methods used to conduct international business duve, inc., desires to penetrate a foreign market either by creating a licensing agreement with a foreign firm or by acquiring a foreign firm. explain the differences in potential risk and return between a licensing agreement with a foreign firm and the acquisition of a foreign firm.

The total income for Gilbert Construction for the contract to build a shopping center on March 15, 2019 is $0. The income statement for Gilbert Construction for the contract to build a shopping center on March 15, 2019 can be constructed using the cost-to-cost method.

The income statement is calculated by subtracting total costs from total revenue. The total revenue for the contract is $220 million, while total costs include the cash collections and contract costs as follows:

Income Statement = Total Revenue - Total Costs

Income Statement = $220 million - ($38 million + $182 million)

Income Statement = $220 million - $220 million = $0

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The controller of company found these items: The difference in the bank balance of the General Ledger and bank statement might have several causes. following discrepancies are found by controller :Outstanding checks, Deposit in transit and Bank errors.

These are checks drawn on the account that has not been cashed or deposited by the payee. The amount of outstanding checks must be subtracted from the bank statement balance. Deposit in transit. This is money received by the bank but not credited to the account by the time of the statement.

Bank errors. A bank error can either decrease or increase the account balance. A mistake might be made by the bank such as entering the wrong amount, duplicating a transaction, or posting a transaction to the wrong account.

Bookkeeping errors. These are errors that are made internally, such as an accounting clerk making a mistake in posting to the General Ledger. Bookkeeping errors can cause the General Ledger balance to differ from the bank statement balance.

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Option (d), The G.I. Bill was created to give service personnel the chance to pursue higher education.

Veterans ran across a number of issues when they got home from the war. It was difficult to succeed, get job, and find a place to live because of things like a lack of prior schooling. After the end of the war, opportunities suddenly vanished. By 1947, the number of unemployed American women was at least two million.

On June 22, 1944, Congress passed this legislation, often known as the "G.I. Bill," and President Franklin D. Roosevelt then formally signed it into law. Veterans of World War II received aid with housing costs, unemployment compensation, and school costs. The opportunity to seek higher education is now available to millions of World War II and other military veterans.

As a result, more people have the opportunity to enroll in colleges and universities. Armed forces veterans' spouses and children were immediately provided opportunities. As a result, a cadre of elite, highly educated military officers was created.

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The correct option that best describes the long-run adjustments that will occur in the economy following a negative aggregate demand shock with no government intervention is that the price level will decrease and aggregate demand will increase until full employment is restored in the long run.

What is a negative aggregate demand shock? When the government does not intervene, what happens to the economy? In macroeconomics, the aggregate demand (AD) curve shows the total amount of goods and services that people, businesses, and the government are willing to purchase at various price levels.

Aggregate supply (AS) refers to the total amount of goods and services that producers are willing to provide to the market at a variety of price levels. The economy's equilibrium occurs when the aggregate demand and supply curves intersect. Full employment is said to be achieved when the quantity of goods and services supplied matches the quantity of goods and services demanded.

Suppose there is a negative aggregate demand shock. It will result in a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left. When this happens, the economy's overall output and employment will decrease. The economy, on the other hand, will adjust over time to the shock.

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To solve this problem, we need to calculate the cost per ounce of the two options and compare them to find out which is cheaper.

For the 128-ounce jug of milk, the cost per ounce is 4.8 cents per ounce. So, the total cost of the jug of milk is:

128 ounces x 4.8 cents/ounce = $6.14

For the two 64-ounce cartons of milk, the cost per ounce is 5.1 cents per ounce. So, the total cost of the two cartons of milk is:

64 ounces x 5.1 cents/ounce = $3.26 (for one carton)

$3.26 x 2 = $6.52 (for two cartons)

To find out how much money is saved by purchasing the larger jug instead of two cartons, we need to subtract the cost of the jug from the cost of two cartons:

$6.52 - $6.14 = $0.38

Therefore, approximately 38 cents is saved by purchasing the larger jug instead of two cartons.

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Bank 2 must charge a nominal interest rate of 7.342% to provide the same effective annual rate as Bank 1.

