What economic and social connections might you describe, if any, between the Industrial Revolution and large-scale, long-distance migrations in the nineteenth century?

Answers

Answer 1

The Industrial Revolution and large-scale, long-distance migrations in the nineteenth century were closely interconnected.

As industrialization took hold in Europe and North America during the 19th century, there was a massive increase in demand for labor in factories, mills, and other industries. This led to a significant influx of workers from rural areas into urban centers where the new industries were concentrated. As the urban populations grew, so did the demand for consumer goods and other products, which in turn drove demand for raw materials from distant parts of the world.

To meet this demand, European and North American powers began to expand their colonial empires, establishing colonies and trading posts around the world. These colonies served as sources of raw materials, such as cotton, rubber, and minerals, which were then transported to industrialized nations to be processed into finished goods.

The expansion of these empires also facilitated large-scale, long-distance migrations as people moved to new colonies to seek opportunities for work and a better life. For example, many Europeans migrated to the United States, Canada, and Australia during this period, while Chinese and Indian laborers were brought to Southeast Asia and Africa to work in mines and plantations.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution drove demand for labor, raw materials, and consumer goods, which in turn led to the expansion of colonial empires and large-scale migrations of people seeking economic opportunities.


Related Questions

What did the Europeans trade for gold in
West Africa?
a. money
b. land
c. slaves
d. salt

Answers

Answer:

D. Salt

Explanation:

salt ..

Explanation:

because they don't have it

What date and year is the Naruto live action film coming out

Answers

The date and year for Naruto live action isn’t confirmed yet

Why was it important to the U.S. to be a global leader in technology and science?

Answers

Answer:

U.S. leadership in technology innovation is central to our nation's interests, including its security, economic prosperity, and quality of life.

Explanation:

2. How did the U.S. government justify the forced relocation of Native
Americans?

Answers

Negotiated in 1835 by a minority party of Cherokees, challenged by the majority of the Cherokee people and their elected government, the Treaty of New Echota was used by the United States to justify the forced removal of the Cherokees from their homelands along what became known as the Trail of Tears.

who were the german social democrats and what is the significance of november 11 1918

Answers

The German Social Democrats were a political party that emerged in the late 19th century and represented the interests of the working class in Germany. They advocated for social and economic reforms and played a major role in shaping German politics in the early 20th century.

November 11, 1918, marked the end of World War I and the beginning of a new era in German history. On that day, German Social Democrats declared the establishment of a democratic republic, marking the end of the German Empire and the rule of the Kaiser. This event is significant because it led to a period of political turmoil and instability in Germany, as various political factions vied for power in the new republic. The Social Democrats played a key role in the early years of the Weimar Republic, but the government ultimately fell to the rise of the Nazi party in 1933. Nevertheless, the legacy of the Social Democrats and their commitment to democratic values continues to influence German politics today.

Learn more about the World War:

brainly.com/question/1449762

#SPJ4

A large increase in the number of animal phyla appeared during the.....
A. Proterozoic eon
B. Cambrian period
C. Silurian period
D. Mesozoic era
E. Cenozoic era

Answers

A large increase in the number of animal phyla appeared during the Cambrian period (option B).


To explain this phenomenon, it is essential to provide some background information and context. B) The Cambrian period is part of the Paleozoic era and occurred approximately 541 to 485 million years ago. This time frame is often referred to as the "Cambrian Explosion" due to the sudden and rapid appearance of many different animal phyla in the fossil record.

Understand the concept of the "Cambrian Explosion."
The Cambrian Explosion refers to the relatively short evolutionary event during which there was a significant diversification of multicellular organisms, primarily in the marine environment. This diversification led to the emergence of various animal phyla, many of which still exist today.

Recognize the reasons for the rapid diversification during the Cambrian period.
The exact causes of the Cambrian Explosion are still being researched and debated among scientists. However, some possible contributing factors include changes in atmospheric oxygen levels, an increase in available nutrients due to the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, and the evolution of new genetic mechanisms for regulating the development of complex body plans.

Acknowledge the significance of the Cambrian period.
The Cambrian Explosion represents a critical turning point in the history of life on Earth. During this time, the foundation was laid for the majority of animal phyla, which would continue to evolve and diversify over the next hundreds of millions of years. The Cambrian period is also notable because it provides some of the earliest evidence of complex organisms with hard shells, such as trilobites, which can be more easily preserved in the fossil record compared to soft-bodied organisms.

In conclusion, the Cambrian period (option B) is the correct answer to the question regarding when a large increase in the number of animal phyla appeared. This period marked a significant diversification of life on Earth, laying the groundwork for the evolution of numerous animal phyla that still exist today.

For more question on "Cambrian Explosion" :

https://brainly.com/question/1140420

#SPJ11

Which of the following helped to bring about the end of Apartheid?

Question 9 options:

Success of the United Nations peacekeeping force


A combination of Internal political pressures within South Africa and pressures from the international community


A violent overthrow of the South African government


The spread of communism ended Apartheid because every citizen became equal

Answers

The correct option is: A combination of Internal political pressures within South Africa and pressures from the international community.

The end of Apartheid was a result of various factors, including the internal political struggles and movements within South Africa, as well as international pressure from the global community. The United Nations and other countries did play a role in imposing economic and diplomatic sanctions against South Africa, which contributed to the end of apartheid, but it was primarily the internal political movements that brought about change. The African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela played a significant role in the struggle for liberation and in dismantling the apartheid regime.

Was the Great Depression inevitable? Could it have been avoided?

Answers

the great depression was absolutely inevitable. due to the government's inexperience with the affair of the stock markets. the citizens could invest into companies through buying shares. a share is ownership of that company that would have a monetary value. it could have been avoided by preventing the collapse of the banking system

What powers are given to the president by the Constitution? (hint: Choose 3)
Responses
A. to direct foreign policy and make treaties with other countries
B. to impeach the Senate
C. to declare war
D. to be commander-in-chief of the military
E. to determine if laws are constitutional
F. to carry out the laws passed by the Congress

Answers

A. to direct foreign policy and make treaties with other countries

D. to be commander-in-chief of the military

F. to carry out the laws passed by the Congress

These are the three powers given to the president by the Constitution.

How was the television developed?

A. as an offshoot of the space program

B. through the determined efforts of a single inventor

C. through the efforts of many competitors

D. as the result of accidental discoveries about sound waves

Answers

Answer: Based on my opinion, I believe that the answer is B. through the determined efforts of a single inventor

who was sitting in the car with her husband when he was assassinated?

Answers

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was sitting in the car with her husband, President John F. Kennedy, when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.

On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was riding in an open-top convertible with his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, during a parade in Dallas, Texas. As the motorcade approached Dealey Plaza, shots rang out, hitting the president and Governor John Connally who was sitting in front of him. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis famously leaned over her husband in an effort to shield him from further harm.

The president was rushed to a nearby hospital, but he was pronounced dead shortly after arrival. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, still wearing her blood-stained pink suit, stood by as Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the new president of the United States. The assassination of President Kennedy remains one of the most significant events in American history, and it continues to be the subject of debate and speculation.

Learn more about American history at: https://brainly.com/question/28535011

#SPJ11

What were two important city-states in Africa?
a. Ghana and Mali
b. Songhai and Askia
Kilwa and Mombasa
C.
d. Swahili and Mali

Answers

Kilwa and Mombasa

Explanation:

Mogadishu (in modern day Somalia) in the north to Sofala (in modern Mozambique) in the south

From THE TWELVE TABLES
TABLE IX: Public Law

Law I. No privileges shall be given to some citizens if it takes away the rights of other citizens. Law II. All people living in Latium (the area around Rome) will have the rights of Roman citizens. Law III. If a judge accepts money or gifts to influence his decision, he shall be put to death. 8
Why were laws like the Twelve Tables unable to prevent corruption in the later Roman Empire?
A. People ignored the laws as Rome became weaker. B. The laws did not establish any order to begin with. C. Rome passed too many laws for citizens to remember. D. The tables had been lost in a barbarian attack

Answers

Answer:

It is A

Explanation:

It is very easy to understand

france and britain's policy toward germany of giving concessions in hopes of avoiding war was called: group of answer choices isolationism. internationalism. provocation. detente appeasement.

Answers

The policy of France and Britain towards Germany of giving concessions in hopes of avoiding war was called appeasement.

Appeasement is a foreign policy that involves making political or material concessions to a hostile power in order to avoid conflict.

It was first used in the context of the policy pursued by Great Britain and France towards Nazi Germany in the years leading up to World War II.

The policy was based on the belief that Germany had been treated unfairly by the Treaty of Versailles and that it was reasonable to make concessions to avoid war.

To know more about appeasement, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/11969058#

#SPJ11

Which statement regarding the Vietnam War is true? O It was unpopular in the United States. O It led to a worldwide economic depression. O It resulted in a unified, democratic Vietnam. It was caused by Vietnamese spies found in the U.S.​

Answers

Explanation:

The statement that is true regarding the Vietnam War is that "it was unpopular in the United States."

how many chickens are red

Answers

Answer: 12 irl

Explanation:12. Whiting True Green

11. Derbyshire Redcap

10. Red Leghorn

9. Rhode Island Red

RedcapRedcap8. Nankin

7. Red Hybrid

6. ISA Brown

5. Buckeye

4. Red Star

3. Red Cochin Bantam

2. New Hampshire Red

1. Welsummer

During world war ii, the military strategy that allowed the united states to gain military bases and secure territory in the pacific was

Answers

Island hopping was the military tactic used by the United States during World War II to gain military bases and secure territory in the Pacific.

General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz employed a "triphibious" battle strategy while marching in the Pacific. This strategy involved integrating air, land, and marine troops in order to overcome the challenging geography and distances. The term "island hopping" was eventually given to this strategy.

Hitler's army would be attacked in its weakest points first, and then a steady advance toward German territory would follow. "Closing the ring" was the term used to describe the tactic. In December 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill made the decision to launch the war by striking German installations in North Africa. Such an operation was ultimately carried out in October 1942.

To know more about world war ii visit :

brainly.com/question/1449762

#SPJ4

In addition, after the last battle they were afraid of the horses and guns, of our swords and crossbows and our good fighting. Above all was the great mercy of God, Who gave us the strength to keep on.…
— Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Bernal Díaz Chronicles, Doubleday & Company


According to this author, which factors were influencing the outcome of the conflict?
Responses

climate and disease

efficiency and education

technology and fear

tribute and tradition

Answers

technology and fear

During the Great Depression, what was the governments policy response?
- In 1928 and 1929, the government reduced the money supply in hopes of controlling stock prices, which policymakers thought were too high.
- The lower money supply brought on a panic among people.

Answers

The government's policy response to the Great Depression was to implement a series of programs and initiatives known as the New Deal, aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy and society.

During the Great Depression, the government initially followed a laissez-faire approach, believing that the market would correct itself. However, as the economic situation worsened, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his administration implemented a series of programs and initiatives known as the New Deal.

These included the creation of public works projects, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration, as well as the establishment of social safety net programs like Social Security.

Option A, "In 1928 and 1929, the government reduced the money supply in hopes of controlling stock prices, which policymakers thought were too high," is incorrect. While the government did take some actions to try to stabilize the stock market before the crash, reducing the money supply was not a primary policy response during the Great Depression.

Option B, "The lower money supply brought on a panic among people," is also incorrect. While a reduction in the money supply can contribute to a recession or depression, the primary causes of the Great Depression were a combination of factors, including the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, and a decline in consumer spending.

Learn more about Great Depression https://brainly.com/question/20513444

#SPJ11

congressional budget and impoundment control act of 1974: what is it?

Answers

The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 is a law passed by the United States Congress that established a process for creating a budget for the federal government and gave Congress more control over the budgeting process.

What is the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974?The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 is a law that governs the budgetary process of the federal government in the United States. The act established a framework for developing and enacting a budget resolution, which is a framework for spending and revenue for the upcoming fiscal year, as well as established the Congressional Budget Office (CBO).The act also sought to restrict the executive branch's ability to impound funds that had been appropriated by Congress. The term "impoundment" refers to the practice of the president or another executive branch official withholding funds that have been authorized by Congress.

This was a controversial practice that was used by presidents of both parties to exert control over the budgeting process. The impoundment control provisions of the act require the president to provide a detailed explanation to Congress if they choose not to spend appropriated funds.

Read more about Budget here:https://brainly.com/question/8647699

#SPJ11

2) Choose the best answer. Cuba is the largest __________ nation. island Pacific Caribbean Atlantic
pls help :(

Answers

Answer:

Cuba is the largest island of the the Caribbean Sea. 

although the United States and the Soviet union never directly for each other in what ways and places do the indirectly fight one other?

Answers

As World War II transformed both the United States and the USSR, turning the nations into formidable world powers, competition between the two increased. Following the defeat of the Axis powers, an ideological and political rivalry between the United States and the USSR gave way to the start of the Cold War.





Plsss give brainliest answer (tyyy) hope the answer helps

During the nineteenth century, several European powers pursued a policy of imperialism in Africa and Asia. What was one important effect of European imperialism in Africa?
- African natural resources were exploited by colonial powers.
- The African economy became dependent on the export of manufactured goods.
- Working conditions for the majority of people of Africa improved.

Answers

One important effect was African natural resources were exploited by colonial powers.

Imperialism is a theory, political strategy, practise, state policy, or advocacy that entails expanding political and economic dominance over additional regions through territorial conquest or other means. Imperialism frequently entails the use of economic and military force and constantly strives for greater growth and either individual or societal dominance. The term "imperialism" is first used by John Atkinson Hobson in 1902 in a book with the same name (Imperialism, A Study), where the author examines the elements of imperialism and the circumstances that foster it.

Learn more about imperialism here:

https://brainly.com/question/1225474

#SPJ1

During World War II, the army enlisted women for the first time, although they were barred from ________________.

Answers

During World War II, the army enlisted women for the first time, although they were barred from combat roles.

During World War II, women played a significant role in supporting the war effort both on the home front and within the military. For the first time in history, women were enlisted into the armed forces to serve alongside men, though they were restricted from engaging in direct combat roles.

The decision to enlist women was driven by the need for more personnel to support the war effort, as many men were being deployed overseas for combat. Women served in a variety of roles, including clerks, telephone operators, mechanics, nurses, and even pilots, among others.

To enlist women, the military created various auxiliary units, such as the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the United States Navy Women's Reserve (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, and the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). These organizations allowed women to serve their country and contribute to the war effort in a significant way.

Despite being barred from combat roles, women often faced dangerous conditions and contributed to the success of military operations. For example, Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) flew various military aircraft to transport supplies, ferry aircraft from factories to bases, and even towed targets for anti-aircraft artillery practice.

Enlisting women in the army during World War II was a significant step in recognizing the valuable contributions that women could make to the military. It paved the way for greater gender equality within the armed forces, leading to the eventual lifting of the combat exclusion policy for women in the United States military in the 20th and 21st centuries.

In conclusion, during World War II, the army enlisted women for the first time, although they were barred from combat roles. Women served in various capacities and proved their worth in supporting the war effort. This historical milestone paved the way for further advancements in gender equality within the military.

For more question on "Women Military" :

https://brainly.com/question/29574536

#SPJ11

Name 4 of the 5 nba teams are in the western conference, pacific divisions

Answers

Answer:

1.Los Angeles Lakers

2.Phoenix Suns

3.Golden States Warriors

4.Los Angeles Clippers

Explanation:

And the Sacramento Kings but you said only 4.

Answer:

Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns, and Sacramento Kings.

Explanation:

NBA is also known as the National Basketball Association.

event
trail of broken treaties Research your assigned event. Collect the , influences that explain your event (people, things, & other events). Prepare


please kahit yong influences lang kailangan ko na Kasi Ngayon help me please I need this right now ​

Answers

Event trail of broken treaties includes the followings:

1828: Treaty of Washington between the US and Cherokee Nation broken by the US government.1832: Treaty of Payne's Landing between the US and Seminole Nation broken by the US government.1838: Treaty of New Echota between the US and Cherokee Nation broken by the US government, leading to the Trail of Tears.1851: Treaty of Traverse des Sioux between the US and Dakota Nation broken by the US government.1868: Treaty of Fort Laramie between the US and various Plains tribes broken by the US government.

How can we describe event trail of broken treaties?

The Trail of Broken Treaties refers to a series of treaties between the US government and Native American tribes that were repeatedly broken by the US government. These treaties were agreements made between the US government and various Native American tribes in exchange for land, resources, and protection.

However, the US government frequently violated these treaties, often seizing Native American lands and resources without compensation or due process. This led to a long history of forced removals, wars, and displacement of Native American communities.

Read more about broken treaties

brainly.com/question/12728409

#SPJ1

whiskey fungus has thrived for centuries around distilleries and bakeries. where is the most recent outbreak, which has led to a lawsuit against the county where jack daniel’s ages its whiskey?

Answers

The recent outbreak of whiskey fungus, which has led to a lawsuit against the county where Jack Daniel's ages its whiskey, is located in Lynchburg, Tennessee.

Whiskey fungus, also known as Baudoinia compniacensis, is a type of fungus that grows on organic matter and produces a black, sooty substance that can cause aesthetic damage to nearby surfaces.

This fungus thrives in moist and dark environments, and it has been observed growing around distilleries and bakeries for centuries.

Jack Daniel's aging warehouses in Lynchburg, Tennessee, were blamed for the outbreak of whiskey fungus that resulted in a lawsuit against the county.

The lawsuit alleges that the county's failure to regulate the emissions from the aging warehouses led to property damage and lowered the value of nearby homes and businesses.

The lawsuit is still ongoing, and it highlights the potential legal consequences of failing to control industrial emissions that can cause environmental damage.

To learn more about whiskey fungus, refer below:

https://brainly.com/question/31180056

#SPJ11

The belief that people from one area think their way of life is better than that in another area

Answers

An arrogant person exhibits unpleasant and overconfident behavior and believes they are superior to or more significant than other individuals.

What is meant by arrogant person?While being humble refers to the opposing idea of overestimating others' abilities and accomplishments, arrogance is the state of overvaluing one's own skills and traits. These two terms are antonyms because of this relationship. They frequently neglect individuals around them while they boast about their accomplishments, talents, and capabilities. For instance, arrogant people frequently push for attention in meetings. Whether on purpose or accidentally, they devalue other people. Arrogance can manifest itself in a variety of ways, such as an exaggerated sense of self-importance, the conviction that one is superior to others, irritation with less experienced team members, a refusal to listen, or contempt for opposing viewpoints.

To learn more about arrogant person, refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/29482906

Create a presentation that effectively responds to a prompt.
Summary
In this assignment, you will research different perspectives on an issue of your choice. You will use
what you learned in this unit to make an informed decision on an issue, and then present your position
in the form of a multimedia presentation.

please help me in dire need. history b multimedia presentation

Answers

Gender inequality is one of the key characteristics of the modern world. There is a big difference between how men and women are viewed in society. Studies show that social norms are more favourable to men than to women.

What do you consider to be inequality?

The concept of inequality—the state of not being equal, particularly in terms of status, rights, and opportunities—is heavily stressed in social justice theories1. It often has diverse meanings to different people, which makes it difficult to understand in public conversation. But there are some parallels as well.

Why does social disparity exist?

Disparities are influenced by a number of variables, in addition to wealth, such as gender, age, origin, ethnicity, handicap, sexual orientation, class, and religion. The differences in opportunity between and within countries are determined by these factors.

To know more about Inequality visit:

https://brainly.com/question/2865029

#SPJ1

What foreign policy tools does the president have that could be used to deal with international terrorisim?

Answers

Answer:

Probably need more details, but its most likely the Executive Agreement

Explanation:

ex·ec·u·tive a·gree·ment

[executive agreement]

NOUN

an international agreement, usually regarding routine administrative matters not warranting a formal treaty, made by the executive branch of the US government without ratification by the Senate.

executive agreement, an agreement between the United States and a foreign government that is less formal than a treaty and is not subject to the constitutional requirement for ratification by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate.

Other Questions
Why is carbon used to extract metals from their oxides1-cheap2- high_____ what is the negative and positive traits in France? X follows Poisson distribution. This distribution was randomly sampled 40 times. The sum of these 40 numbers followsa) Poisson distributionb) Exponential distributionc) Weibull distributiond) Normal distribution ries Skill: Writing Stories Name. Write a story about the picture. Use the words in the word box. Remember to begin each sentence with a capital letter and to end it with a period or question mark. Word Box petals flower yellow bee which fetal factor would the nurse checck in the ultrasound reports of a diabetic pregnant patiient with poorr weight gain? When the volume of a gas is changed from ___ mL to 852 mL, the temperature will change from 588 K to 725 K.V(volume) = [?] mLAssume that the number of moles and the pressure remain constant. Find the polynomial that represents the area of the square Which sentence uses the active voice?a. The rabbit was cornered in a hollow log by a hungry fox.b. A tremendous leap was performed by the fox as It went over the log.c. The deer leaped gracefully over the rabbit and ran into the forest.d. The hollow log was often used by animals looking for shelter. Suppose the Sunglasses Hut Company has a profit function given by P(q) = -0.01q2 +5q-39, where qis the number of thousands of pairs of sunglasses sold and produced, and P(q) is the total profit, inthousands of dollars, from selling and producing a pairs of sunglasses.A) Find a simplified expression for the marginal profit function. (Be sure to use the proper variable in youranswer.)Answer: MP(q)B) How many pairs of sunglasses (in thousands) should be sold to maximize profits? (If necessary, round youranswer to three decimal places.)Answer:thousand pairs of sunglasses need to be sold.C) What are the actual maximum profits (in thousands) that can be expected? (If necessary, round youranswer to three decimal places.)=Answer:thousand dollars of maximum profits can be expected. DatePageIf the cost of 1kg rice is Rs 24.50 Findthe cost of 7.5kg a. Let the social welfare function beW = U + UAwhere U and UA are the utilities of Livia andAugustus, respectively. Graph the social indif-ference curves. How would you describe therelative importance assigned to their respectivewell-being?b. Repeat part a whenW = U + 2UAc. Assume that the utility possibilities curve isas follows:ULUAGraphically show how the optimal solutiondiffers between the welfare functions givenin parts a and b. QuestionThe expression p0. 15p can be used to calculate the final cost of an item that has a price of p and is discounted 15%. What is the final cost of an item that has an original price of $23?Enter your answer as the correct value with two decimal places, like this: 42. 53 Peter is heating water on the stove to boil eggs for a picnic. If it takes 800 kcal to heat his vat of water from 20C to 100C, how much water did he have? help i forgot how to do this Predict the effect on the ventricles if the AV node delay was shorterthan normal. 1.Considering trait theory, is it more important to deter crime by create an environment or consequences?2. What are the two approaches to addiction? Which do you agree with?3. Name an example for: mala in se, mala prohibita and why is this complicated?4. Why is the use of DNA complicated?5. In what ways do judges, police officers, and/or prosecutors have discretion that changes the application of the law? Rewrite 300-4 in a different way, using the Commutative Law of Multiplication.A) 30-40B) 1200C) 4.300D) 3.100-4 1. Describe how the word scientist came to be.2. Who were the four men that met at Cambridge in 1812 and what were some of their accomplishments? What did they do and discuss at their meetings? Explain and describe.3. What was the inductive scientific method? Explain. What was the debate surrounding this scientific method? Describe.4. How did women first get a foot in the door of science? By whom? Explain.5. What is the heroic part of the Philosophical Breakfast Clubs story? What is the flip side of this story? Explain the details of the flip side.6. Snyder ends her talk by saying, Darwin knew what we seem to have forgotten, that science is not only for scientists. What do you think that is meant by this? Do you consider yourself to have a basic scientific literacy? Explain and discuss your thoughts.7. Do you think its important that forensics is categorized as a science? Why or why not? The step that commits the cell to metabolize glucose is catalyzed bya. hexokinase.b. phosphoglucomutase.c. aldolase.d. phosphofructokinase Write a one or two sentence summary of the government of Mali