The product probability rule states P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B). In the exposed example, the probability of having a dominant phenotype is 9/16.
What is the product probability rule?The product probability rule allows us to calculate the probability of occurrence of event A and event B at the same time.
It is about a joint probability of two or more events that might happen simultaneously, not excluding each other.
This rule is based on the dependence or independence of the events. If two events A and B are independent of each other, the occurrence of one of them does not affect the occurrence of the other one.
For independent events, the rule establishes that, given two different events A and B, the probability of occurrence of both together is
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)
The probability of inheriting one of the alleles from each parent is 0.5 (beacause each parent has two alleles).
According to this, the probability of having a dominant phenotype for both traits depends on the paretal genotypes.
For instance, let us analyze the cross between two dihybrid individuals AaBb x AaBb.
Assuming the involved genes code for different traits and both are independent genes, for easier calculations, we can perform crosses that involve each of the genes separately -events-, and then multiply de results according to the genotype and phenotype we are interested in (A-B-)
Gene A
Parentals) Aa x Aa
Gametes) A a A a
Punnett square) A(1/2) a(1/2)
A(1/2) AA(1/4) Aa(1/4)
a(1/2) Aa(1/4) aa(1/4)
F1) Genotype
1/4 AA ⇒ 1/2A x 1/2A
2/4 = 1/2 Aa ⇒ (1/2A x 1/2a) + (1/2A x 1/2a)
1/4 aa ⇒ 1/2a x 1/2a
Phenotype
3/4 A- ⇒ 1/4AA + 2/4Aa
1/2 aa
Gene B
Parentals) Bb x Bb
Gametes) B b B b
Punnett square) B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
F1 Genotype
1/4 BB ⇒ 1/2B x 1/2B
2/4 = 1/2 Bb ⇒ (1/2B x 1/2b) + (1/2B x 1/2b)
1/4 bb ⇒ 1/2b x 1/2b
Phenotype
3/4 B- ⇒ 1/4 BB + 2/4 Bb
1/2 bb
The probability of having a dominant genotype and phenotype for both traits is,
Genotpe AABB ⇒ 1/4 AA x 1/4 BB = 1/16 AABBPhenotype A-B- ⇒ 3/4 A- x 3/4 B- = 9/16 A-B-You can learn more about the product probability rule in crosses at
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Observe the image. How are humans affecting the environment? (2 points)
Helping the environment by burning fossil fuels that pollute the air and water.
Harming the environment by destroying habitats and reducing the amount of oxygen in the air.
Helping the environment by building more homes and factories where people can live and work.
Harming the environment by planting more trees to provide shelter for humans
Clear demonstration of deforestation, the cutting down of trees in large quantities.
So, answer is:
Harming the environment by destroying habitats and reducing the amount of oxygen in the air.
Hope this helps!
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, while animals do not. Which of the following explains why animal and plant cells are different in this way?
A. Animal cells are too small to have a cell wall.
B. Plants use the rigid cell wall primarily to restrict unnatural substances from entering their cells.
C. Plant cells require the cell wall in order to retain their shape.
D. Animals do not need to restrict substances from entering their cells.
a) Explain how the various teeth are adapted for nutrition on mammals. (8mks)
Answer:
Incisor sharp chisel shaped for biting and cutting food one root for support in the jaw bone Canines long sharp pointed for holding prey piercing and tearing flesh from prey single root for support in the jaw bone Premolars large/wide to increase surface area for grinding food highly cusped to increase surface area for grinding food; two roots for firm support/anchorage in the jaw bone molars large/wide to increase surface area for grinding food highly cusped to increase surface area for grinding food Max. 20
In three to five sentences, construct an argument for the claim that natural selection leads to evolution. Provide evidence for this claim, and be sure to explain how an organism shows the four parts of the process of natural selection. You may use any organism with the exception of bacteria and antibiotic resistance
Answer:
Natural selection is a process that leads to evolution. For example variation can lead to this. Say back then one giraffe had a long neck this variation had a chance of being passed down to their children. If it keeps getting passed down by natural selection because its helping the giraffe survive then more and more giraffes will have long necks. Over time if the trait is super beneficial it could lead to the evolution of all giraffes having a long neck.
