molarity how can the concentration of a solution be expressed quantitatively?

False. At 1 atm of pressure and 0°C (273.15 K), one mole of an ideal gas takes up 22.4 litres of space rather than 44.0 litres.

0oC (273.15K) and 1atm of pressure are considered standard temperature and pressure (STP). A mole (6.021023 typical particles) of any gas takes up 22.4L at STP .

A perfect gas has a volume of 22.41 L/mol at STP. 22.4 L is the least significant and most easily recalled chemical number.

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The molecule/ion with a planar geometry among the given choices is SO42-.

Step-by-step explanation:
1. Determine the central atom: Sulfur (S) is the central atom in SO42-.
2. Calculate the number of electron pairs around the central atom: Sulfur has 6 valence electrons, and there are 4 oxygen atoms (each contributing 1 electron), plus 2 extra electrons from the 2- charge. So, there are (6+4+2)/2 = 6 electron pairs.
3. Identify the electron pair geometry: With 6 electron pairs, the electron pair geometry is octahedral.
4. Determine the molecular geometry: In SO42-, there are 4 bonding pairs (with O atoms) and 2 non-bonding pairs. In an octahedral arrangement with 2 non-bonding pairs, the molecular geometry is square planar, which is a planar geometry.

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The given statement is true. PAH is an acronym for polycyclic aromatic hydrogen.

The term "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" (PAHs) refers to a large class of diverse organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. These compounds range from simple two-ring compounds like naphthalene and its derivatives to more intricate ring structures with up to 10 rings.

Chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found in coal, crude oil, and gasoline in their natural forms.

They result from the burning of tobacco, coal, oil, gas, and wood. In the air, PAHs can join with or create tiny particles. PAHs are created during the high-heat cooking of meat and other foods.

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The final organic product of the reaction C₆H₅COCl ⇒ (i) LiAl(OC(CH₃)₃)₃H / (ii) H₃O⁺ is C₆H₅CH₃.

These are the four "prototypical" organic chemistry reactions, though several others which can be categorized as one of these are generally referred to by other names.

This reaction involves the reduction of C₆H₅COCl (benzoyl chloride) using LiAl(OC(CH₃)₃)₃H (lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride) as a reducing agent, followed by the addition of H₃O⁺  (hydronium ion) to protonate the intermediate and yield toluene. The final organic product of the reaction would be C₆H₅CH₃, also known as toluene.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your question can be seen in the Attachment.

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The formula for the transition metal cation in test tube M is Fe2+.

Step 1:

The presence of the Co2+ ions is confirmed by adding potassium nitrite acidified with acetic acid to the mixture of the four cations. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Co(NO2)2.

The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Co2+(aq) + 2NO2^-(aq) → Co(NO2)2(s)

Step 2:

Aqueous ammonia is added to the solution in test tube 12 until the solution is basic. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Cu(OH)2. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)

Step 3:

An ethanol solution of dimethylglyoxime is added to the solution in test tube 13. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Ni(C4H7O2N2)2. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Ni2+(aq) + 2C4H6O2N2^-(aq) → Ni(C4H7O2N2)2(s)

Step 4:

To check that there is a final transition metal cation in the solution in test tube M, another sample of the original mixture of all four cations is tested with aqueous potassium iodide. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as FeIIs. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Fe2+(aq) + 2I^-(aq) → FeI2(s)

Thus, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 11 is Co(NO2)2, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 12 is Cu(OH)2, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 13 is Ni(C4H7O2N2)2, and the formula for the precipitate in the confirming test tube is FeI2.

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The attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons is known as "metallic bonding".

This type of bonding occurs when the valence electrons of the metal atoms become delocalized and form a "sea of electrons" that all the metal cations are able to move around in. This movement of electrons allows the metal cations to have electrostatic interactions with each other, leading to strong bonding.

The attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons is known as metallic bonding.Metallic bonding refers to the bonding between metallic atoms. The valence electrons of the metallic atoms, in this case, are free to move throughout the entire crystal, creating a “sea” of electrons.

The positively charged metallic ions are then held together by this sea of electrons. The attraction between the positively charged metal ions and the negatively charged electron sea is known as metallic bonding.In metallic bonding, the valence electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms, resulting in strong bonds.

