When one of the proteins is mutated, there is a substantial loss of functional activity in the multimeric protein. This type of mutation is classified as a loss-of-function mutation.
What is a loss-of-function mutation?A loss-of-function mutation is a type of genetic mutation in which a gene's normal function is impaired or eliminated. This type of mutation can lead to a decrease or complete loss of protein function in the body. It might result in the inability to produce a protein or the production of a defective protein, both of which can have consequences for normal biological function. The severity of loss-of-function mutations can differ, depending on the importance of the protein and the extent of the mutation.
To sum up, when one of the proteins is mutated, there is a substantial loss of functional activity in the multimeric protein. This type of mutation is classified as a loss-of-function mutation.
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in a bacterial transcription unit, the role of the ____ is to form a recognition and binding site for the rna polymerase.
In a bacterial transcription unit, the role of the promoter is to form a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase. So the suitable term to fill in the blank is "promoter".
Transcription is the process of converting DNA into RNA. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and transcribes it into a complementary RNA sequence. The transcription unit is the portion of DNA that is transcribed into RNA during transcription. It includes the promoter region, the RNA-coding region, and the terminator region. The promoter region is the site where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription, the RNA-coding region is the site where the RNA sequence is synthesized, and the terminator region is the site where transcription terminates.
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how might studying fossils help us understand the future
Studying fossils can provide insights into the past history of the Earth and its living organisms, including the evolution and extinction of various species.
By analyzing the changes in climate, ecosystems, and species diversity over time, scientists can make predictions about how these factors may change in the future. For example, the study of past mass extinctions can provide valuable information on the potential consequences of current and future human activities, such as climate change and habitat destruction.
Additionally, understanding the past adaptations of organisms to environmental changes can help inform conservation efforts and aid in the development of strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
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Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT O phagocytosis. O inflammation. O production of antibody. activation of complement.
Innate immunity does not include the production of antibodies. It does include phagocytosis, inflammation, and activation of complement.
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The following are included in innate immunity:
Phagocytosis: It is the process of ingesting and destroying pathogens by phagocytes such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.Inflammation: Inflammation is a defensive response to injury, infection, or tissue damage.Activation of complement: A complement system is a group of plasma proteins that play a role in innate immunity by promoting inflammation and the lysis of pathogens.Learn more about innate immunity: https://brainly.com/question/15029679
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Which of the choices below is/are electron acceptors/hydrogen ion carriers?
NAD+
CO^2
FAD+
Cyanide
NAD+ is referred to as an electron carrier because it is employed by the cell to "extract" electronic ions from molecules and "transport" them to different parts of the cell. Several of the metabolic activities we will cover in this lesson include NAD+/H molecules.
Used to carry high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis to the respiratory chain. The first of three processes that break down glucose to create ATP is called glycolysis. Two molecules known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) & flavin adenine dinucleotide serve as the electron transport chain in cellular respiration (FAD). NAD+ is converted (picks up electrons) to NADH & transfers its electrons to the ETC during glycolysis and the TCA cycle.NAD+ is referred to as an electron carrier because it is employed by the cell to "extract" electronic ions from molecules and "transport" them to different parts of the cell. Several of the metabolic activities we will cover in this lesson include NAD+/H molecules.
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The main function of the hypothalamus is to direct the activity of the __.
The main function of the hypothalamus is to direct the activity of the Pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, in the center of the head. It is often referred to as the "master gland" of the body because it secretes hormones that control various functions of other endocrine glands in the body. Overall, the pituitary gland plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper functioning of the body by regulating the production and release of hormones that control various physiological processes.
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. These hormones regulate growth, metabolism, stress response, reproductive function, and milk production in mammals.
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The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by _____.
The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by Alphonse Bertillon.
The Bertillon system is a technique for identifying people based on their physical attributes, invented by French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon in the 1880s. Its simplicity and effectiveness made it the standard law enforcement tool for nearly four decades until advances in fingerprinting technology replaced it.The Bertillon system involved taking photographs and measurements of an individual's head, face, hands, and feet to produce a detailed personal record known as a Bertillon record.
By comparing physical characteristics of a suspect in custody to his or her Bertillon record, police could determine the likelihood of guilt or innocence of a crime.In addition to being a major advancement in the science of criminology, the Bertillon system also laid the groundwork for modern identification systems used today, including fingerprinting, DNA analysis, and facial recognition technology.
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Need help please !!!
Hyperthermia, often known as overheating, is a condition in which a person's body temperature rises above normal due to a failure of thermoregulation.