Explanation:
I used the terms that go with natural selection. If its not correct im sorry i tried lol.
Answer:
Natural selection leads to evolution due to the way reproduction works. In the example of European moths during the industrial revolution, we can see this clearly. When the industrial revolution was going on, there was more pollution, hence darkening the skies and leaving ash. Moths, which before were white with occasional black spots dominated the area until pollution affected their environment. Whiter moths were eaten by birds who could easily see them against the black trees and skies. These moths could no longer reproduce, they were dead. Moths with more black could survive longer to reproduce because they were harder to see. As time went along, the moths turned mostly black, showing an example of evolution.
Clouds are made up of water vapor
True
False
A student conducted an experiment to test whether talking to plants would help them to grow faster. he set up the following two groups: group 1: spoken to and hand watered group 2: not spoken to and watered with sprinklers after three weeks, the plants in group 1 showed much more growth than those in group 2. based on the results of this experiment, which is the best conclusion? they are valid because the student ran a controlled experiment. they are not valid because the student did not control all the variables that can affect plant growth. they are valid because the dependent variable caused a change in the independent variable. they are not valid because the time frame to grow a plant is too short.
From the results in the experiment the best conclusion is : ( B ) they are not valid because the student did not control all the variables that can affect plant growth
Experimental varablesThe growth variables such as amount of light and amount of water need for the plants to grow effectively are not controlled in the experiment. The first group was hand watered while the second group was watered with a sprinkler therfore the amount of water reaching both groups are not the same therefore the experimental conclusion is not valid.
Hence we can conclude that From the results in the experiment the best conclusion is : ( B ) they are not valid because the student did not control all the variables that can affect plant growth.
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Answer:
B on edge
Explanation:
What three criteria are used to determine whether something is a homology or analogy?.
Answer:
structure, relationship, development
Explanation:
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Calculate the sum of the decreases of the electric potential along the path, and the sum of the electric potential increases. State the relationship between the two
The sum of the decreases of the electric potential along the path will be 2.004V.
How to calculate the sum of the electric potential?From the complete information, the total current(I) is given as:
= 2/(4 + 3 + 5)
= 2/12
= 0.167A
V3 = I × 3
= 0.167 × 3
= 0.501V
V4 = I × 4
= 0.167 × 4
= 0.668V
V5 = I × 5
= 0.167 × 5
= 0.835V
Therefore, the sum of the decreases of the electric potential along the path will be:
= 0.501V + 0.668V + 0.835V
= 2.004V.
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Which of these is made up of cells and tissues that perform a larger function?
Answer:
The answer is organs
Explanation:
1) Panspermia is a hypothesis that states that life on Earth may have been purposefully or accidentally seeded by life from other planets. Which piece of evidence below would support this theory? Select ALL that apply.
A) The presence of intense heat on other distant planets
B) The presence of carbon-based molecules on meteors that strike Earth's surface
The fact that extremophilic bacteria can grow in harsh conditions even on Earth
D) The fact that photosynthesis is driven by solar energy and there are more stars across the galaxy
E) The fact that some spores from fungi or endospores from bacteria can lay formant for long periods of time
One of the events that could give credence to the panspermia hypothesis would be the presence of carbon-based molecules on meteors that strike the earth's surface.
Evidence of extraterrestrial livesAll biomolecules of life are carbon-based. Examples of these molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, ribonucleic acids, etc.
In order for life to exist in a place, carbon must be abundant.
Thus, the presence of carbon-based molecules on meteors from another planet that hit the surface of the earth may be evidence that life exists on another planet.
