Pure ethyl ether is going to be used to recover the ethyl alcohol contained in water at 25 oC. Both solvents are fed countercurrently at a rate of 100 kg/h (mixture A+C) and 200 kg/h (solvent B). Determine the number of stages and their respective equilibrium compositions to reduce the solute concentration to 2.5% by weight in the raffinate. Balance data: Ethyl alcohol Water Ethyl ether Ethyl alcohol Water Ethyl ether 0 0.013 0.987 0 0.94 0.06 0.029 0.021 0.95 0.067 0.871 0.062 0.067 0.033 0.9 0.125 0.806 0.069 0.102 0.048 0.85 0.159 0.763 0.078 0.136 0.064 0.8 0.186 0.726 0.088 0.168 0.082 0.75 0.204 0.7 0.096 0.196 0.104 0.7 0.219 0.675 0.106 0.22 0.13 0.65 0.231 0.65 0.119 0.241 0.159 0.6 0.242 0.625 0.133 0.257 0.193 0.55 0.256 0.59 0.154 0.269 0.231 0.5 0.265 0.552 0.183 0.278 0.272 0.45 0.274 0.515 0.211 0.282 0.318 0.4 0.28 0.47 0.25

The type of air pollution phenomenon observed in Los Angeles during the post-war period is known as "smog." Smog refers to a mixture of smoke and fog, which is caused by the interaction of pollutants with sunlight.

During the 1940s and subsequent years, Los Angeles experienced a rapid increase in population and economic growth, leading to a significant rise in the number of vehicles on the road. The combustion of fossil fuels in these vehicles released pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. These pollutants, along with sunlight, underwent chemical reactions to form ground-level ozone and other secondary pollutants.

The resulting smog was particularly noticeable in the mornings when temperature inversions trapped the pollutants close to the ground. This trapped smog created a visible haze and caused health issues for the residents of Los Angeles. The smog problem in LA became so severe that it prompted the implementation of various air pollution control measures, including the introduction of emission standards and regulations, to improve the air quality in the city.

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- 0.0964 mol of potassium is equal to 2.3092 grams.
- 0.250 mol of cadmium is equal to 59.44 grams.
- 0.690 mol of argon is equal to 15.784 grams.

To convert from moles to grams, you need to use the molar mass of the element. The molar mass is the mass of one mole of atoms or molecules of a substance.

1. For potassium (K), the molar mass is 39.10 grams/mole. To find the mass in grams, you multiply the given mole amount by the molar mass:
0.0964 mol * 39.10 g/mol = 2.3092 grams.

2. For cadmium (Cd), the molar mass is 112.41 grams/mole. Again, multiply the given mole amount by the molar mass to find the mass in grams:
0.250 mol * 112.41 g/mol = 59.44 grams.

3. For argon (Ar), the molar mass is 39.95 grams/mole. Multiply the given mole amount by the molar mass to obtain the mass in grams:
0.690 mol * 39.95 g/mol = 15.784 grams.

Therefore, 0.0964 mol of potassium is equal to 2.3092 grams, 0.250 mol of cadmium is equal to 59.44 grams, and 0.690 mol of argon is equal to 15.784 grams.

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To convert moles to grams, use the formula: Mass (grams) = Moles × Molar mass (grams/mol). For 0.0964 mol of potassium, the mass is 3.77 grams. For 0.250 mol of cadmium, the mass is 28.1 grams. For 0.690 mol of argon, the mass is 27.7 grams.

To convert moles to grams, we need to use the formula:

Mass (grams) = Moles × Molar mass (grams/mol)

1. For potassium (K), the molar mass is 39.1 grams/mol. So, for 0.0964 mol of potassium:

2. For cadmium (Cd), the molar mass is 112.4 grams/mol. So, for 0.250 mol of cadmium:

3. For argon (Ar), the molar mass is 39.9 grams/mol. So, for 0.690 mol of argon:

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1. 16.6 milliliters of the 15.8 M NH3 solution should be diluted to make 1050 mL of 0.250 M NH3.

2. The concentration of the final solution will be approximately 0.587 M.

1. To determine how many milliliters of the 15.8 M NH3 solution should be diluted to make 1050 mL of 0.250 M NH3, we can use the dilution equation:

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Where:

C₁ = initial concentration of the stock solution (15.8 M)

V₁ = volume of the stock solution to be diluted (unknown)

C₂ = final concentration of the diluted solution (0.250 M)

V₂ = final volume of the diluted solution (1050 mL or 1.05 L)

Rearranging the equation to solve for V₁:

V₁ = (C₂V₂) / C₁

Substituting the given values:

V₁ = (0.250 M * 1.05 L) / 15.8 M

V₁ = 0.0166 L

Converting liters to milliliters:

V₁ = 0.0166 L * 1000 mL/L

V₁ ≈ 16.6 mL

Therefore, approximately 16.6 milliliters of the 15.8 M NH3 solution should be diluted to make 1050 mL of 0.250 M NH3.

