The parents, Michael and Danielle, both have light brown skin and the Bb genotype. Draw a Punnett square and explain how these parents could have two babies with different color skin- one dark brown and the other tan.
Answer:
n order to create a Punnett square, we need to list the possible gametes (sex cells) that each parent can contribute to their offspring. Since Michael and Danielle both have the Bb genotype, they can each contribute a B or a b allele to their offspring.
Possible gametes for Michael: B or b
Possible gametes for Danielle: B or b
Using these gametes, we can create a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their offspring:
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
From the Punnett square, we can see that there are four possible combinations of alleles for their offspring: BB, Bb, Bb, and bb.
BB: This offspring would have two dominant B alleles, resulting in dark brown skin.
Bb: This offspring would have one dominant B allele and one recessive b allele, resulting in tan skin.
Bb: This offspring would have one dominant B allele and one recessive b allele, resulting in tan skin.
bb: This offspring would have two recessive b alleles, resulting in light skin.
Therefore, it is possible for Michael and Danielle to have two babies with different skin colors, one with dark brown skin and the other with tan skin, due to the combination of their different alleles in their offspring.
What wind systems move air from about 30 degrees north or south latitude toward the equator?
The trade winds are warm, consistent winds that are created when air moves back towards the equator. In honour of the English meteorologist who initially hypothesised their existence for explain the trade winds.
What kind of wind patterns are present as one moves from latitude 30 towards the equator?Most of the cooling sinking air flows back to the equator between 30 ° latitude and the equator. The remaining air is directed towards the poles. What do trade winds consist of? In the direction of the equator, the winds are air currents.
Why does the equator and 30 degrees northern latitude have nearly no wind?Its weight is increased and an area with high pressure is created at the poles thanks to air flowing in from higher altitudes of the atmosphere on top of it. It takes time for air to get from the equator to the poles. There is an accumulation of air due to the earth's rotatio.
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HELP PLEASE!!!
Allele information is: Seed colors [yellow (Y) is dominant over green (y)]. Seed shape [round (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r)]. Pod shape [inflated (I) is dominant over constricted (i)]. Plant height [tall (T) is dominant over short (t)].
Answer:
Thank you for providing the allele information. This information describes the dominant and recessive traits for each of the four characteristics: seed color, seed shape, pod shape, and plant height.
For seed color, the dominant allele is Y, which results in yellow seeds, while the recessive allele is y, which results in green seeds.
For seed shape, the dominant allele is R, which results in round seeds, while the recessive allele is r, which results in wrinkled seeds.
For pod shape, the dominant allele is I, which results in inflated pods, while the recessive allele is i, which results in constricted pods.
For plant height, the dominant allele is T, which results in tall plants, while the recessive allele is t, which results in short plants.
These alleles can be combined in different ways through genetic inheritance to determine the traits of an individual plant. For example, if a plant inherits one Y allele and one y allele for seed color, it will have yellow seeds because the Y allele is dominant over the y allele. Similarly, if a plant inherits two R alleles for seed shape, it will have round seeds because the R allele is dominant over the r allele.
How can one calculate the product loss during the production of salami without using prices?
Therefore, by calculating the yield percentage, one can determine the amount of product loss during the production of salami without using prices.
How is salami calculated?The product loss during the production of salami can be calculated without using prices by using the concept of yield percentage. Yield percentage is the ratio of the weight of the final product to the weight of the raw material used in production, expressed as a percentage.
To calculate the yield percentage, one needs to know the weight of the raw material used and the weight of the final product. The difference between the two weights represents the product loss.
The yield percentage can be calculated using the following formula:
Yield percentage = (Weight of final product / Weight of raw material) x 100
For example, if 100 kg of raw material is used to produce 85 kg of salami, the yield percentage would be:
Yield percentage = (85 kg / 100 kg) x 100
Yield percentage = 85%
This means that 15% of the raw material was lost during the production process. The weight of the product loss can also be calculated by subtracting the weight of the final product from the weight of the raw material:
Product loss = Weight of raw material - Weight of final product
Using the same example, the product loss would be:
Product loss = 100 kg - 85 kg
Product loss = 15 kg
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In ducks, long bills (B) is dominant over short bills (b). A heterozygous long-bill duck is crossed
with a short-bill duck.
of white
Answer:
3. What is the genotype of the parent ducks?
4. What is the phenotype of the second duck? Answer:
5. What is the expected phenotypic ratio?
Answer:
3. The genotype of the parent ducks can be represented as Bb (heterozygous long-bill duck) and bb (short-bill duck).
4. The phenotype of the second duck would be short-billed since the short bill trait is recessive and will only be expressed if an individual has two copies of the short bill allele (bb).
