Three students are asked to discuss whether Gibbs Free Energy was positive or


negative for each dissolution. Select the student that employs correct


scientific reasoning.
. Student 1: The Gibbs Free Energy was negative for both reactions because the reactions were


spontaneous, the reactions happened.


• Student 2: The Gibbs Free Energy was positive for the first reaction because it got colder and


negative for the second reaction because it got hotter.


• Student 3: The Gibbs Free Energy was positive for both reactions because it is always positive for


dissolutions.


Student 3


Student 2


Student 1


In the next three problems, use the CER format to answer this guiding

The appearance of a substance is greatly influenced by the wavelength of light that is reflected off its surface.

This is because different substances absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light, resulting in the unique appearance of each material.

When light hits an object, it can either be absorbed, transmitted or reflected. The color of the object is determined by the wavelengths of light that are reflected back into our eyes. For example, a red apple appears red because it absorbs all colors of light except for red, which is reflected back to our eyes.

Similarly, a blue object appears blue because it reflects blue light while absorbing other colors.

The wavelength of light is also responsible for the phenomenon of iridescence, where objects appear to change color depending on the angle of light. This happens because the surface of the object reflects different wavelengths of light at different angles, creating a shimmering effect.

In summary, the wavelength of light that is reflected off an object greatly influences its appearance. By understanding how different substances interact with light, we can better understand the colors and textures of the world around us.

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There are 2.74 moles of N₂ (g) present in 1.00 L of N₂ (g) at 100°C and 1 atm.

The number of moles can be calculated using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15 K. Thus, T = 100°C + 273.15 = 373.15 K .We also need to convert the pressure from atm to Pa by multiplying by 101,325 Pa/atm. Thus, P = 1 atm × 101,325 Pa/atm = 101,325 Pa.

We can now solve for n:

n = PV/RT = (101,325 Pa × 1.00 L)/(0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K × 373.15 K) = 2.74 mol N₂ (g)

Therefore, in a 1.00 L container filled with N₂ (g) at a temperature of 100°C and pressure of 1 atm, there are 2.74 moles of N₂ (g) present

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The oxidation number approach, commonly referred to as the oxidation states, keeps track of the electrons obtained during reduction and the electrons lost during oxidation.

Thus, Each atom in a charged or neutral molecule is given an oxidation number. Oxidation takes place whenever the oxidation number rises. Reduction happens when the oxidation number goes down. The total charge of a chemical is equal to the sum of all of its oxidation numbers.

 The roles of oxidation and reduction is the only foolproof method for balancing a redox equation. Then you achieve equilibrium by bringing the electron gain and loss into balance.

The oxidation numbers of all atoms are determined using the oxidation number method. The altered atoms are then multiplied by small whole numbers.

Thus, The oxidation number approach, commonly referred to as the oxidation states, keeps track of the electrons obtained during reduction and the electrons lost during oxidation.

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The gas would occupy 90 L at a final pressure of 200 mmHg if the amount of gas does not change.

To determine how many liters this gas would occupy at a final pressure of 200 mmHg, we can use Boyle's Law. Boyle's Law states that the product of the initial pressure and volume of a gas is equal to the product of the final pressure and volume if the temperature and amount of gas remain constant. The formula for Boyle's Law is:

P₁ × V₁ = P₂ × V₂

Where P₁ is the initial pressure (1800 mmHg), V₁ is the initial volume (10 L), P₂ is the final pressure (200 mmHg), and V₂ is the final volume we need to find.

Rearranging the formula to find V₂:
V₂ = (P₁ × V₁) / P₂

Substituting the values:

V₂ = (1800 mmHg × 10 L) / 200 mmHg
V₂ = 18000 L·mmHg / 200 mmHg
V₂ = 90 L

So, this gas would occupy 90 L at a final pressure of 200 mmHg if the amount of gas does not change.

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4.28 moles of nitrogen gas are generated by the complete reaction of 8.56 moles of ammonia.

To find out how many moles of nitrogen gas are generated by the complete reaction of 8.56 moles of ammonia, we can use the balanced chemical equation: 4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O.

Step 1: Identify the mole ratio between ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen gas (N2). From the balanced equation, we see that 4 moles of NH3 produce 2 moles of N2. This gives us a mole ratio of 4:2 or 2:1.

