What mass of water required 4703J of energy to heat it from 25°C to 50°C?

Burning gasoline in an automobile engine is part of the  cycle because it removes carbon compounds from the atmosphere and produces carbon dioxide as a gas in the atmosphere. It also changes other elements, such as oxygen and hydrogen, into carbon, which is released back into the atmosphere.

Burning gasoline releases energy, which plants can use for photosynthesis and convert into oxygen, completing the carbon cycle.Burning gasoline produces carbon dioxide as a gas in the atmosphere. That is how burning gasoline in an automobile engine is part of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is a process in which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, land, and water. Carbon is found in living and non-living things

. Plants and other producers in the food chain need carbon dioxide to make sugars and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Carbon is also used to build the shells of animals and to make rocks The carbon cycle is disrupted by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased as a result of burning gasoline in automobiles. Burning gasoline produces carbon dioxide as a gas in the atmosphere. That is how burning gasoline in an automobile engine is part of the carbon cycle.

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We should take into account what happens when NaOH is added to a reference solution. When a base (NaOH) is added to an acidic solution (reference solution), it will neutralize the acidic solution. So, if 6 M NaOH is used instead of 6 M NH when testing the reference solution, it will also neutralize the acidic solution.

When NaOH is added to the reference solution, it will turn the solution yellow. Because a yellow color would be observed if NaOH is used to test the reference solution, it is not an acceptable substitute for NH3. The presence of NaOH indicates the absence of NH3.The balanced equation for the reaction between NH3 and HCl is:NH3 + HCl → NH4ClThe balanced equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCl is:NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2OTherefore, since 6 M NaOH is a strong base and 6 M HCl is a strong acid, the reaction will be vigorous, and lots of heat will be generated. Since NH3 is not present, NaOH will react with HCl in the reference solution and neutralize it (yellow color). This indicates the absence of NH3, which is not the goal of the experiment. As a result, NaOH is not an acceptable substitute for NH3 in this situation.

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Cement production is a human activity that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Cement production is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions each year. Cement production is responsible for approximately 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide released each year, according to recent estimates. Cement production is an energy-intensive process that includes several steps that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The main contributors to carbon dioxide release in the cement production process are the heating of limestone to produce calcium oxide (CaO) and the combustion of fossil fuels to provide heat for the kiln.

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The attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons is known as "metallic bonding".

This type of bonding occurs when the valence electrons of the metal atoms become delocalized and form a "sea of electrons" that all the metal cations are able to move around in. This movement of electrons allows the metal cations to have electrostatic interactions with each other, leading to strong bonding.

The attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons is known as metallic bonding.Metallic bonding refers to the bonding between metallic atoms. The valence electrons of the metallic atoms, in this case, are free to move throughout the entire crystal, creating a “sea” of electrons.

The positively charged metallic ions are then held together by this sea of electrons. The attraction between the positively charged metal ions and the negatively charged electron sea is known as metallic bonding.In metallic bonding, the valence electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms, resulting in strong bonds.

These electrons are free to move throughout the metal lattice, resulting in high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as malleability and ductility. Metals also have high melting and boiling points, which is also a result of the strong metallic bonds between the atoms.

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The given statement is true. PAH is an acronym for polycyclic aromatic hydrogen.

The term "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" (PAHs) refers to a large class of diverse organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. These compounds range from simple two-ring compounds like naphthalene and its derivatives to more intricate ring structures with up to 10 rings.

Chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found in coal, crude oil, and gasoline in their natural forms.

They result from the burning of tobacco, coal, oil, gas, and wood. In the air, PAHs can join with or create tiny particles. PAHs are created during the high-heat cooking of meat and other foods.

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The element with an average atomic mass of 2.180 x  [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g is Boron (B).

The element with atoms having an average atomic mass of 2.180 x [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g is Boron. To determine this, follow these steps:

1. Convert the given atomic mass to atomic mass units (amu) by dividing by the conversion factor 1.66054 x  [tex]10^{-24}[/tex] g/amu:
  (2.180 x  [tex]10^{-22}[/tex] g) / (1.66054 x  [tex]10^{-24}[/tex] g/amu) ≈ 13.11 amu

2. Compare the calculated atomic mass to the periodic table to find the element with a close atomic mass. In this case, Boron (B) has an atomic mass of approximately 10.81 amu.

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The step that releases the most energy in the formation of crystal lattice of Kf is the combination of gaseous ions into ionic solid.