These electrons are free to move throughout the metal lattice, resulting in high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as malleability and ductility. Metals also have high melting and boiling points, which is also a result of the strong metallic bonds between the atoms.

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The concentration of urea in weight-percent 6.50%, in mole fraction is 0.0206 and in the concentration of urea in the solution in molarity is 1.12 M.

a) To express the concentration of urea in weight-percent:

First, we need to calculate the total mass of the solution:

Total mass = mass of solute + mass of solvent = 66.0 g + 950 g = 1016.0 g

Then, we can calculate the weight-percent concentration of urea:

Weight-percent = (mass of solute/total mass) x 100%

Weight-percent = (66.0 g/1016.0 g) x 100%

Weight-percent = 6.50%

Therefore, the concentration of urea in the solution in weight-percent is 6.50%.

b) To express the concentration of urea in mole fraction:

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of urea:

Number of moles = mass of solute/molar mass of urea

Molar mass of urea = 2(14.01 g/mol) + 1(12.01 g/mol) + 1(16.00 g/mol) = 60.06 g/mol

Number of moles = 66.0 g/60.06 g/mol = 1.099 mol

Then, we can calculate the mole fraction of urea:

Mole fraction = moles of solute/(moles of solute + moles of solvent)

Moles of solvent = mass of solvent/molar mass of water = 950 g/18.02 g/mol = 52.71 mol

Mole fraction = 1.099/(1.099 + 52.71) = 0.0206

Therefore, the concentration of urea in the solution in mole fraction is 0.0206.

c) To express the concentration of urea in molarity:

Molarity = moles of solute/volume of solution in liters

Volume of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent/density of solution = (66.0 g + 950 g)/1.018 g/mL = 978.4 mL = 0.9784 L

Molarity = 1.099 mol/0.9784 L = 1.12 M

Therefore, the concentration of urea in the solution in molarity is 1.12 M.

Exercise:

To compare the concentrations of 0.50 M NaCl and 0.25 M SrCl2 in µg/mL, we need to calculate the number of micrograms of each salt per milliliter of solution:

For 0.50 M NaCl:

Molar mass of NaCl = 22.99 g/mol + 35.45 g/mol = 58.44 g/mol

Concentration in µg/mL = 0.50 mol/L x 58.44 g/mol x 1000 µg/mg = 29,220 µg/mL

For 0.25 M SrCl2:

Molar mass of SrCl2 = 87.62 g/mol + 2(35.45 g/mol) = 198.52 g/mol

Concentration in µg/mL = 0.25 mol/L x 198.52 g/mol x 1000 µg/mg = 49,630 µg/mL

Therefore, the concentration of 0.25 M SrCl2 is larger than the concentration of 0.50 M NaCl when expressed in µg/mL.

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2Hg + O2 -> 2HgO: This reaction is a synthesis reaction where two elements, mercury (Hg) and oxygen (O2), combine to form a compound, mercury oxide (HgO).

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

2Hg + O2 -> 2HgO

The oxidation state of mercury changes from zero to +II, and the oxidation state of oxygen changes from zero to -II.

Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag -> 2AgNO3 + Cu: This reaction is a single-displacement reaction where an element in a compound is replaced by another element. In this case, silver (Ag) replaces copper (Cu) in copper(II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) to form silver nitrate (AgNO3) and copper (Cu).

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag -> 2AgNO3 + Cu

The oxidation state of copper changes from +II to zero, and the oxidation state of silver changes from zero to +I.

Ca(OH)2 + H2 -> CaO + 2H2O: This reaction is a decomposition reaction where a compound breaks down into simpler substances. In this case, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) decomposes into calcium oxide (CaO) and water (H2O).

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

Ca(OH)2 + H2 -> CaO + 2H2O

The oxidation states of calcium and hydrogen do not change in this reaction.

BaSO4 + 2NaCl -> BaCl2 + Na2SO4: This reaction is a double-displacement reaction where ions in two compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. In this case, barium sulfate (BaSO4) reacts with sodium chloride (NaCl) to form barium chloride (BaCl2) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4).

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

BaSO4 + 2NaCl -> BaCl2 + Na2SO4

The oxidation states of barium, sulfur, sodium, and chlorine do not change in this reaction.

