Answer:
Between 1956 and 1968, several events occurred in Eastern Europe that threatened communist control. These included the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, the Prague Spring in 1968, and other political and social movements in Poland, East Germany, and other Eastern European countries.
The Soviet Union responded to these events by using military force and political pressure to suppress dissent and maintain communist control. In the case of Hungary, the Soviet Union sent troops to crush the rebellion, resulting in the deaths of thousands of people. Similarly, in Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries invaded the country to quell the Prague Spring movement.
While the Soviet Union was successful in maintaining communist control over Eastern Europe during this period, it came at a significant cost. The use of military force and suppression of dissent led to significant human rights violations and undermined the legitimacy of the communist governments in the region. Additionally, the Soviet Union's actions were met with widespread international condemnation and further strained relations with Western countries.
In conclusion, while the Soviet Union was able to maintain communist control over Eastern Europe during the period 1956 to 1968, it did so through the use of force and suppression of dissent. The consequences of these actions were significant and had long-lasting effects on the region and international relations.
list the 7 places mentioned in the text as retaining their independence and not becoming colonized by europe during this time period.
The 7 places mentioned in the text as retaining their independence and not becoming colonized by Europe during this time period are Ethiopia, Liberia, Thailand, Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bhutan.
What is colonization?Colonization is the process of taking control of a territory or country by a foreign power, often for the purpose of exploiting its resources, labor, and markets. It typically involves the displacement of indigenous populations and the imposition of new forms of political and economic organization that serve the interests of the colonizers. Colonialism has been a major force shaping the modern world, with lasting effects on political, economic, and cultural structures both in colonized and colonizing societies.
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plea bargains a.are no longer a major part of the criminal justice system. b.have been openly discussed since the 1920s. c.were generally negotiated in secret late 1970s/early 1980s. d.were generally negotiated in secret in the 1920s.
Plea bargains were generally negotiated in secret late 1970s/early 1980s. Therefore the correct option is option C.
A plea bargain is a deal that a defendant enters into with the prosecutor in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest in exchange for a lighter sentence or a reduced charge.
The plea agreement may be entered into at any time during the case's trial, including before or after the trial has begun. It is known to have been secretively negotiated during the late 1970s/early 1980s.
A plea bargain refers to a deal made between the prosecutor and the defendant to avoid going to trial, where the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest in exchange for a lighter sentence or a reduced charge.
Although plea bargains have been openly discussed since the 1920s, they were generally negotiated in secret until late 1970s/early 1980s. Therefore the correct option is option C.
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which technique was used by the pinkerton agency until it was declared unconstitutional by congress in 1937?
Answer:
a "rogues gallery" to identify suspects
Explanation:
why does the U.S. Supreme court see the Nebraska English-only law as an unreasonable infringement on liberty?
The court found that the Nebraska English-only law was an unreasonable infringement on liberty because it interfered with the right of parents to direct the upbringing and education of their children, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Why it was so?The court recognized that the English language was important for integration and success in American society. However, it also acknowledged the importance of preserving cultural and linguistic diversity, as well as the fact that English was not the native language of all immigrants. The court emphasized that any law that violated the due process or equal protection clauses of the Constitution would be struck down, regardless of the state's interests in promoting English language instruction.
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which new deal critic encouraged the creation of a pension plan, later inspiring the social security act of 1935? group of answer choices charles coughlin huey long francis townsend
Francis Townsend encouraged the creation of a pension plan, later inspiring the Social Security Act of 1935.
Francis Townsend was a prominent critic of the New Deal. He proposed a pension plan to replace the failed welfare system, in which the elderly would receive a $200-a-month government pension.
This pension plan inspired the Social Security Act of 1935, which still provides income to those over the age of 65 today. Townsend was an influential figure in the New Deal era, as his pension plan was one of the primary pieces of legislation that was enacted.
His idea of providing financial support to the elderly was seen as a radical notion at the time, but it eventually became the basis for the Social Security Act of 1935.
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What is Harvey Milk’s goal and motivation? What is his internal/external conflict?