What is Thermoregulation?Thermoregulation is a technique that mammals use to regulate their body temperature independently of external temperatures. Temperature regulation is a sort of homeostasis that maintains a steady internal temperature in order to survive.
What is Homeostasis?Homeostasis is the state of constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems in biology. This is the state of the organism's optimal functioning, which comprises several variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within particular pre-set boundaries. (homeostatic range). Other factors that must be managed include the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as blood sugar levels, which must be maintained regardless of changes in the environment, diet, or degree of activity. Each of these variables is regulated by one or more regulators or homeostatic processes, which work together to keep life going.
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in angiosperm embryo seed, how many cells are formed?
In an angiosperm embryo seed, eight cells are formed.
Embryo sacs, the female gametophytes of flowering plants, generate the eggs that will be fertilized by the pollen of the male gametophytes. There are seven cells in the mature embryo sacs of most angiosperms, as well as eight nuclei that interact in a highly controlled manner to accomplish double fertilization.
The zygote and the primary endosperm nucleus, which will later divide into the triploid endosperm, are both formed as a result of double fertilization.
Double fertilization is a process in angiosperms in which two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain combine with two cell nuclei in an embryo sac. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, forming a zygote, while the other fertilizes the central cell, forming a primary endosperm cell.
Angiosperm seeds are the fertilized ovules of angiosperms, or flowering plants, that contain a dormant embryo and nutrients for that embryo. Seeds are the means by which angiosperms are disseminated across the globe.
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1 ptFor you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.interneuronsmotor neuronssensory neuronsglands
For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, sensory nerves must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous
Sensory nerves must transmit information from your sprained ankle to your central nervous system before you may feel the pain.
The component of the nervous system responsible for processing environmental input is known as the sensory system. The peripheral nerves and their associated receptors quickly convey information, starting with detection and continuing through the passage of stimuli to the central nervous system.
Examples of sensory nerves abound. Exteroceptors, mechanoreceptors, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini nerve endings, and Krause's end organs are a few examples of this type of structure.
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Writing a sentence about litosphere and asthensosphere
Its outermost mechanism layer, known as the lithosphere, functions as a stiff, brittle solid. The asthenosphere is a solid portion of the upper mantle that is so heated that it can flow and act plastically.
lithosphere or asthenosphere, which comes first?The asthenosphere extends about 700 km into to the Earth from where it starts at the base of the lithosphere. The lithosphere can glide along the surface of the Earth thanks to the lubricating effect of the asthenosphere beneath it.
What divides the asthenosphere from the lithosphere?The weak asthenosphere is divided from the mechanically strong lithosphere by the LAB. The amount underlying flexure the lithosphere has experienced as a result of an applied stress at the surface can be used to determine the depth to the LAB.
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which of the following bacteria does not belong with the others? group of answer choices streptococcus staphylococcus lactobacillus bacillus escherichia
The bacteria that does not belong to the group of the other bacteria in the following list is escherichia.
What is bacteria?A bacterium, commonly known as bacteria, is a microscopic, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are classified into the Monera kingdom's prokaryotes. The bacterial genome is housed in the nucleoid (a central location containing the chromosome), and they have a well-organized cell structure with a cell wall, ribosomes, and other cellular machinery.
Bacteria are an essential component of life on earth. They are involved in a variety of processes, including the decomposition of organic matter, nitrogen fixation, and the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, among others. Certain bacteria can cause disease, while others are beneficial, making them an important part of human health and medicine.
There are several species of bacteria, such as streptococcus, staphylococcus, lactobacillus, bacillus, and escherichia coli. Of the five species listed, only escherichia does not belong because it is a genus of bacteria, whereas the others are individual species. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus are all separate species. As a result, the correct response is escherichia.
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why would we expect larger animals with longer lifespans to have higher rates of cancer?
The larger animals with longer lifespans to have higher rates of cancer because their bodies contain more cells and will undergo more cell divisions over the course of their lifespan.
Theoretically, as an organism's longevity and cell count rise, so should the danger of acquiring cancer. The fact that enormous animals do not experience higher rates of cancer than humans suggests that the ability to inhibit cancer in humans has evolved many times along the tree of life.
This is Peto's Paradox's core idea and promise. We explore what is understood regarding Peto's Paradox and offer suggestions as to what is still unknown.
Cells must go through a cell cycle, which involves growth and division, in a multicellular organism. Human cells must duplicate their six billion base pair DNA each time they divide, and this process always results in some errors. Somatic mutations are what are known as these errors.