5. The expected phenotypic ratio would also be 1:1, meaning that half of the offspring will have long bills and half will have short bills.
The expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring can be predicted using a Punnett square:
B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
The possible genotypes of their offspring are Bb (long-billed) and bb (short-billed), with a 1:1 ratio. Therefore, the expected phenotypic ratio would also be 1:1, meaning that half of the offspring will have long bills and half will have short bills.
What is genotype?
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, which is the complete set of inherited genetic information carried by an organism's DNA. It includes all of an organism's genes, including those that are not expressed, or visible, as traits.
The genotype determines an individual's physical and behavioral traits, susceptibility to diseases, and response to the environment. The genotype of an organism is inherited from its parents and can be passed down to its offspring. It can be studied through various techniques, including genetic testing and DNA sequencing.
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Which statement describes the role of a mitochondrion in providing a body with energy?
Group of answer choices
It is the site where oxygen combines with small molecules and releases large amounts of energy.
It combines blood and oxygen so that energy can be released from glucose.
It stores glucose that is taken from food so that respiration can happen later.
It is the site where food is broken down into small molecules and amounts of energy.
A mitochondrion's function in supplying a body with energy is to be the location where food is broken down into small molecules.
What part does a mitochondrion play in supplying an organism with energy?Oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we consume, is the traditional function of mitochondria.
What purpose does the mitochondrion serve in producing ATP as a source of energy?The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's biochemical processes is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria. (ATP).
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What is another name for a transgenic organism?
Answer:
Genetically modified organism or GMO
Explanation:
If a restriction enzyme has a cleavage site consisting of six nucleotide pairs, what is the chance that six adjacent nucleotides in a random sequence of double-stranded DNA will match the restriction site?
Question 2 options:
a) (1/4)4 = 1/256
b) (1/2)6 = 1/64
c) (1/2)4 = 1/16
d) (1/4)6 = 1/4096
Answer:
The chance of each nucleotide base (A, T, C, or G) occurring in a random sequence is 1/4. Since there are six nucleotide pairs in the restriction site, the probability of each pair matching is (1/4)2 = 1/16. Therefore, the probability of all six adjacent nucleotide pairs matching the restriction site is (1/16)6 = 1/16777216, which is approximately 1 in 16 million.
However, none of the given answer options is correct. The closest answer is d) (1/4)6 = 1/4096, which is the probability of a randomly selected sequence of six nucleotide pairs matching a specific sequence of six pairs. But the restriction site can match in any order, so we need to consider all the possible combinations of six adjacent pairs in the DNA sequence.
There are (2n-6+1) possible locations for a six-nucleotide pair sequence in a double-stranded DNA molecule of length n. For n = 6, there is only one possible location, but for larger values of n, there are more possibilities. For example, in a molecule of length 10, there are five possible locations:
ATGCAGTACC
TGCAGTA
CAGTAC
GTACC
TACCA
So the probability of at least one of these locations matching the restriction site is 1 - (1 - 1/4096)5 = 0.00122, which is approximately 1 in 820.
Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the given options.
Which of the following occurs when population exceeds its carrying capacity? O Nothing happens O Overpopulation O More Resources O Less competition
Answer:
B) Overpopulation.
Explanation:
When population exceeds its carrying capacity, the result is overpopulation. Therefore, the answer to your question is "Overpopulation". This concept is mentioned in result #9, which states that limiting factors determine an ecosystem's carrying capacity , which is the maximum population size the environment can support given all available resources . When the population size exceeds this limit, resources become scarce, and the environment is unable to sustain the population, leading to overpopulation.
Answer:
The Effects of Overpopulation, More people means an increased demand for food, water, housing, energy, healthcare, transportation, and more. And all that consumption contributes to ecological degradation, increased conflicts, and a higher risk of large-scale disasters like pandemics
So I would say B is the answer
Select the correct answer.
According to United Nations predictions, what will be the total population of the world by 2100?
O. A. 9 billion
OB.
O C.
OD.
OE.
10 billion
11 billion
40 billion
8 billion
According to the United Nations, total population of the world is projected to reach approximately 10.9 billion by 2100. Therefore, option C, 11 billion, is the closest to correct answer.
According to United Nations predictions, what will be total population of world by 2100?According to a new United Nations report released today, the present global population of 7.6 billion people will increase to 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100.
The global population in 2021 was 7.9 billion. According to the UN's 2022 estimate, there will be 9.7 billion people on the planet in 2050 and roughly 10.3 billion by the year 2100.
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compared to the dri report determain how many calories per day kelly watson should eat\
Based on her age, gender, height, weight, and level of physical activity, Kelly Watson should consume about 2100–2500 calories per day.
What does a 2000-calorie diet's DRI look like?According to the DV data, a person who consumes 2,000 calories per day ought to take in: 585 calories or less than 65 grammes of fat. 180 calories or less, or less than 20 grammes, of saturated fat. 1200 calories or at least 300 grammes of carbs.
What percentage of a diet with 2000 calories a day should include protein?You should get between 10% and 35% of your calories from protein. Hence, if you require 2,000 calories, 50–175 grammes of protein, or 200–700 calories, will suffice. For a typical inactive adult, 0.8 is the necessary daily intake to prevent deficiency.
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Which event in inflammation aids in white blood cells migrating from the blood vessel to the site of injury?
Arterioles widen.
O Phagocytes engulf complement coated bacteria.
O Complement is activated.
O Capillary permeability is increased.
O Blood flow produces heat in the area.
Capillary permeability is increased if event in inflammation aids in white blood cells migrating from the blood vessel to the site endothelial of injury
The correct answer is C
What causes WBC to go from blood vessels to tissues?Leukocyte migration involves movement between tissues, blood, and lymphatic vessels, as well as between the vessels and tissues (extravasation). Cells bind to the vascular endothelium through a number of steps.
Eosinophils are the first type or white blood cell to reach an infection site.Neutrophils are the most prevalent granulocyte, making up between 50 and 80 percent among all white blood cells. They frequently belong to the first types of cells that reach an infection site, when they use a process known as phagocytosis to engulf and kill the infecting microbes.
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Question 5 of 10
At your acute care organization, pressure injury risk assessment facility protocols stipulate the frequency of pressure injury risk assessment and reassessment. Assume that your hospital protocols follow IHI recommendations and reflects common practice at most hospitals. Following protocol, you should:
A. Assess for pressure injury risk on admission and perform skin assessments daily
B. Reassess pressure injury risk weekly
C. Perform a daily skin assessment and a risk assessment if warranted
D. Perform a skin assessment every shift, for every patient
In accordance with IHI guidelines and typical hospital practise. Pressure injury prevention involves identifying the risk of pressure injuries at the time of admission and monitoring the skin on a daily basis.
Patients' risk of suffering an accident should be reevaluated how frequently?The frequency of risk assessments is advised to vary. A risk assessment is typically performed daily, after a major change in condition, and on admission in acute care facilities. In critical care settings, frequent assessments like once every shift should be performed.
How long may a risk assessment be left alone before it needs to be reviewed?You can decide when a review is thought necessary, but because the risk assessment is an ongoing process, this information should be recorded and updated as your organisation changes.
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What is chlorophyll.
Answer:
Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of many plants and algae. Seen through a microscope, chlorophyll is concentrated within organisms in structures called chloroplasts
Explanation:
Answer:
It is a green pigment found in almost all plants. It participates in photosynthesis by absorbing light
. Which of the organisms—herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores—would also be labeled consumers? Why?
In an ecosystem, all herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are regarded as consumers. This is due to the fact that they consume other species, whether they be plants, animals, or both, in order to gain energy and nutrients.
Every organism that consumes other living things is referred to as a consumer in ecological terms. Since they devour plants, which are producers that harness solar energy through photosynthesis, herbivores are consumers. Since they devour other animals, which are themselves, consumers who have acquired energy and nutrients from other species, carnivores are consumers. Since omnivores consume both plants and animals, they are consumers who fill a variety of ecological niches.
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Which resource is not extracted from the ocean?
Responses,
coal
manganese
gravel
oil
What if Fallin’s record label asked her to pose in the war bonnet to gain publicity for her music?
Would it make a difference if this were simply a business decision to sell records? Explain your reasoning
A student sees a red wolf at the zoo and wants to research specific information about the animal.
Which levels of taxonomy are BEST to use when researching specific information about the red wolf?
A
Kingdom and species
B
Kingdom and genus
C
Genus and species
D
Species and family
The genus and species levels of taxonomy are best to use when researching certain information about any animal. Therefore, option C is correct.
What are the levels of taxonomy?There are seven main levels of taxonomy, listed below in order from most inclusive to least inclusive:
Kingdom: It divides organisms into broad groups based on their general characteristics. Phylum: It groups organisms based on their body plan and shared characteristics.Class: It further divides organisms within a phylum based on shared physical or biological characteristics.Order: It groups organisms within a class based on similarities in their physical or biological features.Family: It groups organisms within an order based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics.Genus: It groups organisms within a family based on their genetic similarities and evolutionary history.Species: A species is defined as a group of organisms that can produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction.Thus, option C is correct.
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2) Other risk factors beyond what is assessed in the Braden Scale may include co-morbid conditions (e.g., vascular disease, diabetes), increased length of stay, and use of vasopressors (e.g., norepinephrine).
True
False
True. Co-morbid illnesses (such as vascular disease, diabetes, and other diseases), an extended hospital stay, and the use of vasopressors are possible additional risk factors beyond those evaluated by the Braden Scale (e.g., norepinephrine).
The six subscales that make up the Braden Scale assess risk factors that may lead to either a reduced tissue tolerance to pressure or a higher duration and intensity of pressure. They include: shear, friction, activity, movement, and wetness.the use of vasopressors are possible additional risk factors beyond those evaluated by the Braden Scale (e.g., norepinephrine). The six factors on the Braden scale—sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobile, nutrition, & friction and shear—are used to assess the likelihood of developing pressure ulcers. The six subscales of the Braden Scale, which range in scores from 1 to 4 or 1 to 3, are sensory perception, moisture, exercise, mobility, nutrition, and friction/shear.
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Mutations may affect single base pairs or large portions of genetic code - even entire genes or chromosomes
It is accurate. Single base pair changes to variations in the entire chromosome are examples of the several levels at which mutations can take place. A mutation may potentially produce a variety of outcomes.
What mutation changes just one DNA base pair?A point mutation occurs when one base pair is added, subtracted, or changed in a genome. While the majority of point mutations are innocuous, they can also have a number of functional impacts, such as alterations to proteins that are encoded or variations to how genes are expressed.
How are genetic changes impacted by mutations?Sometimes, one or more proteins cannot function properly due to gene changes, also known as mutations. By changing the gene's instructions for creating a protein, a variant can cause it to malfunction or not be produced at all.
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circle the words that correctly complete the sentences about reproduction in plants
Answer:
Point 1- Spores and Gamates
Point 2- Sperm
Point 3- Sperm and Egg
Explanation:
Point One-
Organisims that use asexual reproduction it is spores, and sexual reproduction is gametes. Yeast uses asexual reproduction, and humans are obviously sexual reproduction.
Point 2-
Sperm. In order to have a gamete, an egg will need to have a sperm.
Point 3-
Self explanatoryexplaitory.
You have the following solutions
Solution A- salty, cold, ice water Solution B- fresh water, hot Solution C- salty room temperature water
if you pour these solutions into a cylinder how will they layer from bottom to top?
Assuming that the solutions don't mix with each other, the layers would be, from bottom to top: B, C & A.
Solution B: Hot, clean water (on the bottom)
Solution C: water that is salty and at room temperature (in the middle)
Solution A is ice water that is salty and cold (on the top)
This is because as you go from A to C to B, the solutions get more dense. Solution A is the least dense because it has ice, which is less dense than water. Solution C is denser than solution A because the salt dissolves in it when it is at room temperature. This makes it more dense. Solution B is the most dense because it is hot, which makes it less voluminous and more dense. So, the solutions will stack up from top to bottom in the order of increasing density.
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Emily and Vicky are discussing coal as an energy source. Emily claims coal is a renewable energy source. Vicky disagrees.
Who is right, and why?
Responses
Vicky; it is possible to replenish coal in the short term. Vicky; it is possible to replenish coal in the short term.
Emily; coal burns cleanly, producing only carbon dioxide and water. Emily; coal burns cleanly, producing only carbon dioxide and water.
Vicky; coal is a fossil fuel and supplies on Earth are limited. Vicky; coal is a fossil fuel and supplies on Earth are limited.
Emily; renewable resources are always gases or liquids.
brainliest for whoever does it right
Answer:
Vicky is right that coal is not a renewable energy source since it is a fossil fuel with limited supplies on Earth. Coal combustion also produces harmful air pollutants. Emily is incorrect in stating that renewable resources are always gases or liquids.
Insulin:
Decreases glycogen uptake by cells
Increases in concentration in the blood after a meal
Promotes water reabsorption
Is released in response to the onset of exercise
Explanation:
In the liver, insulin affects glycogen metabolism by stimulation of glycogen synthesis. Protein phosphatase I (PPI) is the key molecule in the regulation of glycogen metabolism. Via dephosphorylation, PPI slows the rate of glycogenolysis by inactivating phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase A.
Describe what is meant by the selective permeability of the plasma membrane. Why can't larger polar molecules and ions freely cross a lipid bilayer? (Consider the chemistry of the phospholipids as well as the physical barrier).
Answer:
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell from its environment. This means that while some substances can pass through the membrane freely, others cannot. The selective permeability of the plasma membrane is due to its structure, which is composed of a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids are attracted to water, while the hydrophobic tails repel it. This creates a barrier that is impermeable to water-soluble substances, such as ions and polar molecules. Additionally, the phospholipid bilayer is relatively impermeable to larger nonpolar molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates.
Small nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can diffuse easily across the plasma membrane due to their ability to dissolve in the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. However, larger polar molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, cannot pass freely through the membrane.
One reason for this is that the polar molecules are attracted to water, which is repelled by the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. This makes it difficult for the polar molecules to cross the lipid bilayer without assistance from specialized transport proteins, such as channels and carriers.
Furthermore, ions have an electrical charge that makes it difficult for them to cross the hydrophobic lipid bilayer. The charged particles are repelled by the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids, and therefore, cannot pass through the membrane freely.
In summary, the selective permeability of the plasma membrane is due to the chemistry of the phospholipids, which create a hydrophobic barrier that is impermeable to water-soluble substances. Larger polar molecules and ions cannot freely cross the lipid bilayer because they are attracted to water and have an electrical charge that repels them from the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
The diagram shows how gas exchange happens in a specialised structure of the lungs. Name part C.
The red blood cell, shown by the letter C in the diagram of the specialized structure of the lungs, is in charge of transferring oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
A kind of blood cell called a red blood cell, also called an erythrocyte, is in charge of transferring oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. Hemoglobin, a protein that binds to both oxygen and carbon dioxide, is found in red blood cells, which are disc-shaped cells without a nucleus. They are an integral part of the body's ability to exchange gases with the environment and play a crucial function in the respiratory system.
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Do a research proposal on this topic "Perceptions and attitudes towards consumption of GMO tomatoes" (Desk review)
Answer:
Explanation:
Title: Perceptions and Attitudes towards Consumption of GMO Tomatoes: A Desk Review
Background:
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to pests, herbicides, or harsh weather conditions. Despite the potential benefits of GMOs, there are concerns about the safety and long-term effects of consuming them. Tomatoes are one of the most commonly genetically modified crops, and it is important to understand consumer perceptions and attitudes towards them.
Objectives:
The objectives of this desk review are to:
1. Explore existing literature on consumer perceptions and attitudes towards consumption of GMO tomatoes.
2. Identify the factors that influence consumer acceptance or rejection of GMO tomatoes.
3. Assess the knowledge, beliefs, and values that shape consumer attitudes towards GMO tomatoes.
4. Identify gaps in the literature and suggest areas for further research.
Methods:
This desk review will involve a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search will include keywords such as "genetically modified tomatoes," "consumer attitudes," "perceptions," and "food safety." The inclusion criteria will be studies published in English between 2010 and 2022 that focus on consumer perceptions and attitudes towards consumption of GMO tomatoes.
Results:
The results of this desk review will provide an overview of the existing literature on consumer perceptions and attitudes towards consumption of GMO tomatoes. It will identify the factors that influence consumer acceptance or rejection of GMO tomatoes, such as concerns about health and safety, ethical and environmental considerations, and trust in regulatory bodies. The review will also assess the knowledge, beliefs, and values that shape consumer attitudes towards GMO tomatoes, such as familiarity with GMO technology and perceptions of naturalness.