This is calculated by solving the equation:  (1 + r/2)^2 = 1 + r/4, where r is the nominal interest rate of Bank 2. To solve the equation, first multiply both sides of the equation by 4, so that r is isolated on one side. This gives us the equation : 4*(1 + r/2)^2 = 4 + r . Next, expand the left side of the equation by using the binomial theorem: 4 + 4r + 2r^2 = 4 + r. Finally, subtract 4 from both sides and solve for r: 2r^2 + 4r - 4 = 0, Solving this quadratic equation gives us r = 7.342%.

This means that Bank 2 must charge a nominal interest rate of 7.342% to provide the same effective annual rate as Bank 1. This is rounded to three decimal places.

This calculation assumes that all payments will be made on time and there are no other fees or costs associated with the loan. To compare different banks and their loan options, it is important to factor in all costs and fees, not just the interest rate.

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The effects of price ceilings: are limited to the price-controlled market. Price ceilings are regulatory restrictions imposed by governments on how high prices of certain goods and services can rise.

As a result, the price ceiling prohibits the price of a good or service from exceeding a certain threshold. They are usually implemented to keep the prices of essential goods and services at a fair level. The effects of price ceilings are limited to the price-controlled market, and they do not extend beyond it.Price ceilings have a significant effect on the price-controlled market. This means that when the government imposes a price ceiling on a commodity, it affects only that particular market.

Extend beyond the price-controlled market.Price ceilings are regulatory restrictions imposed by governments on how high prices of certain goods and services can rise. As a result, the price ceiling prohibits the price of a good or service from exceeding a certain threshold. They are usually implemented to keep the prices of essential goods and services at a fair level. The effects of price ceilings are limited to the price-controlled market, and they do not extend beyond it.

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To calculate the value of ABC stock, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which estimates the intrinsic value of a stock based on its expected future dividends.

The formula for the DDM is as follows:

Stock price = Dividend / (Required return - Dividend growth rate)

Using the information given in the question, we can plug in the numbers as follows:

Stock price = $1.60 / (0.15 - 0.12)

Stock price = $1.60 / 0.03

Stock price = $53.33

Therefore, the value of ABC stock is $53.33 when the required return is 15 percent, assuming a dividend growth rate of 12 percent. It's important to note that this calculation is only an estimate and that stock prices can fluctuate based on a variety of factors, including market conditions, company performance, and investor sentiment.

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Long-term contracts are a low-cost alternative to vertical integration when it is possible to build cooperative relationships with suppliers.

A long-term contract is a contractual agreement between two parties that specifies the conditions and requirements for the transaction's performance over an extended period. The aim of a long-term contract is to establish a long-term relationship between the two parties, which involves predictable and consistent transactions that can be relied on to continue over a lengthy period. Long-term contracts are an essential component of supply chain management and help to ensure a stable supply of raw materials, finished goods, or services.

The advantages of Long-term Contracts are as follows: A low-cost alternative to vertical integration when it is possible to build cooperative relationships with suppliers. Generally, result in lower prices than competitive bidding. When there is a minimal need for cooperation, they are preferable to short-term contracts.

Achieve the same outcomes as vertical integration, but they incur lower bureaucratic costs. However, Long-term contracts are not preferable when it is not feasible to exchange hostages. Thus, the correct option is: Long-term contracts are a low-cost alternative to vertical integration when it is possible to build cooperative relationships with suppliers.

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b.) price elasticity of demand for the good is less than 1. When total revenue falls as a result of a price increase, the demand for the good is elastic, and the price elasticity of demand is less than 1.

When the price of an item increases and the total revenue (TR) decreases, this indicates that the demand for the good is elastic. As a result, when prices rise, customers will demand much less since they are sensitive to price changes. The price elasticity of demand (PED) in this situation exceeds 1. The demand for the good is considered to be inelastic, meaning that customers are less sensitive to price fluctuations, if the TR decreases as the commodity's price rises. In this case, the PED is less than 1. For companies to make educated choices regarding pricing, output, and income, they must have a thorough understanding of the price elasticity of demand.

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The statement ''first mover advantages are especially important in industries where the global market can profitably support only a limited number of firms is true as the  First mover advantages refer to the benefits that a company can gain by being the first to enter a new market or introduce a new product.

In industries where the global market can profitably support only a limited number of firms, first mover advantages are particularly important because the first company to enter the market can establish itself as the market leader and gain a significant market share before competitors enter.

This can lead to economies of scale, brand recognition, and customer loyalty, making it difficult for latecomers to compete effectively. Examples of such industries include the aerospace industry and the telecommunications industry, where there are only a few major players that dominate the market.

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When answering questions as a bot on the Brainly platform, it is important to always be factually accurate, professional, and friendly. Additionally, answers should be concise and avoid extraneous detail. Typos and irrelevant parts of the question should be ignored.

When using the following terms in an answer, they should be incorporated in a clear and logical manner: Student question, side conversation, Adrienne's ability, Luca, company's marketing team.The side conversation heard in the office across the hall during Adrienne's interview with Luca could hinder her ability to determine if he would be a good fit with the company and the job. This is because the noise from the side conversation can be distracting and could prevent Adrienne from being able to fully focus on the interview with Luca.If Adrienne is unable to hear Luca's answers clearly due to the noise from the side conversation, she may miss important details that would help her determine if he is a good fit for the marketing team. Additionally, the noise could make it difficult for Adrienne to build a rapport with Luca, which is an important factor in assessing whether or not he would be a good addition to the team.However, it is possible that the side conversation could also enhance Adrienne's ability to determine if Luca would be a good fit. If Adrienne is able to stay focused and engaged despite the distraction of the side conversation, it may demonstrate her ability to stay calm and professional in a fast-paced, high-pressure work environment. This could be a desirable trait for someone working on the marketing team, which often involves managing multiple projects and deadlines simultaneously.In general, it is likely that the side conversation would hinder Adrienne's ability to determine if Luca would be a good fit with the company and the job. However, the impact of the distraction would depend on a number of factors, including the intensity of the noise, Adrienne's ability to focus, and the importance of the position that Luca is being considered for.

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When making corrections for differences between their jobs and external benchmark jobs, companies can use job evaluation as a process. Job evaluation is the process of determining the relative worth of different jobs in an organization.

It entails comparing job roles and responsibilities, as well as determining the required knowledge and abilities. Companies use this approach to evaluate their workers' salaries and pay scales in comparison to the industry standard. The primary goal of job evaluation is to make certain that the work is paid for fairly, that is, according to the degree of skill, expertise, and decision-making it entails.

Companies use this process to determine the hierarchy of job roles and responsibilities and to identify opportunities for advancement. Job evaluation is generally based on a series of benchmark jobs that are utilized as reference points. These benchmark jobs are chosen from the organization's own set of jobs or from those of other businesses in the same sector.

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the specific manufacturing special orders for job no. J57 and job no. K52. Job cost sheets are used to track the costs associated with a particular job or project, including direct materials, direct labor, and overhead costs.

To set up job cost sheets, you would need to gather information about the costs associated with each job, including the materials and labor used, as well as any overhead costs. Once this information is gathered, you can calculate the total cost and unit cost for each job by adding up the direct materials, direct labor, and overhead costs and dividing by the number of units produced. Without more specific information about these manufacturing special orders, it is impossible for me to set up the job cost sheets or calculate the total cost and unit cost for each job.

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The amount of net income for Kilgore Company during its first accounting period is $980. The given information states that Kilgore Company experienced certain events during its first accounting period.

The amount of net income is to be determined based on this information. The events are: Issued common stock for $5,200 cash. Earned $3,200 of cash revenue. Paid $4,200 cash to purchase land. Paid cash dividends amounting to $410. Paid $2,220 of cash expenses.

We need to compute net income. It is computed as: Net Income = Revenues - Expenses + Gains - Losses. Therefore, the first step is to determine revenues and expenses using the given information. Revenues = $3,200, Expenses = $2,220, Net Income = Revenues - Expenses= $3,200 - $2,220= $980.

Therefore, the amount of net income is $980.

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The invoice price of the bond is $918 (rounded to two decimal places).

If you purchase a bond with a coupon rate of 8.4 percent, a par value of $1,000, and a clean price of $870, and the next semiannual coupon payment is due in five months, the invoice price will be $918. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

A bond is a financial instrument that allows corporations or governments to raise money. The bond's issuer pays the investor interest, which is known as the coupon rate, at regular intervals. Bond prices fluctuate as interest rates rise and fall.

To find the invoice price of the bond, you need to use the following formula:

Invoice price = Clean price + Accrued interest

When calculating accrued interest, it's important to know how many days are left between the previous coupon date and the settlement date. The following equation will be used:

Accrued interest = Par value × Coupon rate × Days since the last coupon ÷ Days in a year

You must first determine how many days have passed between the last coupon payment and the settlement date of the bond because the coupon is due in five months.

Because the bond pays a semi-annual coupon, six months have passed since the last coupon was paid. Because we're calculating accrued interest, we need to figure out how many days of that six-month period have elapsed since the last coupon date.

Invoice price = Clean price + Accrued interest

Invoice price = $870 + Accrued interest

Accrued interest = Par value × Coupon rate × Days since the last coupon ÷ Days in a year

Accrued interest = $1,000 × 8.4% × 6 ÷ 12

Accrued interest = $42

Invoice price = $870 + $42

Invoice price = $918

Therefore, the invoice price of the bond is $918 (rounded to two decimal places).

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The leading economic cause for imperialism during the nineteenth century was the need for raw materials.

The Industrialized European countries tried to secure the sources of raw materials such as cotton, rubber, and palm oil, because they were essential to fueling their industrial economies.

So, the demand for the "raw-materials" increased as industrialization led to mass production and increased consumption.

The "Imperial-powers" also tried to establish new markets for their manufactured goods and to invest in foreign lands for higher returns on the investments.

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In this particular scenario, the net proceeds from the sale of goods are $37,650,000.

The cost of goods sold is $28,800,000. The gross profit is $8,850,000. Investment banking syndicate expenses are $925,000, resulting in a profit before taxes of $7,925,000.Investment banking syndicate will earn $4.76 million on the sale of the goods. It's calculated as follows:

(7,925,000 - 925,000)/2 = $4,000,000

(Total earnings are split between Issuing company and the investment banking syndicate. The investment banking syndicate earns 20% of the total profit. So, 20% of $4,000,000 = $800,000).

Total earning for the investment banking syndicate is the sum of the amount the syndicate made from the sale of securities and the amount it made from selling the shares retained by the issuing corporation.However, there is no mention of either of these figures in the problem.

Thus, we can only assume that all sales have been made at the same rate. Therefore, the investment banking syndicate will earn $4.76 million on the sale of the goods.

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In the following question, among the various parts to solve on electric installs, 1- 3,500 Sales. 2- 600 Sales Returns and Allowances. 3- 2,900Accounts Receivable. 4- transactions are $2,900.

1. Credit sale recorded on April 25.Accounts Receivable | 3,500 Sales | 3,500

Explanation: On April 25, Foreman Electric installs wiring in a new home and makes a credit sale. The account Receivable will be increased by $3,500 and Sales will also be increased by $3,500.

2. Record the sales allowance on April 27. Accounts Receivable | 600 Sales Returns and Allowances | 600

Explanation: On April 27, Foreman's electrical work does not pass the inspection and he has to allow the customer $600. In this case, Accounts Receivable will be decreased by $600 because of the allowance is given to the customer and the Sales Returns and Allowances account will be increased by $600.

3. Record the cash collection on April 30.Cash | 2,900Accounts Receivable | 2,900Explanation: On April 30, the customer pays Foreman Electric the total owed balance except for the allowance granted. In this case, Cash will be increased by $2,900 and the Accounts Receivable account will be decreased by $2,900.

4. Net Sales CalculationNet sales = Gross sales - Sales returns and allowances= $3,500 - $600= $2,900Hence, the net sales associated with these transactions is $2,900.

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The estimated amount of ending inventory at the end of the period, given beginning inventory of $6,000, purchases of $42,000, and sales of $60,000 with a normal gross margin of 40% of sales can be found using the gross margin method is $18,000

.

Ending inventory can be determined using the gross margin method by subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from the cost of goods available for sale (CGAFS).

Cost of goods sold (COGS) = (Sales x Gross Margin) = ($60,000 x 60%) = $36,000. Cost of goods available for sale (CGAFS) = Beginning inventory + Purchases = $6,000 + $42,000 = $48,000.

Therefore, Ending Inventory = Cost of goods available for sale (CGAFS) − Cost of goods sold (COGS) = $48,000 − $36,000 = $12,000. Hence, the estimated amount of ending inventory at the end of the period is $12,000.

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The United States Supreme Court decision that drastically altered the political landscape by allowing corporate and union election financing is the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) decision.

The Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) altered the political landscape by allowing corporate and union election financing.The decision overturned several provisions of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, also known as the McCain-Feingold Act. The decision removed limits on the amount of money that corporations, unions, and other groups could spend on political campaigns. Before this decision, corporations and unions were prohibited from using their general treasury funds to make contributions to political candidates, parties, or other political committees that were independent of candidates.The decision resulted in the establishment of Super PACs, which are political action committees that can raise unlimited amounts of money from individuals, corporations, and unions to support or oppose candidates. These Super PACs may not coordinate with political candidates or political parties, but they can run advertisements that promote or attack political candidates.

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The strategy Chobani used by launching Chobani Probiotics, a plant-based drink, is referred to as product diversification.

This strategy involves expanding a company's product line to reach a wider target audience and increase market share.

In Chobani's case, the company is known for its yogurt products, but it decided to introduce a new, different product - Chobani Probiotics, a plant-based drink. This move aims to appeal to customers who are interested in plant-based and probiotic products, potentially attracting a new consumer base. The steps involved in product diversification include:

1. Identifying market opportunities or consumer needs

2. Researching and developing new products that cater to those needs
3. Launching and promoting the new product to reach the target audience
4. Evaluating the product's performance in the market and making adjustments as necessary

By implementing product diversification, companies like Chobani can expand their reach, grow their business, and minimize risks associated with relying on a single product line.

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Apply a Structured Change Management Approach, Mobilize Active and Visible Sponsorship, and Engage With Front-Line Employees are three Best Practices in Change Management.

In the preceding paragraph, the necessary information for Change Management. The term "change control" (sometimes abbreviated as "CM") refers to all methods used to foresee, encourage, and assist people in making organizational changes. It consists of tactics that reroute or redefine how resources are used, business processes, budget allocations, or various operating models that significantly alter an organization or business.

Although organizational ex-trade control (OCM) takes into account the entire organization and what is desired to be ex-traded, ex-trade control can also be used entirely to consider how individuals and groups are affected by such organizational transition. It offers a wide range of extraordinary disciplines, including business solutions and the behavioral and social sciences.

Ex-trade control is beginning to be recognized as its own academic subject at universities as it becomes more significant in the business cycle of organizations.

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On May 1, the company sold merchandise for $15,500 with credit terms of 3/10, n/30, the cost of items sold being $9,000. The company uses the perpetual inventory system. Payment was received on May 18. What journal entry records the May 18 transaction?

The payment received on May 18 for the merchandise sold on May 1 is recorded using a journal entry that debits cash for $15,029 and credits accounts receivable for $15,029.

Explanation: To record the journal entry for the sale on May 1: The accounts receivable account is debited for $15,500.

The sales account is credited for $15,500.

To record the journal entry for the return of merchandise on May 8: The sales returns and allowances account is debited for $1,500.

The accounts receivable account is credited for $1,500.

To record the journal entry for the payment received on May 18: The cash account is debited for $15,029 ($15,500 less 3% discount of $465).

The accounts receivable account is credited for $15,029.

How to calculate the discount:3% of $15,500 = $465

Payment received after 10 days but within 30 days, the net amount payable will be $15,500 - $465 = $15,035.

Payment received on May 18 which is 17 days after May 1, therefore, the payment is made within 30 days but after 10 days. This means a discount of 3% can be availed, which amounts to $465 ($15,500 * 3%).

Therefore, the total amount due is $15,035 ($15,500 - $465).

The journal entry for the payment received on May 18, as a result, would be as

follows: Date Account Titles Debit Credit May 18 Cash 15,029 Accounts receivable 15,029

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The statement "chief learning officers (CLOs), also known as knowledge officers, are the individuals in organizations who are typically responsible for delivering high-quality training" is true.


CLOs, also referred to as knowledge officers, are responsible for the delivery of high-quality training and knowledge management in organizations. They are expected to leverage and optimize learning and development opportunities for employees in a bid to help them acquire knowledge and skills that would improve their productivity.