The usual controls on carcinogenesis may be thrown off by certain somatic mutations in the genetic pathways that regulate cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, telomere erosion, and the development of new blood vessels.
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3. describe the molecular features of oxygen binding that are common to both myoglobin and hemoglobin. why is oxygen binding to myoglobin not-cooperative?
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are oxygen-binding proteins found in vertebrate muscles and blood,
Heme: The heme prosthetic group found in myoglobin and haemoglobin bonds to oxygen. A single oxygen molecule can attach to the porphyrin ring known as heme, which has an iron atom at its centre.
Myoglobin and haemoglobin are proteins both include histidine residues, which aid in coordinating the binding of oxygen to the heme group. Each heme group has one histidine residue, which is located close to the iron atom and joins with the oxygen molecule through a hydrogen bond
Oxygen Dissociation Curve: The oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin and haemoglobin is sigmoidal in shape. Accordingly, the proteins have a low affinity for oxygen at low oxygen concentrations, but their affinity for oxygen increases as the oxygen concentration rises.
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phage typing is based on the fact that group of answer choices bacterial viruses attack only members of a specific species. bacteria are destroyed by viruses. staphylococcus causes infections. phages and bacteria are related. viruses cause disease.
Phage typing is based on the fact that bacterial viruses attack only members of a specific species, Bacteria, and phages are related.
Phage typing is a method for determining the type of bacterial infection a person has. Phages are viruses that are bacterial-specific. They infect and kill specific bacteria species only. This is the main idea behind the Phage Typing method.
It is dependent on the characteristic of bacteriophages to specifically kill or infect bacteria. A bacteriophage is a type of virus that can only infect and kill specific types of bacteria.
As a result, each phage is only effective against a certain species of bacteria. In this way, Phage typing is based on the fact that bacterial viruses attack only members of a specific species. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
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How does anchorage in a root system work?
A. Friction between soil and a root's surface keeps the plant in place.
B. Water swells the roots so they become larger and stronger.
C. Roots wrap around large, heavy rocks that are stuck in soil.
D. Roots make a sticky substance that holds the plant in soil
The anchorage in a root system works through (A) Friction between soil and a root's surface keeps the plant in place.
Anchorage in a root system refers to the mechanism by which roots firmly hold a plant in the soil, providing stability and support. Roots anchor plants in the ground, preventing them from being easily uprooted or toppled over by external forces such as wind, rain, or physical disturbances.
The root system in plants refers to the underground portion of the plant's anatomy that typically lies beneath the soil surface. The root system varies in size, shape, and complexity among different plant species and depends on factors such as the plant's growth habit, environmental conditions, and soil characteristics.
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The Paramecium uses (asexual / sexual) reproduction when it splits into two identical copies of itself. Two sea urchins use (asexual / sexual) reproduction by producing gametes that join together.
The Paramecium uses asexual reproduction when it splits into two identical copies of itself.
Two sea urchins use sexual reproduction by producing gametes that join together.Paramecium is a unicellular organism that belongs to the phylum Ciliophora. It reproduces asexually through a process called binary fission, in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Before dividing, the Paramecium undergoes a process of cell elongation and replication of its macronucleus, which contains its genetic material. The two daughter cells then separate, and each begins to grow and develop into a new Paramecium. A single Paramecium can produce thousands of offspring through asexual reproduction in just a few days.
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5.prokaryotes in cow intestines produce more methane if the cow is fed a diet high in grains rather than grass. some scientists propose that overfeeding grain to cows contributes to global warming. how did these scientists arrive at this hypothesis, and how could it be tested?
Testing this hypothesis would require a combination of laboratory experiments, field studies, and long-term monitoring to gather sufficient evidence to support or refute the hypothesis that overfeeding grain to cows contributes to global warming.
The scientists likely arrived at this hypothesis by studying the digestive processes of cows and the effects of different diets on the microbial communities in their intestines. They may have conducted experiments in which cows were fed different diets and the amount of methane produced by the cows was measured.
To test this hypothesis, scientists could conduct a controlled experiment in which cows are fed different diets, such as a high-grain diet and a high-grass diet, and the amount of methane produced by the cows is measured over a period of time. They could also measure other variables, such as the composition of the microbial communities in the cows' intestines and the carbon footprint of each diet.
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In a sequencing reaction, deoxyribonucleotides terminate a replicating segment of DNA, while dideoxyribonucleotides allow it to continue. True or False?
