The concentrations of the gases in the blood leaving the fish heart are different from the concentrations of the gases in the blood leaving the human heart in the aorta.


a) Explain the differences in the concentrations of gases.


b) Explain why the pressure of the blood returning to the fish heart is lower than the pressure of the blood returning to the human heart

The UvrB protein plays a crucial role in the UvrABC repair pathway by unwinding the DNA to expose the damaged region, which can then be excised by a nuclease.

The UvrABC repair system is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It is involved in the repair of bulky lesions in DNA, such as those caused by UV radiation, which can lead to the formation of thymine dimers. The UvrABC system involves several proteins, including UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC, which work together to detect, excise, and repair damaged DNA.

During the excision step of the UvrABC repair pathway, the damaged region is typically removed by a general 5' to 3' exonuclease. However, sometimes the UvrB protein participates in the excision by unwinding the damaged region first before it is degraded by nuclease action.

UvrB is a DNA helicase that is able to unwind DNA in an ATP-dependent manner. It binds to the damaged site and begins to unwind the DNA, creating a bubble that exposes the damaged region. This allows the nuclease to access the damaged region and excise it from the DNA strand.

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Hyperion is the world's tallest tree, located in Redwood National Park in California, United States.

The tree was discovered in 2006 by a team of scientists from the non-profit organization, The Tall Trees Project. The species of Hyperion tree is the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which is native to the coastal regions of California and Oregon.

The coast redwood is an evergreen coniferous tree that can grow up to 379 feet tall and has a diameter of up to 22 feet. The discovery of Hyperion has brought attention to the importance of protecting old-growth forests, such as those found in Redwood National Park, which are home to some of the largest and oldest trees in the world.

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Explanation:

To create a Punnett square, we need to write the genotypes of the parents and then use them to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring.

Let's use "A" to represent the allele for blood type A, "B" for the allele for blood type B, and "O" for the allele for blood type O.

The genotype of the first person who is heterozygous A and positive can be represented as: Aa Rh+.

The genotype of the second person who is AB- can be represented as: AB Rh-.

We can now create a Punnett square by combining the gametes of each parent to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring.

| A a

---|---------

A | AA Aa

B | AB Ab

O | AO Ao

The Punnett square shows that the possible genotypes of the offspring are AA, AB, Aa, Ab, AO, and Ao.

The possible blood types of the offspring can be determined by using the ABO blood type system. The genotypes AA and AO both result in blood type A, while the genotype AB results in blood type AB. The genotypes Aa and Ab both result in blood type A as well. Therefore, the possible blood types of the offspring are A and AB.

The Rh factor is determined by a separate gene and follows a different inheritance pattern, which is beyond the scope of this Punnett square.

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.

Hershey and Chase conducted experiments in the 1950s using the T2 bacteriophage to determine if DNA or protein was the genetic material that the phage used to infect bacteria.

In their experiments, they labeled the T2 phage’s DNA with radioactive phosphorus-32 and the phage’s protein coat with radioactive sulfur-35. They then allowed the labeled phages to infect bacteria and observed which radioactive label was found in the bacterial cells.

They found that the radioactive phosphorus-32 (which labeled the DNA) was found inside the bacterial cells, while the radioactive sulfur-35 (which labeled the protein coat) was not.

This led Hershey and Chase to conclude that DNA was the genetic material of the T2 phage, and likely the genetic material of all living organisms.

This experiment provided important evidence for the role of DNA in heredity and paved the way for further research in molecular biology.

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The value of q is 0.2, the value of 2pq is 0.32, there are 64 dominant individuals in Parker's family pedigree, and there are 32 heterozygous individuals in the pedigree.

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele, which means that only one copy of the gene is necessary to express the disease. In Parker's family pedigree, he observed that 64 out of 100 relatives were affected by the disorder. To determine the frequency of the recessive allele, we can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele.

We know that the disease is caused by the dominant allele, so p^2 represents the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population, which we can assume is negligible. Therefore, q^2 represents the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals, which we can also assume is negligible since the disorder is dominant. That leaves us with 2pq, which represents the frequency of heterozygous individuals in the population.