Step 2: Use the mole ratio to determine the moles of nitrogen gas produced. Since the mole ratio is 2:1, for every 2 moles of NH3 that react, 1 mole of N2 is produced.

Step 3: Calculate the moles of nitrogen gas generated from 8.56 moles of ammonia. Divide the given moles of ammonia by the mole ratio:
8.56 moles NH3 / 2 = 4.28 moles N2

Therefore, 4.28 moles of nitrogen gas are generated by the complete reaction of 8.56 moles of ammonia.

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1. The mass of calcium obtained from 500 Kg of dolomite is 110 kilograms

2. The mass of magnesium obtained from 500 Kg of dolomite is  65 kilograms

The mass of calcium and magnesium in the 500 Kg of dolomite can be obtained as shown below:

1. For calcium

Mass of calcium = Percentage of calcium × Mass of dolomite

Mass of calcium = 22% × 500

Mass of calcium = (22/100) × 500

Mass of calcium = 110 kilograms

2. For magnesium

Mass of magnesium = Percentage of magnesium × Mass of dolomite

Mass of magnesium = 13% × 500

Mass of magnesium = (13/100) × 500

Mass of magnesium = 65 kilograms

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The most probable velocity of hydrogen gas at 100 K is approximately 1809.46 m/s.

To calculate the most probable velocity (vp) of hydrogen gas [tex](H_2)[/tex] at 100 K, we can use the following formula:

[tex]vp = (2RT/\pi M)^{(1/2)}[/tex]

where R is the universal gas constant (8.3144 J/K*mol),

T is the temperature in Kelvin (100 K),

π is pi (3.14159),

and M is the molar mass of hydrogen gas (0.002016 kg/mol).

Putting in the values, we get:

[tex]vp = (2 * 8.3144 J/K*mol * 100 K / \pi * 0.002016 kg/mol)^{(1/2)}\\vp = 1809.46 m/s[/tex]

Therefore, the most probable velocity of hydrogen gas at 100 K is approximately 1809.46 m/s.

To check if the answer is correct, we can turn on Show most probable velocity. If the calculated value matches the displayed value, then we know we are correct.

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The % mass of C6H12O6 in the new solution is approximately 67.2%.

We can calculate the mass percentage of C6H12O6 in the new solution using the following formula:

% mass = (mass of C6H12O6 / total mass of solution) x 100%

First, we need to calculate the total mass of the solution by adding the mass of C6H12O6 and the mass of cyclohexane:

total mass of solution = 8.50 g + 4.15 g = 12.65 g

Next, we can calculate the mass percentage of C6H12O6 in the solution:

% mass = (8.50 g / 12.65 g) x 100% ≈ 67.2%

Therefore, the % mass of C6H12O6 in the new solution is approximately 67.2%.

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Hazel needs 0.6975 liters of water to make a 1.25M solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ using 45.7 grams of the solute.

To solve this problem, we need to use the formula:
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution

First, we need to find the moles of nickel II nitrate:
moles = mass / molar mass

The molar mass of Ni(NO₃)₂ can be calculated by adding the molar masses of each element:
Ni: 58.69 g/mol
N: 14.01 g/mol
O (3 atoms): 3 x 16.00 g/mol = 48.00 g/mol

Total molar mass = 58.69 + 14.01 + 48.00 = 120.70 g/mol
So, the moles of Ni(NO₃)₂ used by Hazel is:
moles = 45.7 g / 120.70 g/mol = 0.3781 moles

Now, we can use the formula to find the volume of solution:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution
1.25 M = 0.3781 moles / liters of solution
Liters of solution = 0.3781 moles / 1.25 M = 0.3025 L

Therefore, the volume of water required to make the solution is:
Volume of water = Total volume - Volume of solute
Volume of water = 1 L - 0.3025 L = 0.6975 L

So, Hazel needs 0.6975 liters of water to make a 1.25M solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ using 45.7 grams of the solute.

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You will need to observe each tube carefully and record your observations. Look at the color and consistency of the contents and note any unusual smells or other characteristics.

Smells are the odors that people detect when certain molecules enter their noses. Smells can be pleasant, such as the aroma of a freshly baked pie, or unpleasant, such as the odor of garbage. Humans can detect millions of different smells and each smell has its own unique molecular composition. Smells can be used to identify a particular item or to trigger a memory. People can even use smells to detect potential danger, such as the smell of smoke indicating a fire. Some animals, such as dogs, have a much more acute sense of smell than humans, and can be trained to detect certain smells, such as explosives or drugs. Smells are a powerful and often overlooked sense that can be used to enhance experiences or warn of potential danger.