2. To determine the concentration of the final solution when a 13.0 mL portion of the stock solution is diluted to a total volume of 0.350 L, we can again use the dilution equation:

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Where:

C₁ = initial concentration of the stock solution (15.8 M)

V₁ = volume of the stock solution used (13.0 mL or 0.013 L)

C₂ = final concentration of the diluted solution (unknown)

V₂ = final volume of the diluted solution (0.350 L)

Rearranging the equation to solve for C₂:

C₂ = (C₁V₁) / V₂

Substituting the given values:

C₂ = (15.8 M * 0.013 L) / 0.350 L

C₂ ≈ 0.587 M

Therefore, the concentration of the final solution will be approximately 0.587 M.

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∠2 and ∠3 are opposite angles or vertical angles so they are equal.

Opposite angles are a pair of angles that are formed when two lines intersect. They are located across from each other and have the same degree measure. Opposite angles are also known as vertical angles.

More specifically, when two lines intersect, they form four angles at the point of intersection. The opposite angles are the angles that are directly across from each other, and they share a common vertex. In other words, if you draw a line segment connecting the vertices of the opposite angles, it will divide the intersection into two pairs of congruent angles.

The property of opposite angles is that they have equal measures. For example, if one of the opposite angles measures 60 degrees, the other opposite angle will also measure 60 degrees.

Opposite angles play an important role in geometry and are used in various proofs and theorems.

In the given problem, ∠2 and ∠3 are opposite angles which implies they must be equal to one another.

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The probability of getting a malfunctioning radio is 0.042 or 4.2%.

i. To represent the situation described, we can create a tree diagram. The first level of the tree diagram will have two branches, one for each type of radio (X and Y). The second level will have two branches for each radio type, representing whether the radio is malfunctioning or not.

Here is an example of a tree diagram for this situation:

```
           |--- X ---|--- Malfunction
Population --|         |--- No Malfunction
           |
           |--- Y ---|--- Malfunction
                     |--- No Malfunction
```

ii. To find the probability of getting a malfunctioning radio, we need to consider the probabilities at each branch of the tree diagram and calculate the overall probability.

From the given information, we know that 60% of the radios are X radios, and out of these, 5% are malfunctioning. So the probability of selecting an X radio that is malfunctioning is 0.6 * 0.05 = 0.03 (or 3%).
Similarly, 40% of the radios are Y radios, and out of these, 3% are malfunctioning. So the probability of selecting a Y radio that is malfunctioning is 0.4 * 0.03 = 0.012 (or 1.2%).

To find the overall probability of getting a malfunctioning radio, we need to sum up the probabilities for both types of radios.

Overall probability = Probability of getting a malfunctioning X radio + Probability of getting a malfunctioning Y radio
                  = 0.03 + 0.012
                  = 0.042 (or 4.2%)

Therefore, the probability of getting a malfunctioning radio is 0.042 (or 4.2%).

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The given hourly cost of a hydraulic shovel and a truck are $165 and $75 respectively.

An equipment fleet consisting of two shovels and ten trucks achieve a production of 700 LCY per hour.

Now, we have to determine the unit cost of loading and hauling.

Let the unit cost of loading and hauling be X dollars per LCY.

From the given information, we can form the following equation:

Number of LCY loaded and hauled by two shovels in 1 hour + Number of LCY loaded and hauled by ten trucks in 1 hour

= 700 LCY/hour

To form the equation, we need to know the loading and hauling capacity of the shovel and truck.

The information given in the problem is not enough to solve for their loading and hauling capacity.

Hence, the equation cannot be formed.

Hence, the unit cost of loading and hauling cannot be determined.

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With the bulk density of the sample determined to be 901.64 g/cm³, this physical property plays a crucial role in understanding the material's packing and storage characteristics. The high density indicates that the sample is tightly packed, making it suitable for applications where space efficiency is essential.

Given:

Weight of sample, Ww = 550 g

Apparent Specific gravity, ϒ = 2.17

True porosity, Pt = 39%

Let ρ = bulk density

Bulk density, ρ = (Ww / V) -----(1) where V = volume of sample.

The volume of the sample can be written as follows,

V = Vv + Vf ------(2) where Vv = volume of solid material, Vf = volume of voids.

From the given data,

Apparent specific gravity, ϒ = ρ / ρs where ρs = specific gravity of the solid material.

The true porosity of the sample is given as,

Pt = Vf / V × 100 or Vf = Pt / 100 × V -------------(3)

Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get

V = Vv + Pt / 100 × V

Volume of solid material,

Vv = V - Pt / 100 × V

Substituting Vv in equation (1), we get

ρ = Ww / (V - Pt / 100 × V)

Bulk density, ρ = 550 / (1 - 0.39)

Bulk density, ρ = 901.64 g/cm³.

Answer: Bulk density, ρ = 901.64 g/cm³.

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a)Jorge has earned the right to brag.

b) The number of students gives the number of students who scored less than Jorge is 188 students

c) The number of students that Sophie did better than is obtained is  114.

a) The following table summarizes the given data: Grade Mean Standard deviation Top student

101.261.986.211.511.9

Sophie's grade11Grade Mean Standard deviation Top student

57.911.684.311.611.6

Sophie's grade11The top student at the school will be the one who scores the highest of all students, not just within their grade. Jorge scored higher than Sophie and thus performed better.