Generally, the crystal lattice is described as the symmetrical structural arrangements in a three dimensional manner which is done in atoms, ions or molecules (which are the constituent particles) inside a crystalline solid termed as points. Moreover, crystal lattice can be also defined as the geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions or molecules of the crystalline solid as points present in the space.

Hence, the combination of gaseous ions into ionic solid is the step which releases the most energy.

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Answer:

(d) In order to increase the covalent character in an ionic bond, the sizes of the ions must become closer to each other and the charges on the ions must become smaller.

(i) For positive ions, decreasing the size and the charge will increase the covalent character in an ionic bond.

(ii) For negative ions, increasing the size and the charge will increase the covalent character in an ionic bond.

(c) Ethane, C₂H₆, is non-polar, meaning it has no partial charges and is not attracted to the polar water molecules. Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, on the other hand, is polar due to the hydroxyl (-OH) group, which creates partial charges on the molecule that can interact with the water molecules. This allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between ethanol and water molecules, resulting in ethanol's solubility in water.

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Explanation:

To determine the pH of the original acid, we first need to determine the number of moles of NaOH used to neutralize the acid.

Number of moles of NaOH = Molarity x Volume (in liters) = 0.00050 mol/L x 0.01 L = 5.0 x 10^-6 mol

Since NaOH reacts with the acid in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of acid present in the sample is also 5.0 x 10^-6 mol.

Now, we can use this information to calculate the concentration of the acid:

Concentration of acid = Number of moles / Volume (in liters) = 5.0 x 10^-6 mol / 0.002 L = 0.0025 mol/L

Next, we can use the concentration of the acid to calculate its pKa value. We can do this using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pKa = pH + log([A-]/[HA])

where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid, and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.

In this case, since the acid has been neutralized, the concentration of its conjugate base is equal to the concentration of the acid. Therefore, we can simplify the equation to:

pKa = pH + log(1) pKa = pH

Finally, we can use the pKa value to calculate the pH of the original acid:

pH = pKa = -log(Ka)

Since we don't know the identity of the acid, we can't look up its pKa value directly. However, we can make some assumptions based on the typical pKa values for different types of acids. For example, if we assume that the acid is a weak organic acid, its pKa value is likely to be in the range of 4-5.

Using a pKa value of 4.5 as an estimate, we can calculate the pH of the original acid:

pH = 4.5

Therefore, the pH of the original acid is approximately 4.5.

The formula for the transition metal cation in test tube M is Fe2+.

Step 1:

The presence of the Co2+ ions is confirmed by adding potassium nitrite acidified with acetic acid to the mixture of the four cations. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Co(NO2)2.

The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Co2+(aq) + 2NO2^-(aq) → Co(NO2)2(s)

Step 2:

Aqueous ammonia is added to the solution in test tube 12 until the solution is basic. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Cu(OH)2. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)

Step 3:

An ethanol solution of dimethylglyoxime is added to the solution in test tube 13. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as Ni(C4H7O2N2)2. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Ni2+(aq) + 2C4H6O2N2^-(aq) → Ni(C4H7O2N2)2(s)

Step 4:

To check that there is a final transition metal cation in the solution in test tube M, another sample of the original mixture of all four cations is tested with aqueous potassium iodide. A precipitate is formed, which is identified as FeIIs. The net ionic equation for this reaction is:

Fe2+(aq) + 2I^-(aq) → FeI2(s)

Thus, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 11 is Co(NO2)2, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 12 is Cu(OH)2, the formula for the precipitate in test tube 13 is Ni(C4H7O2N2)2, and the formula for the precipitate in the confirming test tube is FeI2.

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Conversion of Ethyne into Ethanol:

The ethanal can be prepared by the ethyne by treating the ethyne with mercuric sulphate in presence of acid. First the mercury attacks on the reactant ethyne and forms a cyclic structure. Then water attacks on this cyclic structure forming a mercury cation. Then by the removal of hydride alcohol forms.

Hydration of Ethyne:

Alkynes readily combine with water in the presence of acid (usually sulfuric acid) and mercury(II) salts (usually the sulfate is used) to form carbonyl compounds, in a process known as Kucherov's reaction. In the case of acetylene (ethyne) the product is acetaldehyde (ethanal), while other alkynes form ketones.

The species ranked by their ability to act as an oxidizing agent from best oxidizing agent to poorest oxidizing agent are as follows a. Cr3+.b. Cl2. c. Ni2+.d. Al3+.

Oxidizing agents can undergo reduction as they oxidize other elements, but they do not become oxidized themselves. Oxidizing agents are generally substances with high oxygen content or a high electro-negativity element. These agents are responsible for numerous kinds of chemical reactions since they gain electrons from other substances, which results in the oxidation of the reducing agent.

Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which an atom, ion, or molecule gains electrons. Conversely, reduction occurs when an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons. The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule gives a rough idea of whether or not it is being oxidized or reduced. In this problem, the species ranked by their ability to act as an oxidizing agent from best oxidizing agent to poorest oxidizing agent are:1. Cr3+.2. Cl2.3. Ni2+.4. Al3+.

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In the part 4 of the experiment.You should proceed to the following part of the experimental procedure:

1. First, confirm that the test solution is indeed basic. You can do this by testing the solution with a pH indicator, such as litmus paper, or a pH meter. A basic solution should have a pH greater than 7.
2. If the solution is not basic, adjust the pH by adding an appropriate amount of a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and re-test the pH until it is in the desired range.
3. Once the solution is confirmed to be basic, ensure that you are using the correct concentration of Ca(NO3)2 solution (0.1 M). Double-check your calculations and measurements if necessary.
4. If the concentration is correct, add the 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 solution dropwise to the basic test solution while stirring. Be patient, as some precipitates may take time to form. Make sure to add enough of the Ca(NO3)2 solution to ensure that any potential precipitates have a chance to form.
5. If still no precipitate forms after adding a sufficient amount of the 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 solution, it is possible that the particular analyte in the test solution does not form a precipitate under these conditions. In this case, you may need to explore alternative experimental procedures, such as using a different reagent or adjusting the pH further.
6. Always record your observations and results in your laboratory notebook, including any changes in color, the appearance of a precipitate, or the lack of a precipitate. This information will be useful in analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the test solution's composition.

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Chethen's poor performance on the first exam and subsequent quizzes and exams indicates that he may be struggling with the course material.

To prepare for the upcoming midterm, Chethen should try to identify his learning gaps, and develop a personalized study plan that addresses his weaknesses.

Out of the options given, the method that will NOT help Chethen prepare for the upcoming midterm is "Avoid collaborating with others, so as not to be distracted." Collaborating with others can help Chethen to deepen his understanding of concepts, clarify doubts, and reinforce his understanding of the material. Avoiding collaboration with others will not be beneficial for Chethen's preparation for the upcoming midterm.

Other methods that can be helpful for Chethen to prepare for the midterm include overlearning the material, looking for connections between his life and what's going on in his chemistry course, and reducing stressors in his life. Overlearning the material can help him to retain information better and improve his recall during the exam. Looking for connections between his life and what's going on in his chemistry course can help him to develop a deeper understanding of the material. Reducing stressors in his life can help him to focus better and improve his performance on the midterm.

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The volume of the object is 960 cc or cm³.

The amount of space an object takes up in three dimensions is known as its volume. The length, width, and height of a rectangular prism must be multiplied in order to get its volume.

In this instance, the rectangular prism's measurements are 5 cm, 16 cm, and 12 cm. We just combine all three of these dimensions together to determine the volume using the following formula:

Volume = Length x Width x Height

Substituting the values, we get:

Volume = 5cm x 16cm x 12cm

Volume = 960 cubic centimeters (cc) or cubic centimeters (cm³)

Therefore, the volume of the object is 960 cc or cm³.

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The pH range of the distal esophagus is 6.0 to 7.0. The lower esophagus pH is considered neutral (normal).

1. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Its main function is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.
2. The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
3. The distal esophagus is the lower part of the esophagus, which is closest to the stomach.
4. The pH of the distal esophagus is crucial for maintaining the proper function of the esophageal muscles and preventing damage to the esophageal lining from stomach acid.
5. The pH range of the distal esophagus is 6.0 to 7.0, which is considered neutral or normal. This pH level helps to protect the esophagus from the acidic contents of the stomach and maintain proper function.
6. The four options given in the student question are: a. 1.5 to 2.0, b. 3.0 to 4.5, c. 4.5 to 6.0, and d. 6.0 to 7.0. Out of these, option d (6.0 to 7.0) is the correct answer for the pH range of the distal esophagus.

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The quantity of heat absorbed may be calculated by dividing the number of moles of ice by the molar heat of fusion. 3. After heating the water to 0oC, the temperature is increased to 100oC using the equation

H=cpmT

+40.7kJ/7.0  =5.81

and the water specific heat.

Heat is an example of energy. When a substance absorbs heat, the inter-particle linkages between the particles weaken and break, resulting in a change in the state of the substance. Heat does not cause a significant phase shift to raise the temperature.

Because of its low cost, large heat capacity, and excellent transport qualities, water is the most often utilised heat transfer fluid. However, depending on the system pressure, the range of practical temperatures is confined by boiling at high temperatures or freezing below 0 °C.

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Answer: 284.9

Explanation:

acellus verified

The color change from red to yellow in fermentation tests occurs due to the production of acid by the bacteria during fermentation.

In these tests, bacteria are inoculated into a test tube containing a sugar (such as glucose, lactose, or sucrose) and a pH indicator (such as phenol red or bromcresol purple) in a nutrient broth medium. The bacteria use the sugar as a source of energy and produce metabolic end-products such as acids, gases, and alcohols. The pH indicator changes color depending on the pH of the medium, allowing the detection of fermentation.

If the bacteria are capable of fermenting the sugar, they will produce acid as an end-product, which lowers the pH of the medium. This acidic environment causes the pH indicator to change from red to yellow. The degree of acid production and the resulting color change depend on the type of sugar, the type of bacteria, and the incubation conditions.

Thus, the color change from red to yellow in fermentation tests indicates a positive result for fermentation, indicating that the bacteria are capable of utilizing the sugar in the medium and producing acid as a metabolic end-product.

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The advantage of using a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and water to rinse the crystals, as opposed to distilled water or pure ethanol, is that it combines the properties of both solvents.

This is beneficial as it allows for effective removal of impurities from the crystals without dissolving them.

Ethanol helps to dissolve organic impurities, while water helps to dissolve inorganic impurities.

Combining the two solvents results in a more thorough and efficient cleaning of the crystals, compared to using either distilled water or pure ethanol alone.

By using a mixture, both types of impurities can be removed without harming the crystals.

This makes it a more effective solution for rinsing crystals, as it takes advantage of the strengths of each solvent to provide a more complete cleaning.

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180°: Linear, VSEPR number 2

107°: Trigonal bipyramidal, VSEPR number 5

120°: Trigonal planar, VSEPR number 3

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It determines the shape of the molecule and the relative positions of its atoms in space. The molecular geometry is determined by the number of atoms and the types of bonds between them.

The concept of molecular geometry is important in chemistry because it determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule, such as its reactivity, polarity, and biological activity.

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Two friends push with great force against a rock. The forces are equally strong but in opposite directions. A heavy box rests on top of the rock. Rock does not move because equal forces are applied on both sides.

A force is an influence that has the power to alter an object's motion. An object with mass can change its velocity, or accelerate, as a result of a force. An obvious way to define force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction.

Force is used to describe a body's tendency to alter or change its condition as a result of an external cause. When force is applied, the body may also alter its size, shape, and direction. kicking a ball, opening and closing doors, or mixing dough are some examples.

Thus, rock does not move because equal forces are applied on both sides.

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Alcohol and other depressant drugs, slows down your central nervous system the activity of a person central nervous system.

Alcohol is a Central Nervous System Depressant, which means that it reduces neural activity and brain activity. By boosting the actions of the neurotransmitter GABA, alcohol achieves this.

Because it slows down your central nervous system, alcohol is referred to as a psychotropic depressant. When you consume alcohol, a complex mechanism takes place in your brain that affects the neurons' capacity to conduct impulses, inhibiting them.

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The initial volume of the container can be calculated using the ideal gas formula, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is gas constant, and T is temperature:

The best illustration of Avogadro's law is when a balloon is inflated. The volume of the balloon grows as you add moles of gas. Similar to how a balloon loses gas and its volume as you collapse it

According to Avogadro's law, all gases with an identical volume and the same temperature and pressure have an equal number of molecules. The volume of an ideal gas at a certain mass.

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Molecular fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs a photon and then emits a photon at a longer wavelength. This shift in wavelength is due to the energy loss that occurs during the process of fluorescence.

When a molecule absorbs a photon, it is promoted to an excited state, which has a higher energy level than the ground state. The molecule then relaxes back to the ground state, releasing the excess energy as a photon. However, during this relaxation process, the molecule can undergo non-radiative energy loss, such as vibrational or rotational relaxation, which reduces the energy of the emitted photon.

This results in the emission of a photon at a longer wavelength than the exciting radiation. This phenomenon is known as the Stokes shift, and it is a fundamental property of molecular fluorescence.

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Answer:

0.16 mol

Explanation:

you will use the ideal gas law PV=nRT where R is approximately 0.082 atm×L/mol×K

PV=nRT

n=PV/RT

n=0.8×5.2/0.082×315

n=0.16 mol

Based on the factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions, the trend expected in the table would be:

A. Time decreases as the volume of hydrochloric acid increases.

The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the concentration of the reactants. In this case, the hydrochloric acid is a reactant, and increasing its volume will increase its concentration, leading to a faster reaction rate and shorter time for the formation of carbon dioxide.

Therefore, option A is the correct answer. The mass of calcium carbonate may affect the reaction rate if it affects the surface area or particle size of the reactant, but the information provided in the question is not sufficient to determine such an effect. The volume of hydrochloric acid is a more significant factor in this case.

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The addition of Na₃PO₄, calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) would precipitate out of solution first.

To determine which phosphate species would precipitate out of solution first, we need to calculate the solubility products (Ksp) of each possible calcium phosphate and silver phosphate species that could form upon the addition of solid Na₃PO₄. The species with the smallest Ksp will be the first to precipitate out of solution.

The possible calcium phosphate species that could form are:

Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂), with Ksp = 1.0 x [tex]10^{-7.2}[/tex]

Calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO₄), with Ksp = 2.0 x [tex]10^{-7.2}[/tex]

Calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂), with Ksp = 2.0 x [tex]10^{-29.9}[/tex]

The possible silver phosphate species that could form are:

Silver dihydrogen phosphate (AgH₂PO₄), with Ksp = 1.0 x [tex]10^{-7.2}[/tex]

Silver hydrogen phosphate (Ag₂HPO₄), with Ksp = 1.2 x [tex]10^{-18.6}[/tex]

Silver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄), with Ksp = 1.8 x [tex]10^{-18.7}[/tex]

We can see that the Ksp of calcium phosphate is much smaller than that of any of the silver phosphate species. Therefore, upon the addition of Na₃PO₄, calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) would precipitate out of solution first.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including seed dormancy, germination, and response to environmental stressors. One of the stressors that cause high concentrations of ABA to travel from the roots to the shoot is water stress.

When a plant experiences water stress, such as during drought conditions, the roots sense the lack of water and produce ABA. The ABA then moves up through the plant's vascular system, reaching the leaves where it triggers the closure of stomata, small pores on the leaf surface.

This closure helps to conserve water by reducing the rate of transpiration, which is the loss of water vapor from the leaves.

In addition to stomatal closure, ABA also plays a role in the synthesis of proteins that protect the plant from damage caused by drought, such as reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, ABA induces the accumulation of compatible solutes, such as proline, which help the plant maintain cellular hydration and turgor pressure under water stress conditions.

In summary, high concentrations of ABA during water stress play a critical role in regulating plant water balance and ensuring survival under drought conditions.

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The respective answers for second order decomposition of xy are

                         a- 1424.5 s.

                         b- 9971.5 s

                         c- 1347.9 s

                         d- 0.042 m

Lets try to solve this equation-

The given rate constant (k) is 7.02 × 10-3 m-1 s-1.

The second order reaction can be represented as

A → products

The integrated rate law for second-order reaction is given as;

1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]0 where [A]0 is the initial concentration of A.

The half-life of a second-order reaction is given by

t1/2 = 1/k[A]0

The initial concentration of the reaction = [A]0 = 0.100 m

a)

The half-life can be calculated by substituting the given values in the above equation;t1/2 = 1/(7.02 × 10-3 m-1 s-1 × 0.100 m)t1/2 = 1424.5 s

Therefore, the half-life for this reaction at an initial concentration of 0.100 m is 1424.5 s.

b)

We have to determine the time it takes for the concentration of A to decrease to 12.5% of its initial value.

The concentration of A at any time is given by the following equation;

[A]t = [A]0/(1 + kt[A]0)

0.125[A]0 = [A]0/(1 + k × t [A]0)

8 = 1 + k × t[A]0

k × t[A]0 = 7

t = 7/(7.02 × 10-3 m-1 s-1 × 0.100 m)t = 9971.5 s

Therefore, it will take 9971.5 seconds for the concentration of A to decrease to 12.5% of its initial value when the initial concentration is 0.100m.

c)

If the initial concentration of xy is 0.150m, how long will it take to decrease to 0.062 m

The concentration of A at any time is given by the following equation;

[A]t = [A]0/(1 + kt[A]0)

0.062[A]0 = 0.150m/(1 + 7.02 x 10-3 × t0.150m)

= 1347.9 s

Therefore, it will take1347.9 seconds for the concentration of A to decrease from 0.150 m to 0.062 m

d)

The concentration of A at any time is given by the following equation;

[A]t = [A]0/(1 + kt[A]0)[A]t = [0.050 m]/[1 + (7.02 × 10-3 m-1 s-1) × (500 s) × (0.050 m)] = 0.042 m

Therefore, the concentration of xy after 500 seconds is 0.042 m.

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