Answer:
Explanation:
Harvey Milk was a political activist and the first openly gay elected official in the history of California. His main goal was to fight for the rights of the LGBTQ+ community and to promote equality and acceptance.
His motivation was driven by his personal experiences and the discrimination he faced as a gay man. He believed that everyone deserved the right to live freely and openly, without fear of persecution or discrimination. He saw himself as a representative of the LGBTQ+ community and was determined to use his position to advocate for their rights.
Milk faced both internal and external conflicts in his fight for equality. Internally, he struggled with his own fears and doubts about his abilities to make a real difference. He also faced the challenge of being open about his sexuality in a time when homosexuality was widely stigmatized and criminalized.
Externally, Milk faced significant opposition from conservative politicians and organizations, who were opposed to his message of equality and acceptance. He was often met with hostility and even violence, and his life was ultimately cut short when he was assassinated by a political opponent.
Despite these challenges, Milk remained committed to his goal of promoting equality and acceptance. He believed that change was possible, and he worked tirelessly to inspire others to join him in the fight for a more just and equitable society.
Answer:
Harvey Milk was an American politician and gay rights activist who served as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in the late 1970s. His mission was to advocate for the rights of the LGBTQ+ community and to put an end to the discrimination they faced. Milk's motivation was derived from his own experiences of being disregarded and overlooked as a gay man. He was dedicated to the concept of equal rights and saw it as vital for the LGBTQ+ community to be visible and vocal in their pursuit of fairness. Milk's inner struggle likely manifested as the discord between his desire to live openly as a gay man and the public pressure to adhere to heteronormative ideals, which is apparent in his decision to come out at a later stage of life and his eventual choice to take up a career in politics as an openly gay man. Externally, Milk was met with vehement opposition from those who dissented his message of equality and acceptance. He endured persistent harassment and discrimination, both on a personal and political level. Milk's activism and political career eventually ended in tragedy with his assassination in 1978 by a former colleague on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.
before the political turmoil in which the play oedipus tyrannus was produced, athens experienced what historians refer to as
Before the political turmoil in which the play Oedipus Tyrannus was produced, Athens experienced what historians refer to as the "Golden Age of Athens." This period, from 479 BCE to 431 BCE, was a time of immense prosperity for the city-state.
During this period, Athens achieved a number of impressive feats, including the expansion of its empire, the strengthening of its navy, and the development of its cultural institutions, such as the Academy and the Parthenon. This period is widely considered to be the zenith of Athenian civilization.
1. Before the production of Oedipus Tyrannus, Athens experienced the "Golden Age of Athens."
2. This period was from 479 BCE to 431 BCE.
3. During this period, Athens expanded its empire, strengthened its navy, and developed its cultural institutions.
4. This period is widely considered to be the zenith of Athenian civilization.
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How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War 2?
- Make an introduction paragraph
- body paragraph
Read checklist below
Always be wary of monocausal (single-cause) explanations for anything complex. Ever since WW2 and earlier, self-flagellation has been very fashionable in connection with this in Britain and America; and in pop history it is often given as the main or even sole reason for WW2. This is sometimes carried so far that Hitler’s role is not even mentioned, as in this question, for example.
Certainly, the Treaty of Versailles was harsh, but by the mid 1920s some of the most onerous terms had been mitigated. Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations, which ended its international ‘pariah’ status, reparations had been rescheduled and put on a more manageable footing in the Dawes Plan (1924) and Young Plan (1929). The occupation of the Rhineland ended early. These renegotiations were led by Gustav Stresemann, who died in October 1929. However, further negotiations could have been undertaken and would almost certainly have addressed the grievances that affected most ordinary Germans. Such negotiations would of course have presupposed good will on both sides. What was not on the cards was any significant change to Germany’s borders, let alone a wholesale overturning of the post WW1 settlement.
By the late 1920s Germany was enjoying modest prosperity following the stabilization of the currency in 1923–24 and there was apparent political stability. Except for political extremists, most parties were reconciled to living with the Weimar Republic, even if they were not enthusiastic about it. However, this was rapidly destroyed by the Great Crash and the mass unemployment that soon followed. The political extremists flourished, President Hindenburg began meddling in day to day politics, and by dismissing Chancellor Brüning in 1932 he (probably unintentionally) made parliamentary democracy unworkable in Germany, given the level of unemployment and the determination of the Nazis to destroy the republic. (There were over 100 political murders during the general election campaign of July 1932).