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The volume of the gas in the container at sea level and room temperature would be approximately 0.00676 L.

PV = nRT

Where:

P = pressure

V = volume

n = number of moles

R = gas constant

T = temperature

V = nRT / P

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of gas in the container:

n = PV / RT

Where:

P = 1.54 x[tex]10^{4}[/tex] mm Hg

V = 1.00 L

R = 8.31 J/mol*K (gas constant)

T = 88 K

Converting the pressure to kPa and the volume to m^3:

P = 1.54 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] mm Hg * (101.3 kPa / 760 mm Hg) = 2054.59 Pa

V = 1.00 L * [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] [tex]m^{3}[/tex]/L) = 0.001 [tex]m^{3}[/tex]

n = (2054.59 Pa * 0.001 m^3) / (8.31 J/mol*K * 88 K) ≈ 0.000276 mol

P = 101.3 kPa

T = 23 + 273.15 K = 296.15 K

V = nRT / P

V = (0.000276 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * 296.15 K) / 101.3 kPa

Converting the volume to liters:

V = 0.00676 L

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Lake B with a greater ppm of calcium carbonate would be able to neutralize a greater amount of acid rain.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) acts as a buffer in lakes and streams by neutralizing any acid rain that may enter the water supply. A buffer is a substance that serves to resist small changes in acidity or alkalinity in a solution. Environmental scientists monitoring pollution levels are measuring buffer levels in two specific lakes. They found that Lake B had a greater ppm of calcium carbonate than Lake A.

Since calcium carbonate causes alkalinity, which allows it to function as a buffer, neutralizing any acid rain that may enter the water supply, Lake B would be able to neutralize a greater amount of acid rain than Lake A because it has a greater ppm of calcium carbonate.

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The substances that can create a pH = 4 buffer solution are HCO₂H and KHCO₂.

When modest quantities of acid or base are added to a buffer solution, it resists changes in pH. In order to create a buffer solution, we need to have a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, in roughly equal amounts.

HCO₂H is a weak acid with a pKa of 3.74, and its conjugate base is HCO₂⁻. KHCO₂ is the potassium salt of HCO₂⁻, and it acts as a source of HCO₂⁻ ions, making it a good buffer component.

The other substances listed are not suitable for creating a pH = 4 buffer solution because they either do not have a pKa or pKb near 4, or they are neither a pair of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a pair of a weak base and its conjugate acid..

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The subscript numbers in covalent compounds can be determined by the prefixes used in the written name of the compound.

Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, and their names are derived from the prefixes used to indicate the number of each type of atom in the compound.

The prefix indicates the number of atoms of each element, and the second element is given an "-ide" ending. For example, carbon dioxide has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, and is written as CO₂. The prefix "di" indicates two atoms of oxygen, and the subscript "2" indicates that there are two oxygen atoms.

Similarly, dinitrogen trioxide has two nitrogen atoms and three oxygen atoms, and is written as N₂O₃. The prefix "di" indicates two nitrogen atoms, and the prefix "tri" indicates three oxygen atoms, thus leading to the correct subscript numbers.

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The hydrolysis of one ATP molecule has ΔG = -30.5 kJ mol⁻¹. Therefore, the minimum number of ATP molecules required to drive the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate, with ΔG = -42 kJ mol⁻¹, is 2 ATP molecules.

The phosphorylation of acetic acid involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to acetic acid, forming acetyl phosphate and ADP. The reaction can be represented as follows:

The hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate involves the addition of a water molecule, which breaks the phosphoanhydride bond and releases the energy stored in the phosphate bond. The reaction can be represented as follows:

The ΔG value of the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate is -42 kJ mol⁻¹. Since the phosphorylation of acetic acid requires one ATP molecule, the minimum number of ATP molecules required to drive the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate is calculated as follows:

Since the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule has ΔG = -30.5 kJ mol⁻¹, the minimum number of ATP molecules required to drive the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate is 2.

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When reglazing, you cover the areas that were forgotten in the 2nd firing as well as reglaze everywhere for a uniform appearance.