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In the subsequent reaction, at STP, 72.7 litres of oxygen will result in 43,62 litres of carbon dioxide.

How sulfur(IV) oxide, or SO2, is made and its properties. Sulfur(IV) oxide is also referred to as sulphur dioxide in everyday speech. It is a chemical compound with the formula SO2 whose molecule is made up of one sulphur atom and two oxygen atoms.

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

According to the balanced equation, 3 moles of CO2 are produced for every 5 moles of O2 used. Therefore, we can use the following proportion to find the volume of O2 required to produce 43.62 liters of CO2 at STP:

5 L O2 / 3 mol CO2 = x L O2 / 43.62 L CO2

We need to first find the number of moles of CO2 produced

43.62 L CO2 × 1 mol CO2 / 22.4 L = 1.95 mol CO2

Using the balanced equation, we can see that 5 moles of O2 are required to produce 3 moles of CO2.

1.95 mol CO2 × 5 mol O2 / 3 mol CO2 = 3.25 mol O2

Finally, we can use the ideal gas law to find the volume of O2 required at STP:

PV = nRT

V = nRT / P

V = (3.25 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/K·mol)(273 K) / (1 atm) = 72.7 L

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Explanation:

To determine the pH of the original acid, we first need to determine the number of moles of NaOH used to neutralize the acid.

Number of moles of NaOH = Molarity x Volume (in liters) = 0.00050 mol/L x 0.01 L = 5.0 x 10^-6 mol

Since NaOH reacts with the acid in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of acid present in the sample is also 5.0 x 10^-6 mol.

Now, we can use this information to calculate the concentration of the acid:

Concentration of acid = Number of moles / Volume (in liters) = 5.0 x 10^-6 mol / 0.002 L = 0.0025 mol/L

Next, we can use the concentration of the acid to calculate its pKa value. We can do this using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pKa = pH + log([A-]/[HA])

where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid, and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.

In this case, since the acid has been neutralized, the concentration of its conjugate base is equal to the concentration of the acid. Therefore, we can simplify the equation to:

pKa = pH + log(1) pKa = pH

Finally, we can use the pKa value to calculate the pH of the original acid:

pH = pKa = -log(Ka)

Since we don't know the identity of the acid, we can't look up its pKa value directly. However, we can make some assumptions based on the typical pKa values for different types of acids. For example, if we assume that the acid is a weak organic acid, its pKa value is likely to be in the range of 4-5.

Using a pKa value of 4.5 as an estimate, we can calculate the pH of the original acid:

pH = 4.5

Therefore, the pH of the original acid is approximately 4.5.

an atom of a mystery element contains 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons the mass number of the mystery element is 14.

calculation: by adding the number of protons and neutrons together (7 + 7 = 14). The number of protons and neutrons in an atom determines its mass number, while the number of electrons determines its charge.

Atoms are composed of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus of an atom, while neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged and are located in the electron cloud.

The mass number of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. Therefore, the mass number of an atom with 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons is 14. When talking about atoms, scientists often refer to the atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. In this case, the atomic number of the mystery element is 7, since it has 7 protons. The atomic number of an atom is important for identifying it, as each element has a different atomic number.

In summary, an atom of a mystery element that has 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons has a mass number of 14.  The atomic number of this element is also 7, as it has 7 protons.

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The element with an average atomic mass of 2.180 x  [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g is Boron (B).

The element with atoms having an average atomic mass of 2.180 x [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g is Boron. To determine this, follow these steps:

1. Convert the given atomic mass to atomic mass units (amu) by dividing by the conversion factor 1.66054 x  [tex]10^{-24}[/tex] g/amu:
  (2.180 x  [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g) / (1.66054 x  [tex]10^{-24}[/tex] g/amu) ≈ 13.11 amu

2. Compare the calculated atomic mass to the periodic table to find the element with a close atomic mass. In this case, Boron (B) has an atomic mass of approximately 10.81 amu.

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180°: Linear, VSEPR number 2

107°: Trigonal bipyramidal, VSEPR number 5

120°: Trigonal planar, VSEPR number 3

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It determines the shape of the molecule and the relative positions of its atoms in space. The molecular geometry is determined by the number of atoms and the types of bonds between them.

The concept of molecular geometry is important in chemistry because it determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule, such as its reactivity, polarity, and biological activity.