With the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor, Germany embarked on a policy of massive rearmament and boundless expansion. It was this policy, which went way beyond redressing the wrongs of Versailles, that led to WW2.
Many claimed that white superiority justified enslaving African Americans.True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Unfortunately, a lot of people thought that more melanin in your skin resulutedreslued in you being inferior.
I need help with number 1, 2 and 3
Demand for a product can be significantly influenced by consumer perceptions of its freshness. Fresh goods are generally regarded as being of higher quality and safer to consume by customers.
What is meant by Demand?In economics, demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price and within a specific time period. It represents the desire and ability of consumers to buy a product or service.
Demand is often represented graphically by a demand curve, which shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of that product demanded. Typically, as the price of a product increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa.
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in the seventeenth century, widespread political participation of males in new england town meetings led to
Answer:
a unique form of democratic governance. These town meetings, open to all male landowners, provided a space for citizens to discuss and vote on local issues, from road maintenance to taxes. This system allowed for a level of direct democracy that was rare at the time, and helped shape American political culture. However, it's important to note that this participation was limited to white males who owned property, and excluded women, people of color, and those without land ownership. Despite its limitations, the New England town meeting model continues to influence modern-day democracy in the United States.Explanation:
Why was the Battle of Midway an important turning point in war?
1. The Japanese conquered the United States troops and greatly diminished the U.S. military.
B. The United States sunk all of the Japanese ships sent to attack them which made the Japanese navy much less powerful.
3. The United States shot down all of the Japanese planes and greatly weakened the Japanese air force.
D. The United States lost all of their ships and planes.
The Battle of Midway was an important turning point because B. The United States sunk all of the Japanese ships sent to attack them which made the Japanese navy much less powerful.
Why was the Battle of Midway so important ?The Battle of Midway was a significant turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was fought from June 4-7, 1942, and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States over Japan.
The United States was able to sink all four of Japan's aircraft carriers, while only losing one of their own. This meant that Japan lost a significant portion of its naval strength, and was unable to launch another major offensive against the United States.
The Battle of Midway marked the end of Japan's expansion in the Pacific and gave the United States a strategic advantage in the war.
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Which was the main reason Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935?
to show support for German expansion
to begin building and expanding an empire
to gain access to resources that they lacked
to prevent African nations from launching an invasion
Answer:to show support for German expansion
to begin building and expanding an empire
Explanation:I think
n the late 19th and early 20th centuries, assimilation of native people to the dominant culture was conducted primarily by means of:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, assimilation of native people to the dominant culture was conducted primarily by means of Native American boarding schools.
What were Native American boarding schools?The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) established Native American boarding schools during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These boarding schools were intended to assimilate Native American children into mainstream American society by teaching them English, suppressing their cultural identity, and instilling Christian values.
The Native American boarding schools functioned to remove children from their families and communities, isolate them from their language and culture, and force them to adopt Euro-American values and lifestyles.
Children were typically removed from their families at a young age, and their hair was cut short upon arrival, a painful and humiliating experience for many Native American cultures that attached significant meaning to hair.
Furthermore, the children were prohibited from speaking their native languages or practicing their religious or cultural customs. Instead, they were taught English and Christianity, and their education was focused on vocational training and agricultural work.
This educational approach aimed to prepare Native American children for the “modern” world by teaching them how to farm and work in factories. Native American boarding schools had a long-term impact on Native American communities.
The students who attended the boarding schools were taught to reject their cultural heritage, which resulted in cultural loss. Furthermore, the boarding schools aimed to eliminate traditional Native American cultures, leading to the loss of indigenous knowledge and practices.
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what was one policy the allied powers adopted when occupying germany after world war 2
I'm pretty sure it's the removal of 1945 German flag or the nazi flag.
writing prompt: what do you think of the three most influential origins/causes of World War II and why? please write a short response.