If 64 out of 100 relatives are affected, that means the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.8 (since 0.8 x 100 = 80 relatives have the dominant allele). To find q, we can subtract the frequency of the dominant allele from 1: q = 1 - 0.8 = 0.2.

Using this value for q, we can calculate the frequency of heterozygous individuals in the population: 2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32. So, 32 out of 100 relatives are heterozygous for the disease-causing allele.

Since the disorder is dominant, all affected individuals must be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous. We know that 64 out of 100 relatives are affected, so the remaining 36 individuals must be either homozygous recessive or unaffected heterozygotes. Since we assumed that the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals is negligible, we can conclude that all 36 of these individuals are unaffected heterozygotes.

In summary, the value of q is 0.2, the value of 2pq is 0.32, there are 64 dominant individuals in Parker's family pedigree, and there are 32 heterozygous individuals in the pedigree.

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The characteristic that would lead the students to classify the organism automatically into the domain of Eukarya is that the organism has a membrane-bound nucleus.

The fact that "the organism has a membrane-bound nucleus" would cause the pupils to categorise the creature automatically into the category Eukarya. Because eukaryotic cells, which are characterised by the presence of a nucleus that is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane, are a characteristic of organisms in the domain Eukarya, this is the case.

Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, are what distinguish bacteria and archaea from other organisms as they are not attached to a membrane. As a result, the existence of a membrane-bound nucleus would make a creature instantly identifiable as belonging to the domain Eukarya.

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The offspring of two diploids (2n) plants that produce diploid (2n) gametes will also be diploid (2n) because the gametes, which are haploid (n) in normal plants, carry only one set of chromosomes, in this case, the gametes carry two sets of chromosomes, resulting in a diploid zygote upon fertilization.

In diploid organisms, including plants, each cell has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. During sexual reproduction, the haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) combine to form a diploid zygote with a complete set of chromosomes.

However, when a diploid plant acquires a mutation that causes it to produce diploid gametes, these gametes will have two sets of chromosomes, resulting in a diploid zygote upon fertilization.

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The question is unclear about the goal of transmitting sound waves through various materials, so a specific answer cannot be provided. However, if the purpose is to determine the best conductor of sound waves among different metals, it depends on the properties of the metals being tested.

Generally, metals are good conductors of sound waves because they are dense and have a high elastic modulus, which allows them to vibrate quickly in response to sound waves.

Some metals, such as copper and aluminum, are particularly good conductors of sound waves because they are both dense and highly elastic.

However, other factors such as the thickness and shape of the metal sample, as well as the frequency and intensity of the sound waves being transmitted, can also affect how well the metal conducts sound.

Therefore, in order to determine which metal in a table would be the best conductor of sound waves, more information about the specific metals being tested and the experimental setup would be needed.

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Motorcyclists often think that people react to them strangely because they are not used to seeing a person on a motorcycle on the road.

This can lead to motorists suddenly changing lanes in front of a motorcyclist, or not leaving enough space when passing. Additionally, motorcyclists may feel like drivers are not aware of their presence on the road, which can make them feel vulnerable and unprotected. Another reason motorcyclists think people react to them strangely is because of the stereotypes associated with motorcyclists. Some people may view motorcyclists as reckless or dangerous, which can lead to negative reactions from other drivers. This stereotype can also make it difficult for motorcyclists to get the respect they deserve on the road.

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Answer:

10% of the energy is transferred at each trophic level.

Explanation:

Example:

Producers: 100,000 kJ

Herbivores: 10,000 kJ

Carnivores: 1,000 kJ

________________________________

C. Bacteria & Protists

An Autotroph Is An Organism That Is Able To Produce It's Own Food Supply, While A Heterotroph Does Not.

________________________________

When preparing a root tissue sample from corn, a monocot, a typical monocot root is composed of various cells and tissues that can be observed from the outermost layer to the innermost layers. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root that functions in absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

It also provides protection against harmful microorganisms. The cortex is the next layer, composed of parenchyma cells that store starch and nutrients. The endodermis is a single layer of cells that encloses the vascular tissue and acts as a barrier to control the movement of substances between the root and shoot. The pericycle is a layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and gives rise to lateral roots. Finally, the vascular tissue is composed of the xylem and phloem, which transport water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.

When comparing monocot and dicot roots, the main difference lies in their vascular tissue arrangement. Monocots have a scattered arrangement of vascular bundles, while dicots have a ring-like arrangement of vascular bundles. Monocot roots also lack a well-defined cortex, and their endodermis has a distinct structure known as the Casparian strip, which regulates the movement of substances.

Specialized roots, such as aerial roots, prop roots, and storage roots, exhibit unique anatomy compared to typical roots. Aerial roots, found in plants like orchids and mangroves, are roots that grow above the ground to absorb moisture and nutrients from the air. They have a thick epidermis and a spongy cortex for water storage. Prop roots, found in plants like corn and banyan trees, grow from the stem and provide extra support to the plant. They have a well-developed pericycle that gives rise to lateral roots for added anchorage. Storage roots, found in plants like carrots and sweet potatoes, are roots that store large amounts of carbohydrates for the plant's energy needs. They have a specialized cortex composed of parenchyma cells with abundant starch granules.

In conclusion, understanding the anatomy of roots is crucial in plant science. Monocot roots have a distinct arrangement of cells and tissues, different from dicots. Specialized roots have unique structures that allow them to perform specific functions, such as absorption, support, and storage.

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Total energy consumption per capita in North Carolina is in the lowest 10 of all states in the nation. the state has a strong agricultural base and is a leading producer of tobacco, poultry, and sweet potatoes.

Total energy consumption per capita in North Carolina ranks among the lowest 10 of all states in the nation. This can be attributed to the state's strong agricultural base, which focuses on producing various crops and livestock to meet the demands of its population. As a leading producer of tobacco, poultry, and sweet potatoes, North Carolina contributes significantly to the nation's food supply.

The agricultural industry in the state benefits from its diverse climate, fertile soil, and abundant water resources, making it an ideal environment for crop cultivation and livestock farming. By focusing on agriculture, North Carolina can maintain relatively lower energy consumption levels, as it relies primarily on natural resources and sustainable farming practices.

Moreover, the state's commitment to clean energy and energy efficiency initiatives, such as renewable energy production and energy-saving programs, also helps to keep its per capita energy consumption low. This demonstrates a balanced approach to energy management, where North Carolina harnesses its strengths in agriculture while simultaneously striving for a sustainable future.

In conclusion, North Carolina's position in the lowest 10 of all states for total energy consumption per capita can be attributed to its robust agricultural base and its leading production of tobacco, poultry, and sweet potatoes. The state's focus on sustainable farming practices and clean energy initiatives further contributes to its low energy consumption, promoting a healthy and environmentally-friendly lifestyle for its residents.

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Pablo accelerates his scooter at 1.2 m/s² using a force of 40 newtons. So the mass of Pablo and his scooter is approximately 33.33 kg.

We may use Newton's Second Law of Motion to compute the mass of Pablo and his scooter, which states that the force applied to an object is equal to the item's mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma).

In this scenario, we know that Pablo's force on his scooter is 40 newtons, and the scooter's acceleration is 1.2 m/s². Now we may modify the equations to find Pablo's and his scooter's mass (m):

m = F/a

when we substitute the values we have, we get:

m = 40N / 1.2m/s²

m = 33.33kg

As a result, Pablo and his scooter weigh around 33.33 kg.

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It takes approximately 6-10 hours for sperm to reach the egg while ovulating.

However, this timeline can vary based on factors such as the distance between the sperm and the egg, the speed of the sperm, and the thickness of the cervical mucus.

After ejaculation, the sperm travel through the cervix and into the uterus. From there, they continue their journey towards the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs.

Sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to 5 days, waiting for the release of the egg from the ovary. Once ovulation occurs, the egg travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus.

The sperm must then navigate through the mucus lining of the tube to reach the egg. Once a sperm reaches the egg, it penetrates the outer membrane of the egg, and fertilization occurs.

The process of sperm reaching the egg is a complex and intricate process that requires precise timing and conditions.

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The LGN's information flow is best described as unidirectional, with signals travelling from the retina to the LGN. Option (B) is the correct answer. 

The Lgn in the brain is a part of the thalamus that processes visual information from the retina. The LGN receives retinal input and sends it to the primary visual cortex in the brain. This information flow is one-way, with signals travelling from the retina to the LGN and then to the cortex. 

The LGN is in charge of processing visual information in a variety of ways, including spatial frequency, orientation, and colour. Option (B) is the correct answer.

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The complete question is:

The flow of information in the lgn is best described as: group of answer choices 

A. bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the lgn. 

B. unidirectional, with signals going from the retina to the lgn.

C. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the cortex.

D. unidirectional, with signals going from the lgn to the retina.

If populations of Saddleback and Domed tortoises were both introduced to an island with a dry climate populated with large shrubs and very little low lying vegetation, it is likely that the Domed tortoises would have a greater chance of survival and reproduction.

This is because Domed tortoises are adapted to dry climates and can survive with very little water and food. On the other hand, Saddleback tortoises are adapted to wetter climates with abundant low-lying vegetation, which would not be available on the new island.

Over several generations, the Domed tortoises would be more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic adaptations for surviving in a dry climate, while the Saddleback tortoises would struggle to find enough food and water and would be less likely to reproduce.

This could lead to the eventual extinction of the Saddleback tortoise population on the island. Therefore, it is important to consider the adaptations and natural history of a species before introducing them to a new environment.

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The common characteristic that binds the digestive juices in the liver and pancreas is that they both contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Specifically, both the liver and pancreas secrete enzymes that help break down and process food in the small intestine. The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats, while the pancreas secretes pancreatic enzymes, including lipase, amylase, and protease, which break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, respectively.

The liver and pancreas are two important organs in the digestive system that produce digestive juices to aid in the breakdown and processing of food. These digestive juices contain enzymes that help to break down the different components of food, including fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

The liver produces bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when food enters it. Bile contains bile salts, which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile salts break down fats into smaller droplets, making it easier for pancreatic lipase to break down the fats further. This process is important because fats are difficult to digest and absorb in their larger form.

The pancreas produces digestive juices that contain enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and protease. Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which can also be absorbed into the bloodstream.

The enzymes produced by the liver and pancreas work together in the small intestine to break down and process food. When food enters the small intestine, the liver releases bile, which breaks down fats into smaller droplets. The pancreas then releases its digestive juices, which contain enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into their component parts. These nutrients can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body for energy or other functions.

In summary, the common characteristic that binds the digestive juice in the liver and pancreas is that they both contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. This is important for the efficient processing of food in the small intestine and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

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The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs in the human body are the kidneys.

The kidneys are responsible for regulating the acid-base balance of the body by selectively retaining or excreting ions such as hydrogen, bicarbonate, sodium, and potassium.

This regulation occurs in the renal tubules of the nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidneys. The kidneys work in tandem with the respiratory system to maintain acid-base balance.

The lungs regulate the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the body, which can affect the pH of the blood. When CO₂ levels increase, the blood becomes more acidic, and when CO₂ levels decrease, the blood becomes more basic.

The kidneys help to compensate for any changes in pH that result from changes in CO₂ levels by excreting or retaining bicarbonate ions.

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It is unlikely that cancer cells secreting lactate are undergoing beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation is a metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids to produce energy, while lactate secretion is a byproduct of glycolysis, which is the primary energy source for cancer cells.

In cancer cells, glycolysis is often upregulated, leading to the production of lactate as a waste product. This is known as the Warburg effect, and it is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Although beta-oxidation can also occur in cancer cells, it is not a major source of energy production.

Therefore, cancer cells secreting lactate are more likely to be undergoing glycolysis than beta-oxidation. The secretion of lactate by cancer cells has been linked to various mechanisms of tumor progression, including immune suppression and angiogenesis.

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Answer:

tropical rainforest

Explanation:

The biome known for being hot and moist with constant rain is the: tropical rainforest.

These forests are characterized by high levels of biodiversity, with an estimated 50% of all terrestrial species living within them. They are typically located near the equator, where warm, moist air rises and condenses to produce rainfall.

Tropical rainforests are also known for their dense canopy of trees that block out much of the sunlight, creating a shaded understory layer. The soil in these forests is often nutrient-poor, as most of the nutrients are stored in the plants and not the soil.