The statement that in a sequencing reaction, deoxyribonucleotides terminate a replicating segment of DNA, while dideoxy-ribonucleotides allow it to continue is False.
What is the role of deoxyribonucleotides and dideoxy-ribonucleotides in DNA sequencing?In a sequencing reaction, dideoxyribonucleotides (ddNTPs) are used to terminate a replicating segment of DNA during the process of DNA sequencing. These ddNTPs lack a 3'-OH group, which is required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond with the next nucleotide in the growing DNA chain. As a result, when a ddNTP is incorporated into the DNA chain, it terminates further elongation of the chain.
On the other hand, deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) are the building blocks of DNA and are required for the DNA polymerase enzyme to continue replicating the DNA chain during normal DNA replication.
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CRISPR differs from other methods of genetic engineering because
it cuts DNA.
it can be used to add a new gene.
it can alter a precise location of the genome.
All of the answers are correct.
None of the answers are correct.
CRISPR differs from other methods of genetic engineering because : it can alter precise location of the genome.
How does CRISPR differ from other genetic engineering techniques?CRISPR system is important in the scientific community because it is faster, cheaper, more accurate and more efficient than other genome editing methods. CRISPR was adapted from naturally occurring genome editing system that bacteria use as immune defense.
Important advantages of CRISPR over other genome editing technologies is its simplicity and efficiency. Since it can be applied directly in embryo, CRISPR reduces the time required to modify target genes as compared to gene targeting technologies based on use of embryonic stem (ES) cells.
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How can prokaryotes perform cellular respiration if they do not have mitochondria?
The superior opening of the larynx is called the ______ ______ (____) oriented ______ between the ______ and ______ cartilages, along the _______ folds.
The superior opening of the larynx is called the "glottis" and it is oriented vertically between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages, along the vocal folds.
The larynx, also known as the voice box, is located in the neck and plays a key role in speech production and protecting the airway during swallowing. The glottis is formed by the vocal folds, which are two bands of muscle tissue that stretch across the interior of the larynx.
During normal breathing, the vocal folds are relaxed and the glottis is open, allowing air to flow freely into and out of the lungs. However, during speech production, the vocal folds come together and vibrate rapidly as air flows through them, producing sound waves that create speech.
The opening and closing of the glottis are controlled by muscles and nerves in the larynx, which work together to produce a wide range of vocal sounds and protect the airway from foreign objects. The glottis is an essential part of the larynx and plays a crucial role in our ability to communicate through speech.
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which factor of bacterial adherence is used to bind to host cell surface glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, or glycosaminoglycans to establish a unique niche within the host? answer choices
Bacterial adherence uses microbial adhesins to bind to host cell surface glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, or glycosaminoglycans to establish a unique niche within the host.
Microbial adhesions, also known as bacterial adhesins or bacterial ligands, are proteins or glycoproteins found on the surface of bacteria that are responsible for attachment to host cells.
These adhesins recognize specific receptors on the surface of the host cell, including glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, or glycosaminoglycans, which are essential for establishing a unique niche within the host.
By binding to these receptors, bacteria can adhere to the host cell surface and avoid being cleared by the immune system, ultimately leading to colonization and infection.
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an invasive species: is any species that has been genetically modified by man. is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity. is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.
Answer: Your will be An invasive species is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity.
which of the following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment? responses the energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change. the energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change. the transport of hydrogen fuel requires pipelines that can negatively impact terrestrial habitats, especially when these pipelines leak. the transport of hydrogen fuel requires pipelines that can negatively impact terrestrial habitats, especially when these pipelines leak. the harvesting of hydrogen fuel from ocean sediments can result in damage to marine ecosystems and fisheries. the harvesting of hydrogen fuel from ocean sediments can result in damage to marine ecosystems and fisheries. the combustion of hydrogen fuel releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change
The following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment: The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
The use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment in the following ways:• The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
• The transport of hydrogen fuel requires pipelines that can negatively impact terrestrial habitats, especially when these pipelines leak.
• The harvesting of hydrogen fuel from ocean sediments can result in damage to marine ecosystems and fisheries.
• The combustion of hydrogen fuel releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
Hydrogen fuel, like any other type of fuel, has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. While it is a clean fuel source, it has a few drawbacks that have negative environmental impacts. Therefore, the energy required to generate hydrogen fuel can come from fossil fuels, which, when used, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change and ocean acidification.