Answer:
World War II was one of the deadliest conflicts in human history, and its causes were complex and multifaceted. In my opinion, the three most influential origins/causes of World War II were the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, and the policy of appeasement.
The Treaty of Versailles, which was imposed on Germany after World War I, placed severe economic and territorial burdens on the country, which many Germans saw as unjust and humiliating. This resentment contributed to the rise of Nazi propaganda and the eventual election of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.
The rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, such as Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, also played a significant role in causing World War II. These regimes sought to expand their territories and exert their influence, often through aggressive and militaristic means. Hitler's annexation of Austria and his invasion of Poland were clear examples of this expansionist policy.
Finally, the policy of appeasement, which was pursued by European powers in the 1930s, allowed Hitler and other aggressive regimes to expand their territories and pursue their aims without facing significant resistance. This policy ultimately failed, as it allowed these regimes to become stronger and more aggressive, leading to the outbreak of war.
In conclusion, the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, and the policy of appeasement were all influential causes of World War II. These factors contributed to the rise of aggressive and expansionist regimes, and the failure of international diplomacy and cooperation to prevent the outbreak of war.
Answer:
World war 2 was mainly caused because of germany's dictator adolf hitler. When the U.S wanted to stay neutral. Japan attacked them, The United States Joined in and won the war.
Explanation:
the scientists replaced blind faith with . who demolished the edifice of human knowledge and start new?
The phrase that best completes the given statement is "reason and experimentation." Scientists replaced blind faith with reason and experimentation. Those who demolished the edifice of human knowledge and started anew are known as Renaissance thinkers.
They found that they were limited in their thoughts and that the world around them was a mysterious, unexplored area waiting to be uncovered and understood. The Renaissance began in Italy during the late Middle Ages and lasted until the early 17th century.
It was a time of unprecedented cultural, political, and technological advancement. Renaissance thinkers are credited with developing the scientific method and laying the foundation for modern science.
They believed that knowledge could be obtained through observation, experimentation, and reasoning, rather than relying solely on tradition or religious texts. They discovered that the world around them was a mysterious, unexplored area waiting to be uncovered and understood.
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Please help I’m really struggling bro
Answer:
The answer is D. Congress passed the Selective Service Act and established the draft
Explanation:
Women took over after the men left in the draft
You have just been challenged with the question "Was Alexander great or not?" Your position is that Alexander was great, but you will have to persuade everyone else. Explain what made Alexander the Great so great and how he spread Greek culture and brought ideas from other cultures to Greece. Be sure to include four supporting details in your response.
Please help!
Answer:
Alexander the Great is considered one of the most successful military commanders in history and his achievements as a conqueror, diplomat, and cultural ambassador make him truly great. Alexander's legacy was not only his military conquests, but also his efforts to spread Greek culture and ideas to the lands he conquered, and to bring new ideas from other cultures back to Greece. Here are four supporting details that explain why Alexander was so great:
Military Genius: Alexander was a brilliant military strategist who won numerous battles and conquered vast territories. He was able to defeat armies that were much larger than his own and was known for his innovative tactics, such as the use of phalanx and cavalry.
Cultural Ambassador: Alexander's conquests brought Greek culture and ideas to the lands he conquered. He founded many new cities and encouraged the spread of Greek language, art, and architecture. He also adopted the customs and beliefs of the cultures he conquered and blended them with Greek culture, creating a rich and diverse cultural exchange.
Intellectual Curiosity: Alexander was an avid student of philosophy and science, and he encouraged his soldiers and advisors to learn about the cultures they encountered. He founded the famous Library of Alexandria, which became a center for learning and scholarship, and invited scholars from all over the world to share their knowledge and ideas.
Legacy: Alexander's legacy continued long after his death, as his conquests helped to spread Greek culture throughout the world. His influence can be seen in the art, literature, and philosophy of later civilizations, including the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.
Overall, Alexander the Great's military conquests, cultural diplomacy, intellectual curiosity, and lasting legacy make him one of the greatest figures in history.
Put these in order: Zimmerman telegram, Great Depression, Spindletop, Cattle drives.