As a result, many of the plants in these forests have developed unique adaptations to obtain nutrients, such as epiphytes that grow on tree trunks and obtain nutrients from the air.

Unfortunately, tropical rainforests are also under threat from deforestation, as humans clear land for agriculture, logging, and urbanization.

This threatens not only the incredible biodiversity of these forests but also the important ecological services they provide, such as regulating the Earth's climate and purifying the air and water.

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An adult heart should have a ligamentum arteriosum. This structure is a fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which is an essential part of fetal circulation.

The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus, as oxygen is obtained from the placenta. Upon birth, when a newborn takes their first breath, the ductus arteriosus constricts and eventually closes, forming the ligamentum arteriosum.

The other structures mentioned, the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus, are important in fetal circulation but are not present in a healthy adult heart. The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart, which allows blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, the foramen ovale typically closes, becoming the fossa ovalis.

The ductus venosus is a blood vessel that allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and join the inferior vena cava in the fetus. This structure also closes after birth and becomes the ligamentum venosum.

In summary, a healthy adult heart should have a ligamentum arteriosum, which is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus from fetal circulation. The other structures mentioned are essential in fetal development but are not present in the adult heart.

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1. This statement is not true because estuaries are actually formed by a combination of factors, including tides, currents, and river flow, not just increased sedimentation due to low wave energy.

2. This statement is true. Plant-dominated ecosystems, such as salt marshes and mangroves, can thrive in areas with both high and low wave energies, depending on the specific conditions and adaptations of the plant species present.

The population of the Salmon decreased but the population of Trout increased as there was an increase in the population of the bass.

The correct option is option D.

Moosehead Lake is a Lake in Maine spans for about 74,890 acres and has a maximum depth of about of about 246 feet. A decline in the populations of fishes which are present in the lake, which are the Lake Trout, Brook Trout, Burbot and Landlocked Salmon, was observed.

In the data which was collected over a period of 30 years, it was observed that the population of Salmon experienced a decline in the population but the Trout increased in number with the increase in the population of the bass.

Hence, the correct option is option D.

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Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, while genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual.

It is possible for several offspring of the same parent to have the same phenotype but different genotypes due to the presence of dominant and recessive alleles. A dominant allele will always be expressed in the phenotype if present, regardless of whether the corresponding allele is recessive or dominant.

Therefore, if two individuals have different genotypes but share the same dominant allele, they will exhibit the same phenotype. Additionally, environmental factors can also contribute to differences in phenotype despite having the same genotype.

For example, exposure to different nutrients or toxins during development can result in different physical traits even among individuals with identical genetic makeup.

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The state of constant, unpredictable motion of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials is called Equilibrium.

When a drug diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.

Osmosis is the transfer of water from a region with low concentrations of solutes to a region with high concentrations of solutes through a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis assists in controlling the water flow into and out of cells, which is essential to their functionality.

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The rationale to control the levels of light, water, and temperature during the duration of the experiment is that light, water, and temperature are the independent variables of the experiment and must be maintained at constant levels throughout the experiment’s duration.

Here correct option is A.

This is important in order to accurately measure the growth of different varieties of plants, as any difference in the levels of light, water, and temperature can affect the growth of the plants.

By controlling these variables, the botanist can ensure that the environment of the experiment is consistent across the different varieties of plants and that the results are reliable. This will enable the botanist to accurately measure the growth of different varieties of plants at different time points in their development.

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Punnett squares are used to determine genotypes and phenotypes. Concerning the offspring, 100% will be heterozygous Sw, and gametes are S and w. Each of them carries one allele. Option C is correct. All Sw.

The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.

Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.

In the exposed example, we have two alleles, S and w. Genotypes are,

We will assume the inheritance pattern is complete dominance, in which the dominant allele S dominates over w.

Gametes carry only one allele, and it depends on the individuals genotype.

Individual's genotype     Alleles

SS                                   S and S

Sw                                   S and w

ww                                   w and w

Cross:

Parentals) SS   x  ww

Gametes) S   S   w   w

Punnett square)    S      S

                       w   Sw   Sw

                        w   Sw   Sw

F1) Genotype: 100% Sw

    Phenotype: 100% dominant phenotype

According to this reasoning,

Concerning the offspring, option c is correct. All Sw.

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