The transport of hydrogen fuel necessitates pipelines, which can be detrimental to terrestrial habitats, particularly when they leak. Hydrogen fuel can be derived from ocean sediments, but its harvesting can damage marine ecosystems and fisheries. Finally, when hydrogen fuel is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.
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Do you think a changing environment can change the appearance of the Giraffe Population? Why or why not? Explain
Yes, a changing environment can change the appearance of the Giraffe population. Changes in climate, habitat, food availability, and other environmental factors can influence the genetic variation of a population, leading to changes in physical traits over time.
For example, if the vegetation in an area becomes shorter and more spread out, giraffes with longer necks may be better able to reach the leaves, leading to an increase in the frequency of genes for longer necks in the population over generations. Similarly, changes in temperature or rainfall patterns can influence fur color or pattern. Overall, changes in the environment can cause selective pressures that drive the evolution of a population, including changes in appearance.
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What is the widest part of the head, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown, that can be found by placing a comb flat on the side of the head? a. Parietal ridge b. Occipital ridge c. Temporal ridge d. Apex point
The widest part of the head, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown is Parietal ridge option A.
The parietal bones are bilateral skull bones that comprise the cranium's upper and lateral walls. They are located above the parietal lobes of the brain and are only superficially covered by the epicranial aponeurosis. The parietal bones, along with the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones, comprise the neurocranium. The calvaria (skull cap) is formed by the majority of each parietal bone, while the remaining tiny portion is a component of the cranial base (basicranium). The skull, and hence the parietal bones, serve to protect the underlying vulnerable brain.
The parietal bone is quadrilateral in form and somewhat bent. It is made up of two surfaces, four boundaries, and four angles. The boundaries generate distinct cranial sutures by articulating with neighbouring skull bones. Many bony characteristics and indentations on the surfaces correlate to anatomical processes laying on the bone, such as superficial blood veins of the brain.
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what foods to avoid if alkaline phosphatase is high
The food products to be avoided when the levels of alkaline phosphatase are high in the body are beef, poultry, seafood and oils like coconut or corn oil. These food are rich in zinc, phosphorus and vitamin B₁₂, and such foods need to be avoided.
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme which performs the role of dephosphorylating various compounds inside the body. These enzymes are generally located on the outer layer of cell membrane. The high levels of this enzyme can damage the liver or cause bone disorders.
Vitamin B₁₂ is also known as cobalamin. It is a waters-soluble vitamin which keeps the blood and nerve cells healthy. The enzyme is known to rise the activity of alkaline phosphatase and hence its intake should be avoided if the enzyme is in high concentrations.
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is this karyotype normal or abnormal? how can you tell?
A normal karyotype is one that has the cell's chromosomes organised and present in their normal number. An aberrant karyotype is one that has an unusually high number or chromosomes.
What distinguishes a normal karyotype from an aberrant one?A normal and negative result indicates that the sample's 46 chromosomes were present without undergoing any unexpected structural alterations. The presence of unexpected changes in the number and structure of chromosomes is indicated by an abnormal and positive result.
Karyotype: is it abnormal?It's possible that you or the foetus have atypical chromosomes if your karyotype test results are abnormal. This could be a sign of genetic illnesses and disorders including Down syndrome (formerly known as chromosomal abnormalities 21), which results in intellectual difficulties and developmental delays.
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When neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft they diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron and bind to ligand-gated receptor proteins which produce _______________ potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
When neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft they diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron and bind to ligand-gated receptor proteins which produce graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
A synapse is the point of contact between two neurons, and it comprises an axon terminal and a small gap known as the synaptic cleft.
The end of the axon terminal, which is also referred to as the presynaptic neuron, contains a series of sacs filled with neurotransmitters. In contrast, the membrane at the end of the dendrite is called the postsynaptic membrane or neuron.
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the sacs release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which is located between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. These neurotransmitters are molecular messengers that help to transmit information across the synapse
Graded potentials are changes in the electrical potential of the cell membrane that are caused by the binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated channels. Graded potentials are also known as postsynaptic potentials since they occur in the postsynaptic neuron.
Graded potentials can be either inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the type of neurotransmitter that is released.
They are termed graded because their magnitude is directly proportional to the amount of neurotransmitter that is released by the presynaptic neuron. The graded potential produced by the binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated channels is similar to an action potential in that it involves a change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. The magnitude of the change, however, is much smaller than that of an action potential, and it is not sufficient to cause the neuron to fire.
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what is the middle one of three membranes around the brain