Therefore, Jorge has earned the right to brag.

b) The z-score is used to calculate the number of students Jorge outperformed.

Z-score for Jorge = (86.2 - 61.2) / 11.9 = 2.10

Using the normal distribution table, the proportion of students that Jorge did better than can be calculated as

P(Z > 2.10) = 0.0188.

Multiplying 0.0188 by the number of students gives the number of students who scored less than Jorge: 0.0188 × 10000 ≈ 188 students.

c) Sophie is ranked 11th among the school's 11th graders, but she may not be ranked first or last among the entire school's students.

To compare Sophie to the entire school population, the z-score formula can be used. We can say that Sophie's z-score is (84.3 - 57.9)/11.6 = 2.28.

Z-score tables can be used to calculate the proportion of students who did better than Sophie, which is P(Z > 2.28) = 0.0114.

The number of students that Sophie did better than is obtained by multiplying this probability by the number of students:0.0114 x 10000 = 114 students.So, the answer to the question c is 114.

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The synthetic UH6 for the basin has a peak discharge (Qp) of X cfs, a time to peak (tp) of Y hours, and a base time (tb) of Z hours.

To obtain the synthetic UH6, we need to calculate the average curve number (CN) for the basin. Given the area of the basin (50 km2), we can calculate the Time of Concentration (Tc) using the Kirpich equation:

Tc = (0.0078 × L × (√(Slope)))^0.77

where L is the main stream length (14 km) and Slope is the bed slope of the main stream (1.4%). Tc is approximately 1.06 hours.

Next, we calculate the rainfall excess (Pex) using the excess rainfall hyetograph. Since the hyetograph values are not provided in the question, we cannot proceed with the calculations to obtain the synthetic UH6 and determine Qp, tp, and tb.

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To calculate the ground-level concentration of nitric oxide (NO) at a distance of 1.5 km downwind, we can use the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term (ISCST3) model, which is commonly used for air quality modeling. Here's how we can calculate it:

1. Calculate the Pasquill stability class: Given that it is a sunny summer day and open country conditions, we can assume a Pasquill stability class of "D."

2. Calculate the effective stack height (Heff): Heff is the sum of the physical stack height (H) and the effective plume rise (dH). In this case, Heff = H + dH = 80 m + 2.7√H = 80 m + 2.7√80 m = 114.7 m.

3. Calculate the dispersion coefficient (σy): For stability class D and open country conditions, the σy value can be approximated as 0.14Heff = 0.14 × 114.7 m = 16.03 m.

4. Calculate the downwind distance (x): Given that we need to calculate the concentration at 1.5 km downwind, x = 1500 m.

5. Calculate the concentration (C): Using the formula C = Q/(2πσyU) × exp(-x^2/(2σy^2)), where Q is the emission rate, U is the wind speed, and x is the downwind distance, we can substitute the values:

  C = 110 g/s / (2π × 16.03 m × 4 m/s) × exp(-1500^2 / (2 × 16.03^2))

Calculating the above expression, the ground-level concentration of nitric oxide (NO) at 1.5 km downwind on a sunny summer day in open country conditions is approximately 0.034 µg/m³.

The ground-level concentration of NO at a distance of 1.5 km downwind is 0.034 µg/m³. This calculation assumes the given emission rate, stack height, wind speed, and ambient air conditions. It is important to note that this is an estimated value and actual concentrations may vary due to various factors such as terrain, atmospheric conditions, and other nearby sources of emissions.

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The rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius when the radius is 1.2 m is 18.1 m³/m. When the volume is 29π m³, the rate of change of the radius with respect to time is decreasing, indicating that as the volume increases, the rate of increase in the radius decreases.

To answer these questions, we need to use the formula for the volume of a sphere:

[tex]V = \left(\frac{4}{3}\right) \cdot \pi \cdot r^3[/tex]

Where:

V is the volume of the sphere

π is the mathematical constant approximately equal to 3.14

r is the radius of the sphere

a) To find the rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius, we need to differentiate the volume formula with respect to r:

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} = \frac{4}{3} \cdot \pi \cdot 3r^2[/tex]

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} = 4\pi r^2[/tex]

To find the rate of change when r = 1.2 m, we need to plug in this value into the derivative:

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} = 4\pi (1.2)^2[/tex]

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} = 18.1 \, \text{m}^3/\text{m}[/tex]

Therefore, the rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius when r = 1.2 m is 18.1 m³/m.

b) To find the rate of change of the radius with respect to time, we need to use the chain rule:

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dt}} = \frac{{dV}}{{dr}} \cdot \frac{{dr}}{{dt}}[/tex]

We are given that V = 29π m³, so we can use the volume formula to find r:

[tex]\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 = 29 \pi[/tex]

r³ = (29/4) * 3

r = ∛(21.75)

r ≈ 2.79 m

We can also use this value to find [tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}}[/tex]:

[tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} = 4\pi (2.79)^2\\\frac{{dV}}{{dr}} \approx 97.5 \, \text{m}^3/\text{m}[/tex]

Now we can solve for [tex]\frac{{dr}}{{dt}}[/tex]:

[tex]\frac{{dr}}{{dt}} = \frac{{dV}}{{dt}} \div \frac{{dV}}{{dr}}[/tex]

We are not given [tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dt}}[/tex], so we cannot find an exact value for [tex]\frac{{dr}}{{dt}}[/tex] . However, we can see that [tex]\frac{{dr}}{{dt}}[/tex] is inversely proportional to  [tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}}[/tex], which means that as  [tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}}[/tex] increases, [tex]\frac{{dr}}{{dt}}[/tex] decreases, and vice versa.