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The step that releases the most energy in the formation of crystal lattice of Kf is the combination of gaseous ions into ionic solid.

Generally, the crystal lattice is described as the symmetrical structural arrangements in a three dimensional manner which is done in atoms, ions or molecules (which are the constituent particles) inside a crystalline solid termed as points. Moreover, crystal lattice can be also defined as the geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions or molecules of the crystalline solid as points present in the space.

Hence, the combination of gaseous ions into ionic solid is the step which releases the most energy.

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The color change from red to yellow in fermentation tests occurs due to the production of acid by the bacteria during fermentation.

In these tests, bacteria are inoculated into a test tube containing a sugar (such as glucose, lactose, or sucrose) and a pH indicator (such as phenol red or bromcresol purple) in a nutrient broth medium. The bacteria use the sugar as a source of energy and produce metabolic end-products such as acids, gases, and alcohols. The pH indicator changes color depending on the pH of the medium, allowing the detection of fermentation.

If the bacteria are capable of fermenting the sugar, they will produce acid as an end-product, which lowers the pH of the medium. This acidic environment causes the pH indicator to change from red to yellow. The degree of acid production and the resulting color change depend on the type of sugar, the type of bacteria, and the incubation conditions.

Thus, the color change from red to yellow in fermentation tests indicates a positive result for fermentation, indicating that the bacteria are capable of utilizing the sugar in the medium and producing acid as a metabolic end-product.

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The compound that will have the strongest dipole-dipole interactions between its molecules is [tex]CH_{2}F_{2}[/tex] (option D).

Dipole-dipole interаctions occur when two polаr molecules come into contаct with one аnother. The positive end of one molecule is аttrаcted to the negаtive end of the other, resulting in the formаtion of а dipole-dipole interаction. The strength of dipole-dipole interаctions is influenced by fаctors such аs moleculаr shаpe аnd size, аs well аs the polаrity of the molecule.

In this question, [tex]CH_{2}F_{2}[/tex] will hаve the strongest dipole-dipole interаctions between its molecules becаuse it is а polаr molecule with а [tex]CH_{2}F_{2}[/tex] shаpe. [tex]CF_{4}[/tex] is non-polаr, so it will not experience dipole-dipole interаctions. [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] is аlso non-polаr, so it will not experience dipole-dipole interаctions. [tex]CH_{3}F[/tex] is polаr, but it is less polаr thаn [tex]CH_{2}F_{2}[/tex]. [tex]CH_{3}Cl[/tex]CH3Cl is аlso polаr, but it is less polаr thаn [tex]CH_{2}F_{2}[/tex].

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Answer:

0.16 mol

Explanation:

you will use the ideal gas law PV=nRT where R is approximately 0.082 atm×L/mol×K

PV=nRT

n=PV/RT

n=0.8×5.2/0.082×315

n=0.16 mol

A substance that donates one proton when dissolved in water is called a acid monoprotic . Monoprotic acids are a type of acid that can donate one proton (H+) per molecule when dissolved in water.  Option: 3 is correct.

Examples of monoprotic acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). When a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water, it ionizes to form H+ ions and corresponding conjugate base. The strength of a monoprotic acid is determined by its ability to donate a proton, which is measured by its dissociation constant (Ka). Monoprotic acids are important in many chemical reactions and are widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture. Option: 3 is correct.

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--The complete question, a substance that donates one proton when dissolved in water____.

Chethen's poor performance on the first exam and subsequent quizzes and exams indicates that he may be struggling with the course material.

To prepare for the upcoming midterm, Chethen should try to identify his learning gaps, and develop a personalized study plan that addresses his weaknesses.

Out of the options given, the method that will NOT help Chethen prepare for the upcoming midterm is "Avoid collaborating with others, so as not to be distracted." Collaborating with others can help Chethen to deepen his understanding of concepts, clarify doubts, and reinforce his understanding of the material. Avoiding collaboration with others will not be beneficial for Chethen's preparation for the upcoming midterm.

Other methods that can be helpful for Chethen to prepare for the midterm include overlearning the material, looking for connections between his life and what's going on in his chemistry course, and reducing stressors in his life. Overlearning the material can help him to retain information better and improve his recall during the exam. Looking for connections between his life and what's going on in his chemistry course can help him to develop a deeper understanding of the material. Reducing stressors in his life can help him to focus better and improve his performance on the midterm.

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Answer:

Temperature, concentration, and particle size of the reactants affect the collision frequency and energy of collisions in a chemical reaction, as predicted by the collision theory.

Explanation:

According to the collision theory of chemical reactions, for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. The temperature, concentration, and particle size of the reactants can affect the likelihood and frequency of these collisions and therefore impact the reaction rate.

Overall, the collision theory of chemical reactions suggests that temperature, concentration, and particle size all play important roles in determining the rate of a chemical reaction. By controlling these factors, it is possible to manipulate the rate of a reaction to achieve desired results.

When solutions of colorless lead nitrate and colorless magnesium iodide are mixed, an insoluble precipitate will form. The color of the solution will be colorless; that of the solid will be yellow.

When solutions of colorless lead nitrate and colorless magnesium iodide are mixed, an insoluble precipitate will form. . Precipitation is the process by which this happens. The precipitation reaction is described as a double-replacement reaction. During this type of reaction, two aqueous solutions react to produce an insoluble solid. That insoluble solid is referred to as a precipitate. Magnesium iodide and lead nitrate are soluble in water. When these two solutions are mixed, the cations (positive ions) and the anions (negative ions) switch partners, forming new insoluble substances such as magnesium nitrate and lead iodide. The formula for lead iodide is PbI2. Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, and lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, are the other reactants that produce the insoluble solid PbI2 as a result of the reaction. When solutions of colorless lead nitrate and colorless magnesium iodide are mixed, an insoluble precipitate will form. The color of the solution will be clear or transparent; that of the solid will be yellow.

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Conversion of Ethyne into Ethanol:

The ethanal can be prepared by the ethyne by treating the ethyne with mercuric sulphate in presence of acid. First the mercury attacks on the reactant ethyne and forms a cyclic structure. Then water attacks on this cyclic structure forming a mercury cation. Then by the removal of hydride alcohol forms.

Hydration of Ethyne:

Alkynes readily combine with water in the presence of acid (usually sulfuric acid) and mercury(II) salts (usually the sulfate is used) to form carbonyl compounds, in a process known as Kucherov's reaction. In the case of acetylene (ethyne) the product is acetaldehyde (ethanal), while other alkynes form ketones.

The volume of the object is 960 cc or cm³.

The amount of space an object takes up in three dimensions is known as its volume. The length, width, and height of a rectangular prism must be multiplied in order to get its volume.

In this instance, the rectangular prism's measurements are 5 cm, 16 cm, and 12 cm. We just combine all three of these dimensions together to determine the volume using the following formula:

Volume = Length x Width x Height

Substituting the values, we get:

Volume = 5cm x 16cm x 12cm

Volume = 960 cubic centimeters (cc) or cubic centimeters (cm³)

Therefore, the volume of the object is 960 cc or cm³.

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The decreasing order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution reaction is,

               Toluene > benzene >  chlorobenzene > nitrobenzene

An electrophilic substitution reaction is defined as a chemical reaction in which the functional group attached to a compound is replaced by an electrophile. The displaced functional group of electrophilic substitution reaction is typically a hydrogen atom.

Toluene is defined as having one methyl group which is electron-donating group causing a negative charge on the carbon atom of the ring so it is highly reactive towards electrophile which is already electron deficient in nature.

Benzene is defined as having a delocalized set of electron cloud which attracts electrophile while nitro group are electronegative while causing positive charge on carbon atom so are not reactive towards electrophilic substitution reaction.

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The correct question is,

Write the decreasing order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution reaction of the following compounds, benzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene and toluene.

Approximately 73.27% of the present amount of radioactive radium will remain after 515 years (rounded to two decimal places).

To find the percent of the present amount of radioactive radium that will remain after 515 years, you can follow these steps:

1. Use the half-life formula for radioactive decay: A(t) = A0 * (1/2)^(t/T), where A(t) is the amount remaining after time t, A0 is the initial amount, t is the elapsed time, and T is the half-life.

2. In this case, T = 1599 years (half-life of radioactive radium) and t = 515 years. The question asks for the percentage remaining, so you don't need to know the initial amount, A0.

3. Plug in the given values: A(515) = A0 * (1/2)^(515/1599).

4. Calculate the fraction: (1/2)^(515/1599) ≈ 0.7327.

5. Convert the fraction to a percentage: 0.7327 * 100 = 73.27%.

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In 1904, after the disclosure of the electron, the English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of a particle.

In this model, the particle had an emphatically accused space of adversely charged electrons implanted inside it i.e., like a pudding (decidedly charged space) with plums (electrons) inside.

In 1911, one more physicist Ernest Rutherford proposed one more model known as the Rutherford model or planetary model of the particle that portrays the construction of molecules. In this model, the little and thick particle has a decidedly charged center called the core. Additionally, he suggested that very much like the planets rotating around the Sun, the adversely charged electrons are moving around the core.

By directing a gold foil tray, Rutherford invalidated Thomson's model. In this examination, decidedly charged alpha particles discharged from a radioactive source encased inside a defensive lead were utilized which was then engaged into a restricted bar. It was then gone through a cut before which a flimsy segment of gold foil was put. A fluorescent screen (covered with zinc sulfide) was likewise positioned before the cut to identify alpha particles which on striking the fluorescent screen would create shine (an eruption of light) which was noticeable through a magnifying instrument connected to the rear of the screen.

He saw that the vast majority of the alpha particles went straight through the gold foil with no opposition and this inferred that iotas contain a lot of open space. The slight redirection of a portion of the alpha particles, the enormous point dissipating of other alpha particles, and, surprisingly, the quick returning of not many alpha particles toward the source proposed their cooperations with other emphatically charged particles inside the iota.

Thus, he inferred that main a thick and emphatically charged molecule, for example, the core would be liable for such solid repugnance. Additionally, the adversely charged electrons electrically adjusted the positive nuclear charge and they moved around the core in roundabout circles. Between the electrons and core, there was an electrostatic power of fascination very much like the gravitational power of fascination between the sun and the spinning planets.

Afterward, the Rutherford model was supplanted by the Bohr nuclear model.

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The advantage of using a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and water to rinse the crystals, as opposed to distilled water or pure ethanol, is that it combines the properties of both solvents.

This is beneficial as it allows for effective removal of impurities from the crystals without dissolving them.

Ethanol helps to dissolve organic impurities, while water helps to dissolve inorganic impurities.

Combining the two solvents results in a more thorough and efficient cleaning of the crystals, compared to using either distilled water or pure ethanol alone.

By using a mixture, both types of impurities can be removed without harming the crystals.

This makes it a more effective solution for rinsing crystals, as it takes advantage of the strengths of each solvent to provide a more complete cleaning.

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The initial volume of the container can be calculated using the ideal gas formula, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is gas constant, and T is temperature:

The best illustration of Avogadro's law is when a balloon is inflated. The volume of the balloon grows as you add moles of gas. Similar to how a balloon loses gas and its volume as you collapse it

According to Avogadro's law, all gases with an identical volume and the same temperature and pressure have an equal number of molecules. The volume of an ideal gas at a certain mass.

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In the part 4 of the experiment.You should proceed to the following part of the experimental procedure:

1. First, confirm that the test solution is indeed basic. You can do this by testing the solution with a pH indicator, such as litmus paper, or a pH meter. A basic solution should have a pH greater than 7.
2. If the solution is not basic, adjust the pH by adding an appropriate amount of a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and re-test the pH until it is in the desired range.
3. Once the solution is confirmed to be basic, ensure that you are using the correct concentration of Ca(NO3)2 solution (0.1 M). Double-check your calculations and measurements if necessary.
4. If the concentration is correct, add the 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 solution dropwise to the basic test solution while stirring. Be patient, as some precipitates may take time to form. Make sure to add enough of the Ca(NO3)2 solution to ensure that any potential precipitates have a chance to form.
5. If still no precipitate forms after adding a sufficient amount of the 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 solution, it is possible that the particular analyte in the test solution does not form a precipitate under these conditions. In this case, you may need to explore alternative experimental procedures, such as using a different reagent or adjusting the pH further.
6. Always record your observations and results in your laboratory notebook, including any changes in color, the appearance of a precipitate, or the lack of a precipitate. This information will be useful in analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the test solution's composition.

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