This can be used as evidence that life on earth came from extraterrestrial sources.
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Can I please get help?
Select all of the following organs that are also part of the excretory system.
Answer:
The Urinary bladder, the ureter, and the urethra are all organs that belong in the execratory system.
The heart and spinal chord are not organs in the execratory system. The spinal chord belongs to the nervous system and the heart belongs to the circulatory.
The two types of tests that the dentist uses to determine whether the inflammatory process has gone into the periapical tissues are ____________ and ___________.
The two types of tests used by the denstist to determine whether the inflamatory process has gone into the peripical tissues are : Palpation and Percussion
What is Inflammatory process?Inflammatory process is response of the immune system such as the white blood cells respond to external stimuli ( harmful ) such as pathogens and cells that have damaged. To determine whether the process has gone into peripical tissues, palpation and percussion tests will be conducted.
Hence we can conclude that The two types of tests used by the denstist to determine whether the inflamatory process has gone into the peripical tissues are : Palpation and Percussion .
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What are the positive and negative effects of road construction in rainforest
Answer: Some consequences of building the road are that it will provide loggers access to highly-valued trees, provide a more accessible trade route for merchants and farmers, affect the wildlife and water quality in the area, and possibly cause indigenous populations to relocate.
Explanation:
List an example of a food chain. Start with the sun, and include four organisms. What is a trophic level? What does trophic mean?
Answer:
Decayed plants - worms - birds - eagles.The four organisms are primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers or phytoremediators.Trophic means involving, or feeding habits or food relationship of different organisms in a food chain.
To cross-fertilize flowers A and B, one would first remove flower A's immature ________ and later transfer pollen from flower B to flower A's ________. anthers; stamen carpe; ovule stamens; stigma stigma; style
To cross-fertilize flowers A and B, one would first remove flower A's immature stamens and later transfer pollen from flower B to flower A's stigma.
What is the stigma?In a flower, the stigma represents the structural region of the flower that functions to collect the pollen grains.
The stigma is a female reproductive structure in the flowers, which plays a fundamental role during fertilization.
The stamens are considered the male reproductive structure of the flowers where pollen grains develop.
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What is unique about the sixth mass extinction many scientists believe we are entering?
A. caused by human activities
B. more species lost than ever before
C. impossible to prevent
D. occurring faster than any other mass extinction
Answer:
Scientists say it's caused by humans
Explanation:
It is entirely our fault
Fear-inducing messages:
a.
often have the opposite of the desired effect.
b.
are generally ineffective.
c.
can increase persuasion.
d.
almost always have the desired effect.
Fear-inducing messages can increase persuasion. A fear request is a persuasive message that tries to provoke fear in order to divert behavior through the threat of upcoming danger or harm.
Are fear inducing messages effective?Fear messages that let the audience know they can achieve the urged behavior or that the behavior will have a positive result are more useful than fear request messages without word of recommended actions.
Thus, option "C" is correct, Fear-inducing messages can increase persuasion.
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an abiotic or biotic substance that causes disease?
Describe how the malarial parasite affects a red blood cell in a person without the sickle-cell mutation (3-5 sentences):
Answer:
Invasion by the malaria parasite brings about extensive changes in the host red cells. These include loss of the normal discoid shape, increased rigidity of the membrane, elevated permeability to a wide variety of ionic and other species, and increased adhesiveness, most notably to endothelial surfaces. Now, sickle cells have membranes, stretched by their unusual shape, that become porous and leak nutrients that the parasites need to survive and the faulty cells eventually get eliminated quite fast by the organisms, destroying the parasite along the way.
I hope this helps :)
The average emission rates in the United States from burning coal are 13 lb/MWh (pounds per megawatt hour) of SO2 and 6 lb/MWh of NOx. (A pound is a unit of mass, and a megawatt hour is a unit of energy. ) Imagine that a scientist developed a new emission control device that can cut each of these emissions to 35% of the current output. If the device were installed, what would the average emission rates change to?