Reglazing involves applying a new layer of glaze to a previously fired ceramic piece to improve its appearance, fix any issues from previous firings, or to achieve a specific effect.

In your case, if some areas were missed or improperly glazed during the 2nd firing, you would want to apply glaze to those forgotten areas to ensure a consistent finish.

However, it's important to reglaze the entire piece, not just the missed areas, to maintain a uniform appearance and avoid any inconsistencies in the final result. Before reglazing, make sure the ceramic piece is clean and free of dust or debris.

Apply the glaze evenly, using an appropriate technique such as brushing or dipping, and then fire the piece again according to the glaze's specific firing temperature and instructions. This should result in a well-glazed and visually appealing ceramic piece.

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The volume of the gas at 561.06 K and 70.3 atm will be 168.08 L.

The initial conditions of the gas are given as P₁ = 15.17 atm, V₁ = 641.68 L, and T₁ = 243.41 K. To find the volume of the gas at the new conditions, we can use the combined gas law:

(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂

where P₂, V₂, and T₂ are the new pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

We can rearrange the equation to solve for V₂:

V₂ = (P₂/P₁) x (T₁/T₂) x V₁

Substituting the given values:

V₂ = (70.3/15.17) x (243.41/561.06) x 641.68

V₂ = 168.08 L

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Answer:

An electron has a negative charge therefore, losing the electron will cause the atom to be a positive ion. An ion is an atom where the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons.

the concentration of sulfate ion when the precipitation of barium sulfate begins is 1.07×10^-8 M.

To determine the formula of the substance that precipitates first, we need to determine which combination of ions will form an insoluble compound first. We can do this by considering the solubility rules for common ionic compounds.

Calcium acetate dissociates into Ca2+ and CH3COO- ions in solution, while barium nitrate dissociates into Ba2+ and NO3- ions. Ammonium sulfate, when added to the solution, will dissociate into NH4+ and SO42- ions.

The possible combinations of ions that can form insoluble compounds are:

- Ca2+ and SO42- form CaSO4, which is insoluble
- Ba2+ and SO42- form BaSO4, which is insoluble

According to the solubility rules, calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is slightly soluble in water, while barium sulfate (BaSO4) is insoluble. Therefore, the substance that precipitates first is barium sulfate (BaSO4).

To determine the concentration of sulfate ion when the precipitation first begins, we need to calculate the product of the concentrations of barium ion and sulfate ion, and compare it to the solubility product constant (Ksp) for barium sulfate.

The balanced chemical equation for the precipitation reaction is:

Ba(NO3)2 + (NH4)2SO4 → BaSO4↓ + 2NH4NO3

The Ksp expression for barium sulfate is:

Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]

At the point when precipitation begins, the barium and sulfate ion concentrations will be equal to each other, so we can use the concentration of barium ion to calculate the concentration of sulfate ion:

[Ba2+] = 1.03×10^-2 M

Ksp for barium sulfate is 1.1×10^-10 at 25°C.

Therefore, we can calculate the concentration of sulfate ion:

Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]

1.1×10^-10 = (1.03×10^-2 M)([SO42-])

[SO42-] = 1.07×10^-8 M

Therefore, the concentration of sulfate ion when the precipitation of barium sulfate begins is 1.07×10^-8 M.
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The new volume of the hydrogen-filled balloon at a higher altitude with a pressure of 625 mm Hg will be 6.25 L.

To solve this problem, we can use the gas law equation, which is P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.

Given the initial pressure P1 = 112 mm Hg, the initial volume V1 = 1.25 L, and the final pressure P2 = 625 mm Hg, we can calculate the final volume V2 by rearranging the equation:

V2 = (P1V1) / P2

V2 = (112 mm Hg × 1.25 L) / 625 mm Hg

V2 = 6.25 L

So, the new volume of the balloon at a higher altitude will be 6.25 liters, assuming the temperature remains constant at 22.0°C.

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In problem 6, the number of atoms of carbon is 2.65 x 10²², which corresponds to 0.044 moles of carbon after dividing by Avogadro's number whereas In problem 7, the number of molecules of ammonia is 1.79 x 10²⁵, which is equivalent to 29.7 moles of ammonia after dividing by Avogadro's number.

In 6, the number of atoms of carbon given is 2.65 x 10²². To convert this to moles, we need to divide by Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol).