Conclusion:
The findings of this desk review will provide valuable insights into consumer perceptions and attitudes towards consumption of GMO tomatoes. The results will help to identify areas where further research is needed and may inform policy decisions related to the labeling and regulation of GMO foods. Ultimately, this review will contribute to a better understanding of the factors that shape consumer attitudes towards GMOs and their implications for food production, distribution, and consumption.
The Respiratory System:
Just Breathe Notes and Lab
What You Need to Know:
FUNCTION:
environment and your
RESPIRATORY ORGANS:
and
(1):
respiratory system that helps to warm air
oxygen and carbon dioxide with the
environment
includes parts of the
goes to each
(Throat) (2); transports air, food, and water,
and
Name:
(Voice Box) (3):
are
stretched across larynx opening and contract/relax to make sound
(Wind Pipe) (4): carries air from
to
rings for protection
/Bronchial tubes (5):
(Air Sacs)(6):
Each tube
tiny sacks in (8)
Into
enters bloodstream and
split off from
into tiny tubes called (7)
are surrounded by
0,19%
Covered in cartilaginous
exits)
-one tube
Explanation:
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels.
Help
13.The diagram below represents two processes that occur in organisms. A characteristic represented by X is common to both of these processes….
14. Some sea slugs store chloroplasts obtained from algae they have ingested. The chloroplasts continue to carry out photosynthesis within the slugs. What advantage would this activity be to these sea slugs?
Answer: moves molecules and the slugs with chloroplasts can synthesize some of their own food
Explanation:
#13 By doing process of elimination:
- Diffusion doesn't need energy; Active does so number 1 is wrong
- None don't require enzymes but proteins
- oxygen doesn't make sense
- Diffusion and Active Transport move molecules by there concentration. Making 4 possibly correct.
#14
sea slugs can synthesize their own food since they have stored chloroplasts because chloroplasts is a big factor in photosynthesis and synthesizing food (breaking down food) because they turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.
Fruit flies have sensory receptors that respond to different chemicals. Some of these receptors are sensitive to chemicals that make up odors while others are sensitive to chemicals that make up tastes. For example, one type of taste receptor in fruit flies is sensitive to the taste of water. Scientists performed an experiment to examine the role of odor and taste receptors in guiding the behavior of fruit flies.
The scientists' experiment took place in two phases. In the training phase, the scientists kept the fruit flies away from water for 16 hours. Then, they placed the fruit flies in a chamber filled with a specific odor (odor 1) but no water for 2 minutes. They next transferred the flies to a second chamber filled with a different odor (odor 2) and water for 2 minutes.
In the next phase, the scientists tested the fruit flies by placing them in a testing maze with two arms, one of which contained odor 1 and the second which contained odor 2. Neither of these arms contained water. The scientists counted the number of flies that went into each arm. The testing phase was completed after different amounts of time had passed after the training phase. The scientists then repeated this experiment with flies that lacked the taste receptor for water. The table below shows the number of flies that went into each arm in all of the trials.
Time After Training Normal Flies Flies That Cannot Taste Water
Odor 1 Odor 2 Odor 1 Odor 2
3 minutes 36 64 55 45
3 hours 33 67 45 55
24 hours 30 70 51 49
Data adapted from Shyu et al. 2017. Nature Communications. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
How do the scientists' findings support the argument that the information fruit flies take in through their sensory receptors can be stored as memories?
A.
by showing that fruit flies that could taste water were more attracted to odor 2 during the training period than were fruit flies that could not taste water
B.
by showing that fruit flies that could not taste water were not attracted to odor 2 by 24 hours after training
C.
by showing that more of the fruit flies that could taste water were attracted to odor 2 than odor 1 at 24 hours after training
D.
by showing that fruit flies that could not taste water were less likely to locate water in the maze than fruit flies that could taste water
The normal fruit flies were able to use their sensory receptors to store and retrieve memories of past experiences, indicating that sensory information can be stored as memories in fruit flies.
The correct option is C.
What is the result of the experiment with fruit flies?The scientists' findings support the argument that the information fruit flies take in through their sensory receptors can be stored as memories because the data shows a difference in behavior between the normal fruit flies and the flies that cannot taste water.
Specifically, the normal fruit flies were more attracted to odor 2, which was associated with water during the training phase, than odor 1 at 24 hours after training. In contrast, the flies that could not taste water did not show a preference for either odor at 24 hours after training.
This suggests that the normal fruit flies formed a memory of the association between odor 2 and water during the training phase and were able to use that memory to guide their behavior in the testing maze.
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