Answer:
1. Cattle drives: This refers to the movement of cattle from the ranches in Texas to the railheads in Kansas in the late 19th century.
2. Spindletop: This was a major oil discovery in Texas in 1901, which marked the beginning of the modern oil industry.
3. Zimmerman telegram: This was a secret message sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence and played a role in the U.S. decision to enter the war.
4. Great Depression: This was a severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s. It was characterized by high unemployment, bank failures, and widespread poverty.
describe the imperial structure spain imposed on new spain and its catastrophic effects internationally.
1. Spain imposed a centralized imperial structure in New Spain, which included two main governing bodies, the viceroy and the intendants. The viceroy was in charge of all political matters, while the intendants were responsible for economic and administrative matters.
2. This structure was designed to facilitate the collection of taxes and labor to extract resources and wealth from the colonies. This caused many of the indigenous populations to be exploited and their traditional culture and practices to be eroded.
3. This structure caused a ripple effect of political and economic disruption that spread beyond the colonies, leading to the Spanish Empire's ultimate decline. It also created a legacy of mistrust and exploitation of indigenous populations that has had long-lasting effects internationally.
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the class of noble lanowners who dominated roman society and politics during the royal period were known as
The class of noble landowners who dominated Roman society and politics during the royal period were known as patricians.
Patricians were members of the upper class in Rome, who inherited their status and held significant social and political power. They were wealthy and influential members of the Senate and held the majority of the most important religious and military positions.
Patricians were usually members of old and established aristocratic families, and had exclusive access to certain privileges, such as owning land and being eligible for high-ranking public offices. In addition to their wealth, they enjoyed special legal protections and were exempt from certain taxes.
The status of patrician was often passed down through generations, and it was very difficult for those from outside the elite to gain membership.
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immigrant women were largely confined to low-paying factory employment during the progressive era. group of answer choices true false
The given statement "immigrant women were largely confined to low-paying factory employment during the progressive era" is True because of Immigrant women were largely confined to low-paying factory employment during the Progressive Era.
Progressive Era:The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform in the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s, that addressed women's suffrage, child labor, federal income taxation, corruption, monopolies, and political machines.
Immigrants in the Progressive Era:During the Progressive Era, many immigrants came to the United States seeking economic opportunities and the chance for a better life. These immigrants were often forced to work in low-paying, dangerous jobs in factories and other industries, as they had few other options available to them.
Immigrant women, in particular, were largely confined to low-paying factory employment, as they were often seen as less valuable workers than their male counterparts.
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when a record 1.25 million immigrants are processed at ellis island?
In the year 1907 Ellis Island processed around 1.25 million immigrants, hence marking the busiest year in the history of Ellis Island. On average around 1900 immigrants used to be processed daily. some Immigrants had to stay for weeks to finally enter Ellis Island.
Due to how busy the Island got and how much time it took to process every immigrant the politician and nativists made a high level of restrictions on entering and also charged a fee. This led to a decrease in the number of arrivals as compared to before.
Hence, Ellis Island is still regarded as the epitome of the arrival of most immigrants.
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The complete question is -
In what year was the record of 1.25 million immigrants processed took place in Ellis Port?
what are the most important changes in witchcraft trials between the 16th and 17th centuries?
The most important changes in witchcraft trials between the 16th and 17th centuries were: The Enlightenment brought about a decline in witch hunts. The secularization of justice systems was one of the main reasons. The rise of science and the emergence of scientific medicine.
The most important changes in witchcraft trials between the 16th and 17th centuries can be described as a shift from the superstition and irrationality of the former to the scientific rationality and reason of the latter. The Enlightenment brought about a decline in witch hunts because of the rational and logical approach of the new science that was emerging during this time.
The secularization of justice systems was one of the main reasons. Before this, the Church had control over the courts and the punishments meted out for crimes. But with the rise of secular courts, judges and juries were not bound by religious laws or beliefs and could make more reasoned decisions.
The rise of science and the emergence of scientific medicine also played a significant role in the decline of witch hunts. Doctors and scientists of the time began to realize that the so-called "witches" were often suffering from mental illnesses or physical ailments that could be treated with modern medicine.
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Answer the following: Write in details about the history of the United States. Describe the order in which this nation became who they are today. Include what initiated, the step for independence, important events that that took place in the process. Explain and talk about the Constitution of the United States.
Increasing numbers of colonists began to believe that Parliament wanted to revoke their independence in the early 1770s. To subdue its unruly American citizens, Parliament was adamant. Britain started to get ready for conflict and have own Constitution.
Delegates to the Continental Congress, which later served as the ruling authority of the United States during the Revolution, were chosen by the colonists. Congress decided to proclaim independence in 1776. The Declaration was endorsed by delegates. The authority of the union was given to the people by the Constitution, which united all of its residents as members of a whole. There are seven articles and a preface in the US Constitution. The delegates created a brand-new administration after being tasked with improving the current one. They worked out agreements while representing vastly dissimilar interests and points of view.
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When slaves revolted, they were often granted freedom. True or False
Answer:
False.
While there have been some cases in history where slaves were granted freedom after revolting, it was not a common occurrence. In most cases, slave revolts were met with violent repression by those in power, and the slaves involved were often punished or killed.
Even when slaves were granted freedom, it was usually not a result of a revolt, but rather the actions of abolitionists or political leaders who recognized the injustice of slavery and worked to end it through legal means.
the concept that western nations could bring advanced science and economic development to non-western parts of the world that justified imperial administration:
The idea that western countries could carry progressed science and financial improvement to non-western areas of the planet that supported supreme organization is called Civilizing mission. option (A) is correct.
The idea of a "Civilizing mission" would likewise be taken on by the US during the period of New Government in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. Such activities would incorporate the US extension of the Philippines during the fallout of the Spanish-American Conflict in 1898.
In the nineteenth-and twentieth-century time of dominion, the Civilizing mission was a steadily moving arrangement of thoughts and practices that were utilized to legitimize and legitimize the foundation and continuation of abroad settlements. Therefore, option (A) is correct.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
The concept that western nations could bring advanced science and economic development to non-western parts of the world that justified imperial administration:
(A) Civilizing mission
(B) The Great Game
(C) Social Darwinism
(D) Maoris
who is credited with the transformation of st. andrews in the mid 1800's from a rundown town to a desirable tourist stop?
The person credited with the transformation of St. Andrews in the mid-1800s from a rundown town to a desirable tourist stop is Thomas Hamilton.
St Andrews is a city located in the northeast of Scotland, in the county of Fife. It is the main city of the St Andrews area and the Fife council area.St Andrews is renowned worldwide for its university, the oldest in Scotland and one of the most prestigious in the world. But St Andrews is also a tourist destination par excellence, with a wide range of attractions for visitors of all ages and interests.
Thomas Hamilton is the person credited with the transformation of St. Andrews in the mid-1800s from a rundown town to a desirable tourist stop. Hamilton was an architect, and his involvement with the town began when he was commissioned to design St. Andrews Cathedral’s restoration project.
Hamilton saw an opportunity in St. Andrews to bring a new level of luxury to the town, and he proceeded to develop several high-end hotels and other amenities that would attract visitors. Hamilton's vision helped make St. Andrews into the desirable tourist destination that it is today.
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Which expressed power of Congress does this example best describe?
Congress determines the amount of paper money and
coins that will circulate through the economy.
OA. Collecting taxes
B. Printing money
OC. Regulating commerce
D. Establishing federal courts
The expressed power by the excerpt of the congress is Printing money
What are the powers of the congress?To clarify, the powers granted to Congress by the US Constitution are:
A. Collecting taxes - This refers to the power of Congress to levy and collect taxes from individuals and businesses within the United States to fund the federal government.
B. Printing money - This refers to the power of Congress to regulate the currency and coinage of the United States, including the production of paper money and coins.
C. Regulating commerce - This refers to the power of Congress to regulate interstate and international commerce, including trade, transportation, and communication.
D. Establishing federal courts - This refers to the power of Congress to establish a system of federal courts and to determine the jurisdiction of those courts.
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