Therefore, the number of moles of carbon is:

2.65 x 10²² atoms / 6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol = 0.044 moles of carbon

In 7, the number of molecules of ammonia given is 1.79 x 10²⁵. To convert this to moles, we need to divide by Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol).

Therefore, the number of moles of ammonia is:

1.79 x 10²⁵ molecules / 6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol = 29.7 moles of ammonia.

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The description that fits the reaction that was observed is endothermic because heat is being absorbed from the surroundings. Option D

Endothermic reaction stores energy. In the reaction that has occurred, heat energy was absorbed from the enviroment which makes the beaker to become cold.

Assuming it was an exothermic reaction, heat energy  would have been released to the surrounding of the beaker. the beaker would have felt warm or hot to the touch,

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The pressure inside the flattened can is 1000 kPₐ .

To solve this problem using the Ideal Gas Law formula and the given information. The terms involved in this question are pressure, volume, and the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT).

Here's the step-by-step explanation:
1. The initial state of the gas is given as: P₁ = 20.0 kPₐ and V₁ = 0.50 L.
2. The final state of the gas after being flattened is given as: V₂ = 0.010 L.
3. We need to find the final pressure, P₂.
4. Since the problem doesn't involve any changes in temperature or the amount of gas, we can use Boyle's Law, which is a simplified version of the Ideal Gas Law for constant temperature and amount of gas. Boyle's Law states that P₁V₁ = P₂V₂.
5. Plug in the given values: (20.0 kPₐ)(0.50 L) = P2(0.010 L).
6. Solve for P₂: P₂ = (20.0 kPₐ )(0.50 L) / 0.010 L = 1000 kPₐ .

The pressure inside the flattened can is 1000 kPₐ .

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The landform that is a result of the chemical weathering of carbonate rock is

While the chemical weathering of carbonate rock does occur, it can result in voids or cavities under the surface. When sedimentary layers become unstable and unable to support their own weight, a concave impression known as a sinkhole will form.

Sinkholes are prevalent in areas that have an ample supply of carbonate rock, which itself poses a danger due to its potential impact on infrastructure and human well-being. It is important to note that the chemical deterioration of carbonate rock does not typically contribute to natural developments like mountains, dunes, or rivers.

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The mass of the airplane is 80,000 kg.

To find the mass of the airplane, we can use the formula for momentum:
momentum = mass x velocity

We are given the momentum of the airplane, which is 19,680,000 kg•m/s, and the velocity, which is 246 m/s.

So, we can rearrange the formula to solve for mass:
mass = momentum / velocity

Plugging in the values we have, we get:
mass = 19,680,000 kg•m/s / 246 m/s

Simplifying this expression gives us:
mass = 80,000 kg
Therefore, the mass of the airplane is 80,000 kg.

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The solution has a Molarity of approx 0.01575 M.

To calculate the molarity of a solution, we use the formula:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute ÷ volume of solution in liters

First, we need to convert the volume of the solution from milliliters to liters:

Volume of solution = 400 mL = 400/1000 L = 0.4 L

Next, we need to calculate the moles of solute:

moles of solute = 6.3 x [tex]10^{-3[/tex] mol

Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

Molarity (M) = 6.3 x[tex]10^{-3[/tex] mol ÷ 0.4 L = 0.01575 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.01575 M.

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In this problem, we are given the volume of a gas collected over water at a certain temperature and pressure. We need to determine the volume of the dry gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure).

First, we need to understand why the presence of water is important in this problem. When a gas is collected over water, some of the water vapor dissolves in the gas, which affects the volume of the gas we measure. In order to account for this, we need to use the concept of vapor pressure.

The vapor pressure of water at 22.0°C is 2.64 kPa. This means that at 22.0°C and 98.0 kPa, the total pressure is the sum of the pressure due to the gas and the pressure due to the water vapor. We can use Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures to calculate the pressure due to the gas alone:

P_gas = P_total - P_water vapor
P_gas = 98.0 kPa - 2.64 kPa
P_gas = 95.36 kPa

Now we can use the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the volume of the dry gas at STP:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. At STP, P = 101.3 kPa and T = 273.15 K.

We can rearrange the Ideal Gas Law to solve for the volume of the dry gas:

V_dry gas = (V_collected gas * P_gas * T_STP) / (P_STP * T_collected gas)

where V_collected gas is the volume of the gas collected over water, T_collected gas is the temperature of the gas collected over water, and T_STP is the temperature at STP.