Therefore, we can say that the rate of change of the radius is decreasing when V = 29π m³, because  [tex]\frac{{dV}}{{dr}}[/tex] is positive and large.

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The domain of ggg is option D: -7 ≤ x ≤ 4.

To determine the domain of a function, we need to identify the set of all possible values for the independent variable, in this case, x, for which the function is defined.

In option D, the domain is specified as -7 ≤ x ≤ 4. This means that x can take any value within the closed interval from -7 to 4, inclusive.

In other words, the domain of ggg includes all real numbers between -7 and 4, including -7 and 4 themselves. This interval represents the range of values for x that satisfy the given conditions for the function ggg.

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Alicia's estimate of the surface area of the rectangular prism is not reasonable based on her miscalculation of the volume.

To determine whether Alicia's estimate of the surface area of the rectangular prism is reasonable, we first need to check if her calculation of the volume of the rectangular prism is correct.

The formula for calculating the volume of a rectangular prism is:

Volume = length x width x height

Substituting the given values in the formula, we get:

Volume = 11 meters x 5.6 meters x 7.2 meters

Volume = 449.28 cubic meters

As we can see, Alicia's estimate of 334 cubic meters is significantly lower than the actual volume of the rectangular prism, which is 449.28 cubic meters. Therefore, her estimate of the surface area is likely to be incorrect as well.

It is also important to note that the problem statement asks about the estimate of the surface area, not the volume. However, since the formula for calculating the surface area of a rectangular prism also involves the dimensions of length, width, and height, it is highly likely that Alicia's estimate of the surface area would also be incorrect given her miscalculation of the volume.

In conclusion, Alicia's estimate of the surface area of the rectangular prism is not reasonable based on her miscalculation of the volume.

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To show that (b - a)(c - a)(c - b) = la² b² c² using only the theorems on determinants and the row/column operations, we can proceed as follows:

1. Start with the given matrix:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | a  b  c |

2. Subtract the first row from the second row:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | 0  b-a c-a |

3. Multiply the second row by b-a:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | 0  (b-a)(c-a) (b-a)(c-a) |

4. Now, factor out (b-a) from the second row:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | 0  (b-a)(c-a) (c-b)(b-a) |

5. Multiply the second row by c-b:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | 0  (b-a)(c-a) (c-b)(c-a)(b-a) |

6. Now, we can see that the determinant of the matrix is equal to the desired expression:
  | 1  1  1 |
  | 0  (b-a)(c-a) (c-b)(c-a)(b-a) | = (b-a)(c-a)(c-b)

Thus, we have shown that (b - a)(c - a)(c - b) = la² b² c² using only the theorems on determinants and the row/column operations.

I hope this explanation helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.

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Using the theorems on determinants and the row/column operations, we can show that the given matrix [tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\a&b&c\\a^2&b^2&c^2\end{array}\right][/tex] equals [tex](b-a)(c-a)(c-b)[/tex].

To start, we expand the determinant along the first row:
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\a&b&c\\a^2&b^2&c^2\end{array}\right] = 1\cdot\left|\begin{array}{cc}b&c\\b^2&c^2\end{array}\right| - 1\cdot\left|\begin{array}{cc}a&c\\a^2&c^2\end{array}\right| + 1\cdot\left|\begin{array}{cc}a&b\\a^2&b^2\end{array}\right|[/tex]
Using the theorem that states "If we interchange two rows (or columns), the sign of the determinant changes", we can simplify further by expanding each determinant along the first row:
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\a&b&c\\a^2&b^2&c^2\end{array}\right] = (b\cdot c^2 - b^2\cdot c) - (a\cdot c^2 - a^2\cdot c) + (a\cdot b^2 - a^2\cdot b)[/tex]
Applying the theorem that states "If a row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is also multiplied by that constant", we can further simplify:
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\a&b&c\\a^2&b^2&c^2\end{array}\right] = bc^2 - b^2c - ac^2 + a^2c + ab^2 - a^2b[/tex]
Finally, factoring out common terms, we obtain:
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&1\\a&b&c\\a^2&b^2&c^2\end{array}\right] = (b-a)(c-a)(c-b)[/tex]

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The distribution for X is a negative binomial distribution, denoted as nb(x;6, 188​), with parameters r = 6 (number of successes), p = 8/18 (probability of success in each trial).

To compute the probabilities:

P(X = 2): nb(2;6, 8/18)

P(X ≤ 2): nb(0;6, 8/18) + nb(1;6, 8/18) + nb(2;6, 8/18)

P(X ≥ 2): 1 - P(X < 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1)

To calculate the mean value and standard deviation of X:

Mean (μ) = r * (1 - p) / p

Standard Deviation (σ) = sqrt(r * (1 - p) / (p^2))

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To prove that the Boolean expression x(x+y) is equal to the Boolean variable x, we can use the distributive property and the identity property of Boolean algebra.

1. Start with the given expression: x(x+y).
2. Apply the distributive property: x * x + x * y.
3. According to the identity property, any variable multiplied by itself is equal to itself: x * x simplifies to x.
4. Simplify the expression: x + x * y.
5. Now, we can see that we have two terms, x and x * y, connected by the logical OR operator (+).
6. According to the Boolean identity property, if one of the terms connected by the logical OR operator is true (in this case, x is true), the result is true. Therefore, the expression x + x * y simplifies to x.
7. Thus, we have proven that the Boolean expression x(x+y) is equal to the Boolean variable x.

In summary, by applying the distributive property and the identity property of Boolean algebra, we can simplify the expression x(x+y) to x.

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Therefore, the best measure of central tendency for this data set is the median (option C) as it represents the middle value and is not influenced by extreme values.

The best measure of central tendency for the given data set is the median, option C.

The median is the middle value of a data set when it is arranged in ascending or descending order.

It is not affected by extreme values, making it a robust measure of central tendency.

To determine the median, the data set needs to be sorted first:

{22, 65, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 71, 71, 71, 72, 72, 73, 73, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 77, 78, 78, 78, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 82, 83, 83, 83, 99}

In this case, since there are 41 values, the median will be the average of the two middle values, which are the 21st and 22nd values:

75 and 76.

Therefore, the median is (75 + 76) / 2 = 75.5.

The mean (average) is another measure of central tendency, but it can be affected by extreme values.

In this data set, there is an extreme value of 99, which can greatly influence the mean.

The mode represents the most frequently occurring value(s) in a data set. In this case, there is no value that appears more than once, so there is no mode.

The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set.

While it provides information about the spread of the data, it does not give an indication of the central tendency.

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The reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12.Intensity is defined as the amount of sound energy passing per second through unit area perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation.

The formula for intensity is:

I = (P / 4πr²)

Where P = Power output of the source

= 60W.

r = Distance from the source

= 10

mπ = 3.14

Substituting the values in the formula we get,

I = (60 / 4 × 3.14 × (10)²)≈ 0.48 W/m²

Therefore, the intensity at 10 m away from the source is 0.48 W/m².(ii) Calculation of the distance at which the sound pressure level is 58 dB when reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12 (Watts /m^2 ).The formula for sound pressure level (SPL) is given as: we get:r ≈ 257 m .Therefore, the distance at which the sound pressure level is 58 dB when the reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12 (Watts /m^2) is approximately 257 m.

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The distance at which the sound pressure level is 58 dB when the reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12 (Watts /m^2) is approximately 257 m.

The reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12.

Intensity is defined as the amount of sound energy passing per second through unit area perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation.

The formula for intensity is:

I = (P / 4πr²)

Where P = Power output of the source

= 60W.

r = Distance from the source

= 10

mπ = 3.14

Substituting the values in the formula we get,

I = (60 / 4 × 3.14 × (10)²)≈ 0.48 W/m²

Therefore, the intensity at 10 m away from the source is 0.48 W/m².(ii) Calculation of the distance at which the sound pressure level is 58 dB when reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12 (Watts /m^2 ).

The formula for sound pressure level (SPL) is given as: we get:r ≈ 257 m .

Therefore, the distance at which the sound pressure level is 58 dB when the reference sound intensity is 1×10^-12 (Watts /m^2) is approximately 257 m.

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a) (i) Routine Maintenance  Routine maintenance is the standard process that is carried out on a routine basis to maintain a machine or structure in good working order. This type of maintenance work is performed on a regular basis and is classified as preventive maintenance.

It is meant to help keep machinery and equipment in good working order while also preventing the likelihood of a catastrophic failure. It includes tasks such as cleaning, oiling, tightening, lubricating, and adjusting components.Routine maintenance involves inspecting equipment on a regular basis and looking for signs of wear and tear. It can be conducted every day, week, or month, depending on the equipment's requirements. The equipment is cleaned and lubricated during routine maintenance, ensuring that it remains in good working order.(ii) Periodic MaintenancePeriodic maintenance is maintenance that is conducted on an as-needed basis. This type of maintenance is typically carried out less frequently than routine maintenance and is classified as corrective maintenance. It entails tasks such as replacing worn-out parts, inspecting machinery for damage, and lubricating machinery that has been sitting idle for an extended period. Periodic maintenance is critical for ensuring that machinery and equipment operate efficiently and safely.b) Implications of having a wrong subgrade classification when it comes to road construction, subgrade classification is a crucial factor to consider. If the subgrade classification is incorrect, it may have severe implications, including:1. Reduced Durability: The subgrade is the foundation on which the pavement is constructed. If the subgrade classification is incorrect, the pavement may not be durable. As a result, the pavement may fail sooner than anticipated, requiring costly repairs.

2. Structural Damage: Incorrect subgrade classification may result in structural damage. This can be especially dangerous for heavy vehicles. If the pavement is not designed to withstand the weight of these vehicles, it may result in damage to the pavement, which could result in accidents.

3. Poor Drainage: If the subgrade classification is incorrect, the pavement's drainage may be impacted. This can result in waterlogging, which can cause significant damage to the pavement. It can also cause accidents if the pavement becomes slippery.

4. High Repair Costs: If the subgrade classification is incorrect, repairs may be required more frequently, resulting in high repair costs. It may also necessitate the complete replacement of the pavement, which can be quite expensive.

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Answer: The length of the carton is 168 cm.

Step-by-step explanation: To find the length of the carton, we need to know how many tins fit along its width and height as well. Since we are not given this information, we will assume that the carton is packed in the most efficient way possible, which means that there are no gaps between the tins and that the tins are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. This pattern allows for the maximum number of circles to fit in a given area.

To find the width of the carton, we need to multiply the diameter of one tin by the number of tins along one row. The diameter of one tin is twice the radius, so it is 14 cm. The number of tins along one row is half the number of tins along the length, since each row is staggered by half a tin. Therefore, the number of tins along one row is 6. The width of the carton is then 14 cm x 6 = 84 cm.

To find the height of the carton, we need to multiply the height of one tin by the number of tins along one column. The height of one tin is 20 cm. The number of tins along one column is equal to the number of rows, which is determined by dividing the width of the carton by the distance between two adjacent rows. The distance between two adjacent rows is equal to the radius times √3, which is about 12.12 cm. Therefore, the number of rows is 84 cm / 12.12 cm ≈ 6.93. We round this up to 7, since we cannot have partial rows. The height of the carton is then 20 cm x 7 = 140 cm.

The length of the carton is already given as 12 times the diameter of one tin, which is 14 cm x 12 = 168 cm.

Therefore, the dimensions of the carton are:

Length: 168 cm

Width: 84 cm

Height: 140 cm

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a) The equation of the line `l` is `3x - 4y + 32 = 0`.

Therefore, the correct option is (D).

b) the point C(12, 17) lies on the line `l`.

c) the final equation of the circle in the required form:`x^2 + y^2 - 24x - 34y + 285 = 0`

Therefore, the correct option is (C).

(a)The equation of the line passing through two points (-8, 2) and (4, 11) can be found as follows:

First we calculate the slope `m` of the line:

`m = (y_2 - y_1)/(x_2 - x_1)`where `(x_1, y_1) = (-8, 2)` and `(x_2, y_2) = (4, 11)`.

Substituting we get: `m = (11 - 2)/(4 - (-8))``m = 9/12``m = 3/4`

Now we can write the equation of the line using the point-slope form:

`y - y_1 = m(x - x_1)`where `(x_1, y_1) = (-8, 2)` and `m = 3/4`.

Substituting we get: `y - 2 = (3/4)(x + 8)`

Multiplying by 4 to eliminate the fraction, we get:`4y - 8 = 3x + 24`

Rearranging and simplifying, we get the final equation of the line in the required form:

`3x - 4y + 32 = 0`

Thus, the equation of the line `l` is `3x - 4y + 32 = 0`.

Therefore, the correct option is (D).`

(b)`To confirm that the point C(12, 17) lies on the line `l`, we substitute the coordinates of C into the equation of the line `l`:`3(12) - 4(17) + 32 = 36 - 68 + 32 = 0`

Thus, the point C(12, 17) lies on the line `l`.

(c)The point B lies on the circle with center C(12, 17). Therefore, the distance from C to B is equal to the radius of the circle. We can use the distance formula to find the distance between C and B:`

[tex]r = \sqrt{((x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2)}[/tex]` where `(x_1, y_1) = (12, 17)` and `(x_2, y_2) = (4, 11)`.

Substituting we get:[tex]r = \sqrt{((4 - 12)^2 + (11 - 17)^2)} = \sqrt{((-8)^2 + (-6)^2)} = \sqrt{(64 + 36)} = \sqrt{(100)} = 10[/tex]

Thus, the radius of the circle is 10 units.

The equation of the circle can be written as:`(x - 12)^2 + (y - 17)^2 = r^2``(x - 12)^2 + (y - 17)^2 = 100`

Multiplying and simplifying, we get the final equation of the circle in the required form:`x^2 + y^2 - 24x - 34y + 285 = 0`

Therefore, the correct option is (C).

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Answer:

[tex]y=-x^{2}+2[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

The equation for a parabola that opens down and has a vertex of (0,2) is [tex]y=-x^{2}+2[/tex]. Attached is an image of the parabola graphed.

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the mass of the mixture is 190.5 g, the mass of the extracted aggregate is 104.5 g, and the mass percent of Ac is 1.15%.

First, calculate the mass of the mixture by subtracting the mass of the dish from the mass of the dish and mix; which is 1822 g - 1631.5 g = 190.5 g. Then, calculate the mass of the aggregate that was extracted by subtracting the mass of the dish from the mass of the dish and aggregate; which is 1791 g - 1631.5 g = 159.5 g.

The mass of the filter after extraction is 30 g, and the mass of the clean filter is 25 g.Thus, the mass of the extracted aggregate is the difference between the mass of the aggregate before and after extraction. Mass of extracted aggregate = mass of aggregate before extraction - mass of aggregate after extraction.

Mass of extracted aggregate = 159.5 g - (25 g + 30 g) = 104.5 g.

Mass percent of Ac = (mass of Ac in extracted aggregate / mass of extracted aggregate) x 100%

Given that the mass of the extracted aggregate is 104.5 g and the mass of the Ac in the extracted aggregate is 1.2 g. Mass percent of Ac = (1.2 g / 104.5 g) x 100%

= 1.15%.

In conclusion, the mass of the mixture is 190.5 g, the mass of the extracted aggregate is 104.5 g, and the mass percent of Ac is 1.15%.

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An indirect cold water supply system is a system that involves the use of a cold water storage cistern as the source of water supply instead of the main water supply.

The following are two (2) advantages and three (3) disadvantages of installing an indirect cold water supply system:

Advantages of indirect cold water supply system:

1. The system is less likely to be affected by water pressure changes in the main supply since it is fed by the cistern.

2. It provides for reserve water capacity during water supply interruptions or emergencies.

D is advantages of indirect cold water supply system:

1. An indirect system requires more installation space than a direct system because a cold water storage cistern is necessary.

2. The system is more expensive to install than a direct system since it involves the use of additional components such as a cold water storage cistern.

3. It requires regular maintenance because the cistern must be cleaned and inspected on a regular basis to prevent contamination.

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The fugacity of pure liquid n-pentane at 100°C and 30 bar using the virial method is estimated to be 28.98 bar.

Fugacity:

Fugacity is the measure of a substance's tendency to escape or evade its environment's confining forces. In other words, it's the capacity of a substance to leave or escape a surrounding substance's force. It's a factor that depends on the substance's concentration, pressure, and temperature. Fugacity is frequently expressed in units of pressure, such as pascals or bars.

Virial Method:

The virial expansion method is used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of fluids by calculating the deviation of the fluid from an ideal gas. The method relies on expanding the pressure or fugacity of the real gas in a power series that is a function of the fluid's density or concentration, which is called the virial series. The virial equation of state is based on the virial series expansion. The virial coefficient is the first term in the series expansion, and it is used to account for the interactions among the fluid's molecules. This is given as:

Bp = P/f = RT/(1+ Bp/V+ C/V^2+ D/V^3 +....)

Where:

P = Pressure of the gas/fugacity of the liquid

T = Temperature of the gas

R = Gas constant

V = Molar volume of the gas/fugacity of the liquid

n-pentane:

Molecular Formula: C5H12

Boiling Point: 36.1 °C

Molar Mass: 72.15 g/mol

The fugacity of pure liquid n-pentane can be calculated by using the virial expansion method at 100°C and 30 bars. The first step in this method is to calculate the virial coefficients B and C, which can be found from experimental data.

Using the following values for n-pentane at 100°C:

Critical temperature: 196°C

Critical pressure: 33.7 bar

Critical volume: 350 cm3/mol

The first two virial coefficients can be calculated by using the following equation:

B = 0.083 - (0.422/Tr) - (0.00143/Tr^2)

C = -0.00249 + (0.00713/Tr) - (0.01463/Tr^2)

Where Tr is the reduced temperature (T/Tc).

At 100°C, the reduced temperature is 0.51 (100/196), so:

B = 0.083 - (0.422/0.51) - (0.00143/0.51^2) = 0.078 bar mol/dm3

C = -0.00249 + (0.00713/0.51) - (0.01463/0.51^2) = -0.000574 bar mol/dm3

The second step is to use the virial equation of state to calculate the fugacity coefficient, φ. The equation is:

P/f = 1 + Bf/P + Cf^2/P^2

The fugacity coefficient is defined as φ = f/φ0, where φ0 is the fugacity of an ideal gas at the same pressure and temperature as the real gas. For an ideal gas, φ = 1, so f = P.

In this case, P = 30 bar and T = 100°C. The molar volume of n-pentane at this temperature and pressure can be calculated from the virial equation of state:

V = RT/(P + B) = (8.314 J/mol K)(373 K)/(30 bar + 0.078 bar mol/dm3) = 0.000388 m

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Zinc-rich paint and zinc spraying coatings protect steel from corrosion through a mechanism called sacrificial anode cathodic protection.

In sacrificial anode cathodic protection, a more reactive metal is connected to the steel structure, acting as a sacrificial anode. The more reactive metal, such as zinc, corrodes instead of the steel. This sacrificial corrosion process prevents the steel from rusting.

Here's how it works:
1. The zinc-rich paint or zinc spraying coating is applied to the steel surface.
2. When the coating is exposed to moisture or corrosive substances, a galvanic cell is formed.
3. The zinc coating acts as the anode in the galvanic cell, while the steel structure becomes the cathode.
4. Due to the difference in reactivity, the zinc coating corrodes instead of the steel. This sacrificial corrosion protects the steel from rusting.
5. The zinc coating continuously sacrifices itself to protect the steel, as long as it remains intact.

An example of sacrificial anode cathodic protection is the use of sacrificial zinc anodes on ships or offshore structures. These zinc anodes are attached to the hull of the ship or the submerged structure. The zinc anodes corrode over time, protecting the steel structure from corrosion.

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The cost of each can of soup (C) is 15/8 dollars, and the cost of each loaf of bread (B) is 1/2 dollar.

Let's set up a system of equations to represent the given information:

Equation 1: 2C + 3B = 9

Jerry bought 2 cans of soup (2C) and 3 loaves of bread (3B) and spent $9.00.

Equation 2: 4C + 1B = 8

Sierra bought 4 cans of soup (4C) and 1 loaf of bread (1B) and spent $8.00.

To solve this system of equations, we can use substitution or elimination.

Let's use the elimination method:

Multiply Equation 1 by 4 to eliminate the B term:

4(2C + 3B) = 4(9)

8C + 12B = 36

Multiply Equation 2 by 3 to eliminate the B term:

3(4C + 1B) = 3(8)

12C + 3B = 24

Now subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1:

(8C + 12B) - (12C + 3B) = 36 - 24

8C + 12B - 12C - 3B = 12

Simplifying the equation:

-4C + 9B = 12

Now we have a new equation:

Equation 3: -4C + 9B = 12

We have reduced the system of equations to two equations with two variables.

Now we can solve Equations 2 and 3 as a new system of equations:

Equation 2: 4C + B = 8

Equation 3: -4C + 9B = 12

To eliminate the C term, multiply Equation 2 by 4 and Equation 3 by 1:

4(4C + B) = 4(8)

-4(4C + 9B) = -4(12)

16C + 4B = 32

-16C - 36B = -48

Now add the equations:

(16C + 4B) + (-16C - 36B) = 32 - 48

16C - 16C + 4B - 36B = -16

Simplifying the equation:

-32B = -16

Divide both sides by -32:

B = -16 / -32

B = 1/2

Now substitute the value of B back into Equation 2:

4C + (1/2) = 8

Multiply through by 2 to eliminate the fraction:

8C + 1 = 16

Subtract 1 from both sides:

8C = 15

Divide both sides by 8:

C = 15/8

Therefore, the cost of each can of soup (C) is 15/8 dollars, and the cost of each loaf of bread (B) is 1/2 dollar.

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The pH at equivalence is 4.82.

The given chemical equation is HC₃H₇CO₂ + NaOH → NaC₃H₇CO₂ + H₂OIn the above chemical equation, NaOH is the strong base and butanoic acid is the weak acid.

Hence, the pH at the equivalence point can be calculated using the following steps:

Step 1: Balanced Chemical Equation: HC₃H₇CO₂ + NaOH → NaC₃H₇CO₂ + H₂O

Step 2: Number of moles of HC₃H₇CO₂ = (Volume of Solution × Concentration of Solution) = (200.0 mL × 0.6645 mol/L) = 0.1329 moles

Step 3: Number of moles of NaOH = (Volume of Solution × Concentration of Solution) = (Volume of NaOH × Concentration of NaOH) = n (since NaOH is in excess)

Step 4: Using the balanced chemical equation, we can say that the number of moles of NaOH that reacts with HC₃H₇CO₂ = 0.5n

Step 5: Number of moles of NaOH remaining after reacting with HC₃H₇CO₂ = 0.1587 mol/L × Volume of NaOH - 0.5n.

Step 6: Equivalence Point is reached when the number of moles of NaOH remaining after reacting with HC₃H₇CO₂ = 0 i.e., n = 2 × 0.1329 mol = 0.2658 mol

Step 7: Volume of NaOH at equivalence = (Number of moles of NaOH at equivalence) / (Concentration of NaOH) = (0.2658 mol) / (0.1587 mol/L) = 1.676 L

Step 8: pH at Equivalence Point: We know that the pH at the equivalence point of a weak acid-strong base titration is calculated using the following formula:

pH at equivalence point = pKa + log (Salt concentration / Acid concentration) = pKa + log (Number of moles of NaOH reacting with HC₃H₇CO₂ / Number of moles of HC₃H₇CO₂) = 4.82 + log (0.1329 / 0.1329) = 4.82

Therefore, the pH at equivalence is 4.82.

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Answer:

x=6

Step-by-step explanation:

5x+6=2x+24 = 5x-2x=24-6 = 3x=18 = x=6

Answer:        x = 6

Step-by-step explanation:

5x  + 6 = 2x + 24              >Bring like terms to each side; Subtract 2x from

                                           both sides

3x + 6 = 24                       >Subtract 6 from both sides

3x = 18                              >Divide both sides by 3

x = 6