strontium nitrate.

If no precipitate is observed when the unknown solution is mixed with both potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate, the unknown solution is most likely magnesium nitrate.

Therefore, we can determine the identity of the unknown solution by observing the reaction with potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate.

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The first step in this investigation will be to select several substances to test. It is important to choose substances that have similar chemical composition but differ in physical properties.

Once the substances have been selected, the next step is to measure the single property across each of the substances. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as using a thermometer to measure boiling points or a microscope to measure surface tension.

After the data has been collected, it should be compared and analyzed to determine how the property is related to the strength of the electrical forces in the substance. By comparing the data and making inferences, it is possible to determine how properties of substances can indicate the strength of the electrical forces within those substances.

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To answer this question, we need to use the equation for molarity, which is:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
We can rearrange this equation to solve for the volume of solution:

Volume of solution = moles of solute / molarity
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of HCl in 32.0 g. The molar mass of HCl is 36.5 g/mol, so:
32.0 g / 36.5 g/mol = 0.8767 mol HCl

Next, we need to calculate the volume of solution needed to make a 4.80 m solution. Using the equation above:
Volume of solution = 0.8767 mol / 4.80 mol/L = 0.1826 L or 182.6 mL
Finally, we need to calculate how much water needs to be added. We started with 32.0 g of HCl and added water to make a total volume of 182.6 mL. The volume of water added is therefore:

Volume of water added = 182.6 mL - 32.0 g / 1 g/mL = 150.6 mL
Converting to liters:
Volume of water added = 150.6 mL / 1000 mL/L = 0.1506 L

Therefore, the answer is 0.18 L of water should be added to 32.0 g of HCl to make a 4.80 m solution.

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This statement refers to the solubility rules for ionic compounds in water. According to these rules, most chloride, bromide, and iodide compounds are soluble in water, meaning they can dissolve and form aqueous solutions.

However, there are some exceptions to this rule, and those exceptions involve the chloride, bromide, and iodide compounds of the ions Ag+, Hg2^2+, Pb^2+, Ca^2+, Sr^2+, Ba^2+, NH4+ and the alkali metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+). These compounds are generally insoluble in water, meaning they cannot dissolve and form aqueous solutions.

It is important to note that while these are general solubility rules, there may be some exceptions to them depending on the specific conditions of a given chemical system.

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The formula for heat capacity, which is Q = m x c x ΔT. Q represents the amount of heat absorbed, m is the mass of the object, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

In this case, we know the mass of the wood is 1500.0 grams and the specific heat capacity is 1.8 g/JxC. We also know that the wood absorbed 67,500 Joules of heat. Finally, we know the final temperature of the wood is 57C. We can use this information to solve for the initial temperature.

First, we need to rearrange the formula to solve for ΔT. ΔT = Q / (m x c)
ΔT = 67,500 J / (1500.0 g x 1.8 g/JxC)
ΔT = 25°C

Next, we can use the final temperature and ΔT to solve for the initial temperature. The initial temperature can be found by subtracting the change in temperature from the final temperature.

Initial temperature = final temperature - ΔT
Initial temperature = 57°C - 25°C
Initial temperature = 32°C

Therefore, the initial temperature of the wood was 32°C.

In summary, heat capacity is a measure of an object's ability to absorb heat. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. In this problem, we used the formula for heat capacity to solve for the initial temperature of a piece of wood. We found that the initial temperature was 32°C, given that the wood absorbed 67,500 Joules of heat and its final temperature was 57°C.

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Gay-Lussac's Laws, also known as the Pressure-Temperature Law and Volume-Temperature Law, are a set of gas laws that explain the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in a given gas sample.

According to Gay-Lussac's Laws, if the pressure of a gas is increased while the volume remains constant, the temperature of the gas will also increase. Similarly, if the volume of a gas is decreased while the pressure remains constant, the temperature of the gas will increase as well.

In terms of a concept map, Gay-Lussac's Laws can be placed in the center with arrows pointing to both Boyle's Law and Charles's Law, which are two other gas laws that are also related to pressure, volume, and temperature.

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, while Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

To connect these three gas laws, the arrows can be labeled with key terms such as "pressure," "volume," and "temperature," with each gas law demonstrating how changes in one variable will affect the others.

The concept map can also include real-world examples of each gas law, such as how a tire pressure gauge can be used to demonstrate Boyle's Law, or how a hot air balloon can be used to demonstrate Charles's Law.

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There are 516.682 grams in a sample of 7.9 moles of zinc.

To determine the number of grams in a sample of 7.9 moles of zinc, we need to use the molar mass of zinc. The molar mass of zinc is 65.38 g/mol.

Therefore, to calculate the number of grams in 7.9 moles of zinc, we can multiply 7.9 moles by 65.38 g/mol. The calculation is as follows:

7.9 moles x 65.38 g/mol = 516.682 g

Therefore, there are 516.682 grams in a sample of 7.9 moles of zinc. It's important to remember to always use the molar mass of the element or compound when converting between moles and grams.

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The volume of the gas-filled balloon at STP would be 36.7 L.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:

(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

At STP (standard temperature and pressure), the temperature is 273 K and the pressure is 1 atm. So we have:

(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2

(1.5 atm x 30.0 L)/313 K = (1 atm x V2)/273 K

Solving for V2:

V2 = (1.5 atm x 30.0 L x 273 K)/(1 atm x 313 K)

V2 = 36.7 L

Therefore, the volume of the gas-filled balloon at STP would be 36.7 L.

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Based on the stoichiometry, sodium oxide is the limiting reactant because it produces less product compared to the calcium chloride. Therefore, 0.998 g of calcium oxide is the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

To determine the theoretically possible mass of solid product and the limiting reactant, we need to first write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium chloride and sodium oxide:

[tex]CaCl2 + Na2O → CaO + 2NaCl[/tex]

The stoichiometric ratio of calcium chloride to sodium oxide in the equation is 1:1, which means that for every 1 mole of calcium chloride that reacts, 1 mole of sodium oxide is required. We can use this ratio to calculate the moles of each reactant:

moles of [tex]CaCl2[/tex] = 1.98 g / 110.98 g/mol = 0.0178 mol

moles of [tex]Na2O[/tex] = 3.75 g / 61.98 g/mol = 0.0604 mol

According to the balanced equation, for every mole of calcium chloride that reacts, 1 mole of calcium oxide is produced. Therefore, the theoretical yield of calcium oxide can be calculated based on the moles of calcium chloride:

moles of [tex]CaO[/tex] = 0.0178 mol

mass of [tex]CaO[/tex] = moles of[tex]CaO[/tex] x molar mass of [tex]CaO[/tex]

mass of [tex]CaO[/tex] = 0.0178 mol x 56.08 g/mol

mass of [tex]CaO[/tex]= 0.998 g

Similarly, we can calculate the maximum amount of product that can be formed based on the moles of sodium oxide:

moles of [tex]NaCl[/tex]= 2 x moles of [tex]Na2O[/tex] = 0.1208 mol

mass of[tex]NaCl[/tex] = moles of [tex]NaCl[/tex] x molar mass of[tex]NaCl[/tex]

mass of [tex]NaCl[/tex]= 0.1208 mol x 58.44 g/mol

mass of [tex]NaCl[/tex] = 7.06 g

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To produce 1000 grams of water, approximately 612.72 grams of propane are used in the combustion reaction.

To determine how much propane is used to produce 1000 grams of water, we must first understand the combustion reaction involving propane.

Propane (C3H8) is a hydrocarbon that undergoes combustion in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

From the balanced equation, we can see that 1 mole of propane (C3H8) produces 4 moles of water (H2O).

Next, we need to convert the mass of water (1000 grams) into moles, using the molar mass of water (18.015 g/mol):

1000 g H2O × (1 mol H2O / 18.015 g H2O) = 55.56 moles H2O

Now, using the stoichiometry from the balanced equation, we can find the moles of propane needed:

55.56 moles H2O × (1 mol C3H8 / 4 moles H2O) = 13.89 moles C3H8

Finally, we need to convert moles of propane into grams, using the molar mass of propane (44.097 g/mol):

13.89 moles C3H8 × (44.097 g C3H8 / 1 mol C3H8) = 612.72 grams

So, to produce 1000 grams of water, approximately 612.72 grams of propane are used in the combustion reaction.

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111900g  is the weight of an object that has the area of 74.6 m² and exerts a pressure of 1500 N/m².

Weight being a force The SI unit for weight is Newton (N), which also happens to be the same as the SI unit for force. When we look at how weight is expressed, we can see how it depends on both mass as well as the acceleration caused by gravity; while the mass might not vary from one location to another, the acceleration caused by gravity does.

Pressure = thrust/ area

              = weight/ area

1500  = weight/ 74.6

weight = 111900g

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To determine the rate of production of the final product and its composition, we can start by calculating the mass balance for the alcohol in the system.

Given:

Feed rate = 2.0 t/h

Alcohol content in the feed = 15%

Water content in the feed = 82%

Bottoms composition: 94% water, 3.5% inert material, and 2.5% alcohol

We can assume that the inert material remains constant throughout the process, so we only need to consider the alcohol and water components.

Calculation of alcohol mass in the feed:

Alcohol mass in feed = Feed rate * Alcohol content

= 2.0 t/h * 0.15

= 0.3 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the feed:

Water mass in feed = Feed rate * Water content

= 2.0 t/h * 0.82

= 1.64 t/h

Calculation of alcohol mass in the bottoms:

Alcohol mass in bottoms = Alcohol mass in feed * Bottoms composition (alcohol)

= 0.3 t/h * 0.025

= 0.0075 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the bottoms:

Water mass in bottoms = Water mass in feed * Bottoms composition (water)

= 1.64 t/h * 0.94

= 1.5416 t/h

Calculation of alcohol mass in the product:

Alcohol mass in product = Alcohol mass in feed - Alcohol mass in bottoms

= 0.3 t/h - 0.0075 t/h

= 0.2925 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the product:

Water mass in product = Water mass in feed - Water mass in bottoms

= 1.64 t/h - 1.5416 t/h

= 0.0984 t/h

Therefore, the rate of production of the final product is 0.2925 t/h, and its composition is approximately 2.5% alcohol and 97.5% water.

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Answer:

Backbone help us to be straight ,walk ,sleep etc

Explanation:

Backbone is the part of human body which is located back of our body.

It effort helps us to be straight do various work

The spine or the backbone is the central structure of the vertebrate body and it serves a few imperative capacities:

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The correct answer is iron(III) chloride.

The molar mass of iron (Fe) is approximately 55.8 g/mol, and the molar mass of chlorine (Cl) is approximately 35.5 g/mol.

To determine the compound, we can calculate the empirical formula, which gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound.

Assuming a 100 g sample of the compound, we have:

34.4 g Fe

65.6 g Cl

Converting these masses to moles:

34.4 g Fe / 55.8 g/mol Fe = 0.616 mol Fe

65.6 g Cl / 35.5 g/mol Cl = 1.85 mol Cl

Dividing by the smaller number of moles to get the simplest whole-number ratio:

Fe:Cl = 0.616 mol : (1.85 mol / 0.616 mol) = 0.616 mol : 3 mol

So the empirical formula is FeCl3, which is iron(III) chloride.

Therefore, the correct answer is iron(III) chloride (FeCl3).

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Answer:1.8

Explanation:

=nrt/v

P=(3.15)(.0821)(472)/67

P=1.82atm

Limiting reactant: O2  and Amount of product formed: 47.7 g P2O3

To determine the limiting reactant and the amount of product formed, we need to first calculate the amount of product that can be formed from each reactant, assuming they completely react.

From the balanced chemical equation:

[tex]P4 + O2 → P2O3[/tex]

The stoichiometry of the reaction shows that 1 mole of P4 reacts with 5 moles of O2 to form 2 moles of [tex]P2O3[/tex]. Therefore, we need to calculate the number of moles of each reactant:

Number of moles of P4 = 65.1 g / 123.9 g/mol = 0.525 mol

Number of moles of O2 = 34.2 g / 32.0 g/mol = 1.069 mol

Next, we can calculate the amount of product that can be formed from each reactant:

From P4: (0.525 mol P4) x (2 mol P2O3 / 1 mol P4) x (109.9 g/mol P2O3) = 115.6 g P2O3

From O2: (1.069 mol O2) x (2 mol P2O3 / 5 mol O2) x (109.9 g/mol P2O3) = 47.7 g P2O3

Therefore, we can see that the amount of P2O3 that can be formed from O2 is lower than that of P4. This indicates that O2 is the limiting reactant, and P4 is in excess.

The maximum amount of product that can be formed is 47.7 g P2O3. This is the amount of product that would be formed if all the O2 was consumed. Therefore, the answer is:

Limiting reactant: O2

Amount of product formed: 47.7 g P2O3

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The maximum amount of Al₂O₃ that can be produced in this reaction is 1.00 kg, which confirms that aluminium is the limiting reactant.

To determine if aluminium is the limiting reactant in this reaction, we need to first calculate the theoretical yield of the reaction using both reactants.

From the balanced equation, we can see that for every 2 moles of aluminium, we need 1 mole of iron oxide.

1.00 kg of aluminium has a mass of 1000 g / 27 g/mol = 37.04 moles.

3.00 kg of iron oxide has a mass of 3000 g / (2 x 56 g/mol + 3 x 16 g/mol) = 13.39 moles.

Since we need half as many moles of iron oxide as aluminium for the reaction, the aluminium is the limiting reactant.

To calculate the theoretical yield of the reaction, we need to use the amount of aluminium as the limiting factor.

Since the balanced equation shows that 2 moles of aluminium react to produce 1 mole of Al₂O₃, we can calculate the theoretical yield of Al₂O₃ as:

37.04 moles Al x (1 mol Al₂O₃ / 2 mol Al) x (2 x 27 g/mol Al₂O₃) = 999.5 g or 1.00 kg (rounded to two significant figures).

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The pH of the final solution will be equal to 7.

When 100 mL of 0.40 M hydrofluoric acid (a weak acid) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.40 M lithium hydroxide (a strong base), the reaction can be represented as:

HF + LiOH → LiF + H₂O

As both solutions have equal concentrations and volumes, they will completely neutralize each other. The product, LiF, is a soluble salt and will dissociate into Li+ and F- ions in water.

Since the number of moles of H+ and OH- ions is the same in the reaction, they will react to form water (H₂O), resulting in a neutral solution with a pH of 7. The formation of water from equal amounts of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions indicates that the solution is neither acidic nor basic, thus leading to a pH of 7.

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Based on the properties of elements, the correct options for the reactivity and composition of elements and compounds are:

Reactive elements are elements that readily react with other elements by gaining or losing electrons.

Reactive elements may be metals such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals or they may be non-metals such as halogens.

Considering the given questions about the properties of elements, the correct options are:

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Answer:2.18 g.

Explanation:To find the mass of sodium sulfate reacted, we use the balanced chemical equation to know that 1 mole of sodium sulfate reacts with 1 mole of barium sulfate. From the given mass of barium sulfate formed, we calculate the number of moles of barium sulfate. Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1, the number of moles of sodium sulfate reacted is the same as the number of moles of barium sulfate formed. We then use the molar mass of sodium sulfate to calculate the mass of sodium sulfate reacted. The final answer is 2.18 g.

To solve this problem, we need to use the ideal gas law which states that PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. Rearranging this equation, we can solve for n by dividing both sides by RT.

n = PV/RT
Now, we can plug in the given values:
n = (4.2 atm)(128 L)/(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(382 K)

n = 16.4 moles
Therefore, 16.4 moles of gas occupy 128L at a pressure of 4.2 atm and a temperature of 382K.

It's important to note that the ideal gas law is only applicable to ideal gases, which follow certain assumptions such as having no intermolecular forces and having particles with negligible volume. Real gases can deviate from these assumptions, especially at high pressures and low temperatures. However, for most practical purposes, the ideal gas law provides a good approximation of gas behavior.

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Answer:

3.7996 g

Explanation:

From the number of molecules we can find the number of moles of Fluorine gas (F2) and multiply by Fluorine Gas' molecular weight. Fluorine gas is F2,

F = 18.998g/mol.

F2 (g) = 18.998*2 =37.996g F2(g)/mol

1 mol = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules

[tex]\frac{6.02*10^{22} molecules}{6.02*10^{23}molecules / mole }\\\\ = 0.1 mole[/tex]

0.1 mol x 37.996g F2 (g) / mol

3.7996 g F2

The limiting reagent is F₂, the number of OF₂ molecules formed is 2 and the number of F₂ atoms/molecules in excess is 2.

Since there are two oxygen molecules and four fluorine molecules, fluorine is in excess.

The balanced equation is O₂ + 2 F₂ → OF₂, which shows that 1 molecule of O₂ reacts with 2 molecules of F₂ to form 2 molecules of OF₂. Therefore, since there are only 2 molecules of F₂ available, the limiting reagent is F₂.

As F₂ is the limiting reagent, only 1 molecule of O₂ will react with 2 molecules of F₂ to form 2 molecules of OF₂. Therefore, the number of OF₂ molecules formed is 2.

The number of atoms/molecules in excess is the difference between the number of atoms/molecules available and the number of atoms/molecules used in the reaction. In this case, since F₂ is in excess, the number of F₂ molecules in excess is 2.

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Image transcribed:

Use the References to access important values if needed for this question.

The illustration to the left represents a mixture of oxygen (red) and fluorine (green) molecules.

If the molecules in the above illustration react to form OF₂ according to the equation

O₂ + 2 F₂ →  OF₂,

the limiting reagent is _______, the number of OF₂ molecules formed is ______ and

the number of ______ atoms/molecules in excess is ________.

Answer:

C. Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

Explanation:

An enzyme can speed up a certain chemical reaction by all of the above ways mentioned. Option E is correct.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Enzymes work by binding to their substrates in a specific manner, which allows for the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex. The active site of the enzyme provides a suitable environment for catalysis, with the presence of acidic or basic residues, which can act as proton donors or acceptors to facilitate the reaction.

Additionally, enzymes can stabilize the highest energy part of the reaction, which is called the transition state. By stabilizing the transition state, the enzyme can lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes can also expel water or unwanted reactants from the active site to prevent non-specific reactions from occurring. All of these mechanisms work together to speed up a certain chemical reaction and make it occur more efficiently. Option E is correct.

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Student 1 and Student 3 both provide incorrect explanations for the increase or decrease in entropy during dissolution reactions. Option A is correct.

Student 1 suggests that the entropy increased for ammonium nitrate but decreased for sodium hydroxide, based on the number of species introduced to water, which is not a valid explanation. Student 3 suggests that the entropy decreased for both ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide due to the salts becoming more ordered, which is also incorrect.

On the other hand, Student 2 provides the correct scientific reasoning. According to the second law of thermodynamics, dissolution reactions always result in an increase in entropy. As the solid dissolves, the molecules become more dispersed in the solvent, which increases the number of micro-states and hence the entropy. Option A is correct.

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