CLOs often work in conjunction with other top-level executives to provide employees with the requisite learning and development opportunities that would enable them to meet the organization's goals and objectives. They play a critical role in shaping the overall training and development strategy of organizations.

In summary, CLOs are individuals in organizations who are responsible for ensuring that high-quality training is provided to employees.

They are expected to work with other executives to develop and implement training strategies that would enable employees to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills required to meet the organization's goals and objectives.

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The accounts that are affected by a sales returns and allowances transaction are as follows: Sales Revenue, Account Receivable Sales Returns and Allowances Sales Tax Payable.

Explanation: Sales Returns and Allowances: In the event of a customer returning goods, the company will debit the Sales Returns and Allowances account, which reduces the Sales Revenue account, which is credited. An offsetting entry is made to increase (debit) the customer's Accounts Receivable balance.

The Accounts Receivable balance is reduced by the amount of the credit memo. Sales Revenue: The revenue of a firm is recorded in this account. Sales Tax Payable: The sales tax payable account is used to record the amount of sales tax that a company has charged its customers but has not yet submitted to the government. Account Receivable: This account is used to record the amount of cash owed to the company by its customers for sales made to them.

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As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for campaign finance reform, direct primary, and initiative and referendum. The correct option is:the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.

These reforms helped establish a more democratic government in Wisconsin.The Direct PrimaryThe direct primary is a voting method in which all party members in a jurisdiction cast ballots to select the party’s candidate for a particular public office. It is a crucial measure for democratic government. The Direct Primary enabled party members to vote for their preferred candidates directly. This process enabled the elimination of the control of the party bosses over the selection of candidates.InitiativeInitiative is a process in which a specific number of voters can petition the government to suggest a new law or change an existing law. This process provides an opportunity for the people to take action in situations where the elected officials are not responding to their needs.

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When a company decides to increase its sales through international markets, it can achieve cost savings from economies of scale through all of the following except for spreading fixed costs over its global sales volume.

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There are various factors that can influence a company's ability to adhere to equal employment opportunity (EEO) pay regulations. Following are the factors that can influence a company's ability to adhere to equal employment opportunity (EEO) pay regulations:

Market competition, Union contracts, The complexity of job evaluations, Employee productivity levels, Labor supply and demand, Economic conditions, Bargaining power of employees, Inclusion of fringe benefits, Government contracts Job duties and responsibilities.

The Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws require that all people are employed and promoted according to their skills, rather than other irrelevant characteristics, such as sex, race, and age. A range of elements can affect a company's ability to comply with EEO laws concerning pay.

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Change in real GDP = -$500 billion. The correct option is A.

Assuming no taxes and no trade, by how much will real GDP change if a financial crisis decreases investment spending by $100 billion and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.80?

The decrease in the level of investment spending in the economy as a result of a financial crisis leads to a decrease in the level of output, which results in a decrease in the level of real GDP in the economy. The level by which the decrease in investment spending affects the level of real GDP in the economy is referred to as the multiplier effect, and it is determined by the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in the economy.

The MPC represents the proportion of a change in disposable income that is spent on consumption in the economy. The formula for the multiplier is 1/(1 - MPC). Given that the MPC is 0.80, the multiplier is 1/(1 - 0.80) = 1/0.20 = 5.

If the decrease in investment spending is $100 billion, then the change in real GDP will be equal to the product of the multiplier and the change in investment spending: Change in real GDP = 5 * (-$100 billion) = -$500 billion.

Therefore, the answer is a $500 billion decrease.

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As the change in real GDP is $500 billion. The correct option is A.

The decrease in the level of investment spending in the economy as a result of a financial crisis leads to a decrease in the level of output, which results in a decrease in the level of real GDP in the economy. The level by which the decrease in investment spending affects the level of real GDP in the economy is referred to as the multiplier effect, and it is determined by the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in the economy.

The MPC represents the proportion of a change in disposable income that is spent on consumption in the economy. The formula for the multiplier is 1/(1 - MPC). Given that the MPC is 0.80, the multiplier is 1/(1 - 0.80) = 1/0.20 = 5.

If the decrease in investment spending is $100 billion, then the change in real GDP will be equal to the product of the multiplier and the change in investment spending: Change in real GDP = 5 * (-$100 billion) = -$500 billion.

Therefore, the answer is a $500 billion decrease.

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