Plugging in the numbers, we get:

V_dry gas = (1.85 L * 95.36 kPa * 273.15 K) / (101.3 kPa * 295.15 K)
V_dry gas = 1.60 L

Therefore, the volume of the dry gas at STP is 1.60 L. It's important to note that the volume of the dry gas is smaller than the volume of the gas collected over water, because some of the volume was occupied by water vapor.

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The mass of carbon monoxide that has been used in the reaction is 5.296 g.

To solve this problem, we need to use stoichiometry which deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂

This equation tells us that for every 2 moles of Fe₂O₃ and 3 moles of CO that react, we get 2 moles of Fe and 3 moles of CO₂.

We are given the mass of iron that was recovered, and the percentage yield of the reaction. The percentage yield is a measure of how much product is actually obtained compared to the theoretical yield, which is the amount of product that would be obtained if the reaction proceeded to completion.

To calculate the theoretical yield of iron, we need to use stoichiometry and the given amount of carbon monoxide used in the reaction. We can use the following equation to calculate the amount of carbon monoxide used:

n = m/M

where n is the number of moles of carbon monoxide used, m is the mass of iron recovered, and M is the molar mass of iron.

Using the given values, we get:

n = 15.88 g / 55.845 g/mol = 0.2838 mol

This is the number of moles of iron that would be produced if the reaction proceeded to completion.

To calculate the theoretical yield of iron, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. For every 3 moles of carbon monoxide used, 2 moles of iron are produced. So, the number of moles of carbon monoxide used is:

nCO = (2/3) × n = (2/3) × 0.2838 mol = 0.1892 mol

To calculate the mass of carbon monoxide used, we can use the following equation:

mCO = nCO × MCO

where mCO is the mass of carbon monoxide used, and MCO is the molar mass of carbon monoxide, which is 28.01 g/mol.

Using the given values, we get:

mCO = 0.1892 mol × 28.01 g/mol = 5.296 g

Therefore, the mass of carbon monoxide used in the reaction is 5.296 grams.

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Explanation:

A) To calculate the molarity of sodium chloride solution, we need to first convert the mass of sodium chloride into moles, using its molar mass of 58.44 g/mol:

100.0 g NaCl × (1 mol NaCl/58.44 g NaCl) = 1.71 mol NaCl

Then, we divide the number of moles by the volume of solution in liters to get the molarity:

Molarity = 1.71 mol NaCl ÷ 3.0 L = 0.57 M

Therefore, the molarity of the sodium chloride solution is 0.57 M.

B) To calculate the molarity of sugar (C12H22O11) solution, we need to first convert the mass of sugar into moles, using its molar mass of 342.3 g/mol:

72.5 g C12H22O11 × (1 mol C12H22O11/342.3 g C12H22O11) = 0.212 mol C12H22O11

Then, we divide the number of moles by the volume of solution in liters to get the molarity:

Molarity = 0.212 mol C12H22O11 ÷ 1.5 L = 0.13 M

Therefore, the molarity of the sugar solution is 0.13 M.

C) To calculate the molarity of aluminum sulfate solution, we need to first convert the mass of aluminum sulfate into moles, using its molar mass of 342.2 g/mol:

125 g Al2(SO4)3 × (1 mol Al2(SO4)3/342.2 g Al2(SO4)3) = 0.365 mol Al2(SO4)3

Then, we divide the number of moles by the volume of solution in liters to get the molarity:

Molarity = 0.365 mol Al2(SO4)3 ÷ 0.150 L = 2.43 M

Therefore, the molarity of the aluminum sulfate solution is 2.43 M.

D) To calculate the molarity of caffeine (C8H10N4O2) solution, we need to first convert the mass of caffeine into moles, using its molar mass of 194.2 g/mol:

1.75 g C8H10N4O2 × (1 mol C8H10N4O2/194.2 g C8H10N4O2) = 0.009 mol C8H10N4O2

Then, we divide the number of moles by the volume of solution in liters to get the molarity:

Molarity = 0.009 mol C8H10N4O2 ÷ 0.200 L = 0.045 M

Therefore, the molarity of the caffeine solution is 0.045 M

Answer:

Hi and sorry.

But what is the question in that?

There is already answers so i don't know how to help you.

Explanation: