most plant diseases caused by soilborne pathogens have disease cycles that are ... group of answer choices monocyclic polycyclic endoparasitic sedentary

Evolutionary fitness measures relative reproductive success.

Evolutionary fitness measures the relative reproductive success of a population or organism in a given environment. In general, it is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. It is defined as the ability of an organism to pass on its genetic traits to the next generation relative to other members of the same species. Evolutionary fitness can be divided into two categories: absolute and relative.

Absolute fitness measures the organism's reproductive success in a particular environment, while relative fitness measures the organism's reproductive success relative to other members of the population.

Relative reproductive success measures the reproductive success of one individual in comparison to the rest of the population. This means that the fitness of an individual is relative to that of other individuals in the same population. It is expressed as the ratio of the number of offspring produced by the individual to the average number of offspring produced by the population. Therefore, the higher the relative reproductive success of an individual, the higher its evolutionary fitness.

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The protein observed exclusively in association with eukaryotic DNA replication is telomerase.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that is usually found in eukaryotic cells. This protein is found exclusively in association with eukaryotic DNA replication. In humans, telomerase comprises of a RNA molecule (TERC) and a protein (TERT). DNA replication is the process of duplicating a DNA molecule. This process takes place in all living organisms and is the foundation of biological inheritance. It is the biological process of creating two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

The process of DNA replication begins when the enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its double-stranded form. Then, the DNA polymerase enzyme reads the exposed nucleotides and creates a new complementary strand by bonding them together.

The replication of DNA is essential to the process of cell division. During cell division, the replicated DNA molecules are segregated to form two daughter cells, each containing an identical copy of the original DNA molecule. This is important because it ensures that the genetic information is accurately transmitted from one generation to the next. Without DNA replication, the information that defines a particular organism would be lost over time.

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The thick filament is composed of the myosin molecule. Pivoting the head of this molecule provides what is known as the power stroke. The thick filament is a component of the sarcomere, which is the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle.

The thick filament, which is made up of myosin molecules, is responsible for generating the force of muscle contraction.  

Myosin is a protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers. The molecule consists of two main regions: the head region and the tail region.

The tail region of each myosin molecule is responsible for binding to other myosin molecules in order to create the thick filament.

The head region of the myosin molecule is responsible for binding to and interacting with the thin filament during the process of muscle contraction.

When the myosin head binds to the thin filament, it undergoes a conformational change that results in the power stroke. This power stroke is what causes the thick filament to slide past the thin filament, generating the force of muscle contraction.

Overall, the thick filament and the myosin molecules that make it up are essential for muscle function and movement.

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The test tube probably contained a replication enzyme such as DNA polymerase which would have enhanced the process of DNA replication.

DNA polymerase is a complex enzyme that helps to synthesize a new strand of DNA complementary to the original template strand. It begins at the origin of replication and works in both directions, adding nucleotides to the new strands of DNA.

This process is enhanced by other components found in the test tube such as primers, nucleotides, and dNTPs (deoxynucleotide triphosphates). DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds which link the 3’ hydroxyl of one nucleotide to the 5’ phosphate of the next nucleotide.

These reactions can take place only in the presence of an adequate supply of the four different deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP).

Thus, the test tube would have provided the replication enzyme DNA polymerase as well as the necessary components to enhance the process of DNA replication.

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The nature versus. nurture debate focuses on the relative importance of genetics and environmental influences in shaping human development.

Several philosophers, like Plato and Descartes, proposed that some traits are innate or develop organically without consideration to external influences. In the nature vs nurture argument, it is argued that an individual's intrinsic characteristics have a greater impact on their physical and behavioral qualities than do their experiences in their upbringing.

As we all know, the genes we receive from our parents affect everything from IQ, behavioral patterns, and personality traits to height, eye color, hair color, and other physical features. Our genetic make-up as well as environmental factors determine who we are today.

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Testing for BRCA1 or BRCA2 is different from testing for a gene such as the Tay-Sachs gene because BRCA1 or BRCA2 is linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in females, while Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the HEXA gene.

Testing for BRCA1 or BRCA2: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that normally produce tumor suppressor proteins.

If these genes have certain mutations that are passed down through families, the genes' abilities to suppress tumors may be reduced or eliminated, increasing the risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers.

BRCA1 or BRCA2 testing is used to determine whether a person has a mutation in one of these genes and, as a result, an increased risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer.

The test is conducted on a blood or saliva sample that is then examined for changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes that might indicate a higher cancer risk.

Testing for a gene such as the Tay-Sachs gene: Tay-Sachs disease is a rare genetic condition that causes nerve cell degeneration and early death.

This disorder is caused by a HEXA gene mutation. Tay-Sachs testing is used to determine whether a person has the Tay-Sachs gene mutation or is a carrier for the disease.

This test is commonly performed on a blood sample or a swab of the inside of the mouth lining.

When both parents are carriers, their children have a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the Tay-Sachs gene, which causes the disease.

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Half of the kittens produced from crossing a Manx cat with a cat with a normal tail would be expected to be tail-less.

This is due to the fact that the Manx cat has a recessive lethal allele, meaning it only expresses the tail-less phenotype when two alleles for this trait are present.

When two different alleles are present, as in the case of a Manx cat crossed with a cat with a normal tail, the offspring will have one of three possible genotypes: the Manx cat's homozygous genotype (two copies of the recessive lethal allele), the cat with a normal tail's homozygous genotype (two copies of the normal allele), or a heterozygous genotype (one copy of each allele).

Since the heterozygous genotype will result in the expression of the recessive phenotype, the expected proportion of tail-less kittens from this cross would be 50%.

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Answer:

Natural selection will occur because there is competition

Explanation:

Why?

The amount of individuals in the population cannot be fully supported by the ecosystem. This will lead to the dying out of members of the population. Factors like food, habitat, ETC. could be limited in this circumstance. This will cause competition between individuals of the population to stay alive.

The individual that is better at gathering food will stay alive, whereas the individual that isn't as good at gathering food will likely perish due to their inability to feed itself.

You could say there is natural selection for the individuals that gather food better than others.

Competition arises in a population that cannot support all of it's members.

The angle formed by the intervertebral foramina and the midsagittal plane in the thoracic spine is 90 degrees. The spinal column is composed of a series of vertebrae. Each of these vertebral bodies has a central hole or opening, known as the vertebral foramen.

In addition, on each side of the vertebra, there is a smaller opening known as the intervertebral foramina through which the spinal nerves exit. The angle formed by the intervertebral foramina and the midsagittal plane in the thoracic spine is 90 degrees. The midsagittal plane is a vertical plane that runs through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. The thoracic spine, also known as the upper back, is part of the spine that starts beneath the neck and extends down to the abdomen.

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The correct answer is "All of the Above". All four indicators (dental development, epiphyseal fusion, pubic symphysis morphology, and all of the above) are age indicators for adults.

Age indicators for adults:

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The following calculation can be used to calculate the percentage of the absorbance at 280 nm that is due to DNA: DNA percentage equals [(A280/A260) - (A280/A260)protein] DNA (A280/A260) and protein (A280/A260) x 100

For DNA, a ratio of 1.8 is considered "pure"; for RNA, a ratio of 2.0 is considered "pure." It may indicate the presence of protein, phenol, or other pollutants that absorb heavily at or near 280 nm if the ratio is noticeably reduced in either situation.

The sample is either contaminated by protein or a reagent like phenol, or there was a problem with the analysis, according to abnormal 260/280 ratios.

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The restriction-digested DNA from two organisms is analyzed by Southern blotting; restriction fragments of 2.0 and 3.5 kb are observed.

On the Southern blot of one organism the genotypes of these organisms are that they are heterozygous for a restriction site.

Southern blotting is a molecular biology technique used to identify specific DNA sequences in a sample. It was developed by the British biochemist Edwin Southern in 1975.

The method combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization.

The Southern blot technique includes four steps.

1. Restriction digestion: The first step is to digest the DNA sample with a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at specific sequence locations. The digestion creates DNA fragments of different lengths.

2. Gel electrophoresis: After restriction digestion, the DNA fragments are separated by size via electrophoresis, which separates the DNA fragments on the basis of their charge, size, and shape.

3. DNA transfer: The separated DNA fragments are transferred from the electrophoresis gel onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane, which is a process called blotting.

4. Hybridization: The membrane with the transferred DNA fragments is probed with a labeled DNA probe that is complementary to the target sequence. The hybridization process forms a stable bond between the labeled probe and the target DNA sequence.

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Spontaneous heritable mutations can arise due to a variety of mechanisms. These include the mutation of existing DNA, the insertion of DNA from another organism, or the incorporation of mobile genetic elements such as transposons.

Mutations can also occur due to errors in DNA replication or through damage to DNA caused by environmental agents such as radiation and chemicals. All of these processes can lead to changes in gene sequence and can result in the appearance of heritable genetic changes in the organism.

Mutation of existing DNA occurs when changes are made to the sequence of an existing gene. These mutations can result in changes in the gene's structure or function and can be caused by a variety of factors such as errors in replication or chemical or radiation damage.

Insertion of DNA from another organism can occur through horizontal gene transfer, a process by which genetic material from one organism is transferred to another organism. This process can result in the insertion of new genetic material into the organism, which can lead to the appearance of new traits and the emergence of new species.

Incorporation of mobile genetic elements such as transposons can also result in heritable genetic changes. Transposons are pieces of DNA that can move between different locations within a genome and can result in the insertion of new genetic material into a genome. This process can lead to changes in gene expression and can result in the emergence of new traits in an organism.

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Cutting DNA strands at specific locations. The term "restriction enzymes" refers to enzymes that break DNA. Each enzyme locates one or a limited number of target sequences and cleaves DNA at those locations.

At the endpoints of their frequently staggered cuts, many restriction enzymes generate single-stranded DNA overhangs.

There are restriction enzymes in bacteria (and other prokaryotes). They may recognise and bind to restrictions sites, which are specific DNA sequences. There are just a few or one restriction site(s) that each restriction enzyme can recognise. Once it finds its target sequence, a restriction enzyme will cut a double strand of DNA. The cut usually occurs at or near the point of constriction and has a clean, consistent pattern. Not always do restriction enzymes cause sticky ends.They can also cause blunt cutters.

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Energy flow in an ecosystem is the process of energy transfer from one organism to another.

Energy enters an ecosystem from external sources, such as sunlight, and then moves through organisms and components of the environment in a particular pattern.

For example, energy is transferred from plants to herbivores, then to carnivores, and eventually lost as heat energy when the organisms die. In this way, energy flows from one organism to another and is recycled within the ecosystem.

An example of energy flow in an ecosystem is a food chain. A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms in which each organism consumes the one before it, transferring energy from one organism to the next.

At the base of the food chain are the producers, such as plants, which convert energy from the sun into organic material. Herbivores eat the producers and are eaten by carnivores. Energy is transferred from the plants to the herbivores and then to the carnivores, and eventually lost as heat energy.

Another example of energy flow in an ecosystem is the carbon cycle. In the carbon cycle, carbon is cycled from one organism to the next in a series of chemical reactions.

Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants, which convert it into organic material. Herbivores then eat the plants and the carbon is passed up the food chain. Eventually, the carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when the organisms die.

In conclusion, energy flow in an ecosystem is the process of energy transfer from one organism to another. Examples of energy flow include food chains and the carbon cycle.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The process by which a new DNA strand is formed from an "old" strand of DNA is called DNA replication. During DNA replication, the two strands of DNA that make up the double helix unwind and separate. Each separated strand serves as a template for the creation of a new complementary strand.

The enzymes responsible for DNA replication, called DNA polymerases, attach to the separated strands and begin building new strands of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides. The nucleotides that are added are determined by the base-pairing rules: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, which means that nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing strand. The DNA polymerase moves along the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction, adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand.

As the new strand is being synthesized, it is continuously paired with the old template strand, which serves as a guide for the DNA polymerase. The end result is two identical DNA molecules, each with one "old" and one "new" strand.

To conclude, the process of DNA replication allows for the faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells to the next, ensuring that each new cell has a complete and accurate copy of the genetic material.

Answer:

the Golgi apparatus sends proteins to lysosomes

Herbivores, Omnivores, Carnivores, and Heterotrophs are all examples of consumers, while Photosynthesizers are an example of a producer.

A consumer is an organism that gets its food by eating other living beings. Consumers are the second level of a food chain. In addition, they are categorized into primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.

Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and heterotrophs are all examples of consumers.Photosynthesis is the process in which plants and some other organisms use sunlight to produce food. Since they make their food, photosynthesizers are not consumers but producers.

The two basic types of organisms in an ecosystem are producers and consumers. The producers are those organisms that produce food through the process of photosynthesis, while the consumers are those organisms that feed on other organisms.

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Answer: 46

Explanation:

The active sites on actin molecules are usually covered up by other molecules, and the critical material required to uncover the active sites is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

ATP molecules bind to the active sites on the actin molecules and trigger the release of myosin binding sites. This allows myosin heads to attach to the actin molecules, which is the first step in muscle contraction.

ATP is an energy-rich molecule composed of a sugar molecule and three phosphates. When ATP binds to the active sites on the actin molecules, its energy is released, causing the myosin binding sites to be exposed. The myosin heads then attach to the actin molecules and the process of muscle contraction begins.

During muscle contraction, ATP is broken down into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and phosphate, releasing energy and causing the myosin heads to detach from the actin molecules. This process is repeated as muscle contraction continues, allowing the actin and myosin molecules to bind and release, resulting in the muscle contraction.

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Answer:

Human population growth impacts the Earth system in a variety of ways, including: Increasing the extraction of resources from the environment. These resources include fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), minerals, trees, water, and wildlife, especially in the oceans.

Explanation:

giving options next time would be better

A malignant disease characterized by an uncontrolled production of lymphocytes would be abbreviated as CLL.

What is CLL?

CLL is the abbreviation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which is a blood and bone marrow disease. CLL is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and progresses through the bloodstream into other tissues and organs.

CLL is a slow-growing cancer that affects white blood cells called B-lymphocytes, causing them to multiply uncontrollably.

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood that originates in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy tissue in the center of the bones. The bone marrow produces red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells, which are necessary for good health.

CLL, like all blood cancers, interferes with the bone marrow's ability to make enough healthy blood cells. It can result in a decrease in the number of red blood cells, causing anemia, as well as a decrease in the number of platelets, resulting in bleeding and bruising.


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The statement "new plants imported from the Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa included rice, onions, and garlic" is: false.

The statement is false because rice did not originate from the Americas, but from Asia. Similarly, onions and garlic are not originally from the Americas as well. Therefore, the statement should be corrected as: New plants imported from the Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa including maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes.

In the 15th century, the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans brought about an era of plant exchange between the two regions. European explorers, conquerors, and merchants took a variety of American crops, including maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes, back to Europe.

These crops spread quickly throughout the continent, and soon became staples of European cuisine. European plant species, including wheat, barley, and grapes, were similarly introduced to the Americas. The introduction of these new crops led to significant dietary changes across the globe.

Imported plants have played an essential role in human history, making it possible to grow crops in new areas, feed growing populations, and improve the quality of life in many parts of the world. While some imported plants can have negative effects on the environment and the economy, the overall impact of imported plants has been positive, helping to create a more diverse and resilient global food system.

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The mitochondria is responsible for the production of energy in plant cells, so if it were removed, the process of energy production would immediately stop. This is known as cellular respiration, and it is vital for the functioning of a plant cell.

Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of molecules such as glucose to produce energy. It is a complex process which involves multiple steps, including the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without mitochondria, this process cannot take place, and the cell would no longer be able to produce energy.

In addition to the lack of energy production, other processes would also stop due to the lack of energy. These include processes like the creation of proteins, regulation of gene expression, and cell division. Without these processes, the plant cell would die.

In summary, The process of energy production would stop in a plant cell if the mitochondria were removed. This would lead to the death of the cell due to the lack of energy to carry out essential cellular functions.

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As a student who has discovered a novel steroid hormone and is interested in isolating its receptor, the first place to look is the cell membrane.

Receptors are the molecules that are located in the cell membrane, which bind to and recognize hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. These molecules are responsible for transmitting the signal to the interior of the cell, which triggers a specific cellular response. Hormones like steroid hormones bind to specific receptors present on the surface of the cell membrane.The cell membrane is the best place to start isolating the receptor for a steroid hormone because it is responsible for the initial recognition and binding of the hormone. A steroid hormone binds to its receptor, which is located in the cell membrane, and activates a signaling cascade that results in the transcription of specific genes.

To isolate the receptor, a scientist would use a variety of techniques, including the use of affinity chromatography, which would allow them to purify the receptor by exploiting its binding affinity for the hormone. Once the receptor is purified, it can be analyzed and studied to gain a better understanding of its structure and function.

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The hormone that plays a role in the production of both female and male gametes is luteinizing hormone (LH).

LH is produced and released by the pituitary gland in both males and females, and its function varies depending on gender. In females, LH stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone, which are necessary for ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

In males, LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary for the production of sperm. Therefore, LH is essential for the reproductive functions of both males and females and plays a vital role in the production of gametes in both genders.

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Testosterone and Estrogen are the reproductive hormones that play an important role in the production of both female and male gametes.

The main sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males is testosterone. In humans, testosterone is essential for the growth of the testes and prostate, as well as for the promotion of secondary sexual traits including increased bone and muscle mass and the development of body hair.

Moreover, testosterone affects both sexes' health and well-being in a variety of ways, including the cardiovascular system, metabolism, and energy output, as well as general mood, cognition, social and sexual behaviour, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Inadequate testosterone levels in men can cause anomalies like frailty, the buildup of fatty tissue in the body, anxiety and depression, problems with sexual performance, and bone loss.

A ketone and a hydroxyl group are located at positions 3 and 17, respectively, in the androstane class steroid testosterone. It is made in the liver from cholesterol in a number of processes before being transformed into inactive metabolites. By attaching to and activating the androgen receptor, it has an effect. In humans and the majority of other vertebrates, testosterone is principally secreted by male testicles and, to a lesser extent, by female ovaries.

The female reproductive system and secondary sex traits are developed and regulated by a class of sex hormones called estrogens or oestrogens. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol are the three main endogenous oestrogens with estrogenic hormonal activity (E3). The most potent and common estrane is estradiol. Only during pregnancy is estetrol (E4), a different oestrogen, generated.

All vertebrates and a few insects produce oestrogens. The fact that estrogenic sex hormones are found in both insects and vertebrates shows that they have a long evolutionary history. In terms of quantity, oestrogens circulate at lower levels in both men and women than androgens. Despite the fact that males have substantially lower oestrogen levels than females, males nevertheless need oestrogens for crucial physiological functions.

In addition to acting as natural hormones, oestrogens also have medical applications, such as menopausal hormone therapy, hormonal birth control, and feminising hormone therapy for transgender and nonbinary people.

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Answer:

Explanation:

a. firing of neurons in a number of different columns.

When an object such as a tree trunk is perceived by the visual system, it activates a complex network of neurons that are specialized to process different features of the visual stimulus. The neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized into columns, each of which responds to a specific feature of the stimulus, such as orientation, direction of motion, or color. Therefore, when a large object is perceived, it will activate neurons in multiple columns that are tuned to different features of the stimulus, rather than being limited to only one column or type of neuron.

Streptococcus spp. are unable to perform aerobic respiration, even in the presence of oxygen, because they lack the metabolic pathways and enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that involves taking in oxygen from the environment and converting it into energy.

This process is powered by a series of chemical reactions that rely on enzymes, which break down the oxygen molecules into simpler compounds and release energy.

However, Streptococcus spp. are unable to do this because they lack the enzymes needed for aerobic respiration. This means that even though oxygen is present in their environment, they are unable to utilize it in order to generate energy.

Aerobic respiration is an important process for many microorganisms, as it helps them obtain energy and thrive in their environment. In the absence of oxygen, microorganisms must rely on anaerobic respiration, which is a less efficient form of respiration that does not use oxygen.

Therefore, Streptococcus spp. are limited in their ability to produce energy and survive in their environment when oxygen is present.

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A homozygous deletion, or homozygous gene deletion, occurs when one duplicate of a gene is deleted due to deletion and the surviving recessive allele is produced.

In this case, a person has lost one duplicate of a gene due to deletion, and the surviving copy of the gene is recessive, which means it is only expressed when both versions of the gene are the same. (i.e., homozygous). As a consequence, the person will exhibit the characteristic linked to the recessive gene.

When a deleted gene is required for proper bodily growth or function, homozygous deletions can result in genetic diseases.

Individuals with cystic fibrosis, for example, have a homozygous deletion in the CFTR gene, which results in the creation of a faulty protein that interferes with the operation of the lungs, liver, and other systems.

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