Answer:
The average emission of SO2 would be 4.55 lb/MWh, and the average emission of NOx would be 2.1 lb/MWh.
Explanation:
Answer:
With a NOx release speed of 2.1 lb/MWh, the run-of-the-mill SO2 spilling over rate would be 4.55 lb/MWh.
Explanation:
This is Plato answer but slightly paraphrased.
What is the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell?.
Answer: Meiosis is a process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Meiosis usually involves two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II. By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell becomes four haploid cells.
Explanation:
Where would you find a strong acid on the pH scale?
A. 1
B. 5
C. 3
D. 13
Answer:
A. 1
Explanation:
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
note: the closer you are to the neutral the weaker it gets.
Which organism in the table most easily causes an infection?.
Microbes are the organisms that is responsible and main cause of infection because these microbes uses it as a growth medium.
What organism cause infection?Many infectious diseases can be caused by microorganisms such as Bacteria and Viruses because these organisms lives and colonize in the infected parts.
So we can conclude that Microbes are the organisms that is responsible and main cause of infection because these microbes uses it as a growth medium.
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Are gender traits completely a result of societal expectations?
Answer:No
Explanation:
Gender traits in human are different and determined by your biophysical processes. Not at all a societal expectations.
Human gender features vary and are influenced by your biophysical processes. Not at all what society would expect.
What is Societal expectations?We often care what our close friends and family think of us when it comes to them. The impact of others on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is known as social influence.
Social institutions include things like family and friends. Religious organizations, the media, and socioeconomic status organizations are other social institutions. These can all have an impact on our actions, thoughts, and emotions.
As we explore some theories relating to the concept of social expectations, let this serve as a unifying principle. We are taught what is right and wrong when we are little children. We learn what is wrong in stage one because we are punished for it.
Therefore, Human gender features vary and are influenced by your biophysical processes. Not at all what society would expect.
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can someone help me please
Answer: im pretty sure its A
Explanation:
Where is the greatest concentration of cones located?.
The greatest concentration of the cones are located at the fovea which is the center of the macula.
What do you mean by Cones cells?Cones cells may be defined as the receptors in the retina responsible for your understanding of sight.
The fovea which is the center of the macula also known as the yellow spot has the highest concentration of the cones. This is because the image formed here is very clear and distinct as cones and rod cells are known for the sense of sight.
Therefore, the greatest concentration of the cones are located at the fovea which is the center of the macula.
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What do a mushroom, an amoeba, and a 6th grader have in common?.
Answer:
They are all composed of one or more cells.
Explanation:
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis (i.e., no disease sign) ____________________. A. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis B. is a carrier of cystic fibrosis C. cannot reproduce D. has cystic fibrosis
Answer:
B is a carrier of cystic fibrosis
Explanation:
Since cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease the person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene in order to have the illness.
NEED HELP
Match the related items.
1.frontal lobe
2.medulla
3.thalamus
4.cerebellum
5.cerebrum
6.cerebral cortex
7.left hemisphere
neurons
electrical relay
voluntary muscles
right body
coordination
involuntary muscles
emotions/ visual/ thought
Matching the related items with their description
1. Frontal lobe : Voluntary muscles
2. Medulla : Involuntary muscles
3. Thalamus : Electrical relay
4. Cerebellum : coordination
5. Cerebrum : emotions/ visual/ thought
6. Cerebral cortex : Neurons
7. Left hemisphere : right body
Parts of the BrainThe Medulla is a stemlike structure which makes up the lower part of the brain. It connects the spinal cord to the brain and it is cone-shaped neuronal mass, it controls autonomc functions in the human body. The cerbral cortex is the outermist of the brain which controls the mental capability of a human.
Hence we can conclude that matching each item to its decription is listed above
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Which brain regions contain neurons involved in controlling complex and subconscious somatic motor patterns