Which paradigm focuses on equal opportunity, fair treatment, recruitment of minorities, and strict compliance with the equal employment opportunity laws? Learning and effectiveness Profit and growth Discrimination and fairness Access and legitimacy

The​ market's required yield to maturity on a​ comparable-risk bond is percent.a)The value of the bond is $966.43.

i) the value of the bond decreases to $908.67.

ii) the value of the bond increases to $1111.91.

To calculate the value of the bond, we need to use the bond valuation formula, which is:

PV = (C / r) x [1 - 1 / (1 + r)^n] + (F / (1 + r)^n)

where PV is the present value or the value of the bond today, C is the annual interest payment, r is the yield to maturity, n is the number of years to maturity, and F is the par value.

a. Using the given information, we can plug in the values into the formula:

PV = ($C / r) x [1 - 1 / (1 + r)^n] + ($F / (1 + r)^n)

PV = (in annual interest/(percent/100))x[1−1/(1+(percent/100))

years]+( par value / (1 + ( percent / 100))^years)

Let's assume that the bond pays $50 in annual interest, has a par value of $1000, and matures in 5 years. If the market's required yield to maturity on a comparable-risk bond is 6%, then we can calculate the value of the bond as follows:

PV = ($50 / (0.06)) x [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.06)^5] + ($1000 / (1 + 0.06)^5)

PV = $219.17 + $747.26

PV = $966.43

Therefore, the value of the bond is $966.43.

b. To see how the value of the bond changes when the market's required yield to maturity on a comparable-risk bond increases or decreases, we can simply plug in the new values of r into the formula and calculate the new present value. Let's consider two scenarios:

(i) If the market's required yield to maturity on a comparable-risk bond increases to 7%, then we can calculate the new present value as follows:

PV = ($50 / (0.07)) x [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.07)^5] + ($1000 / (1 + 0.07)^5)

PV = $197.31 + $711.36

PV = $908.67

Therefore, the value of the bond decreases to $908.67.

(ii) If the market's required yield to maturity on a comparable-risk bond decreases to 5%, then we can calculate the new present value as follows:

PV = ($50 / (0.05)) x [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.05)^5] + ($1000 / (1 + 0.05)^5)

PV = $242.35 + $869.56

PV = $1111.91

Therefore, the value of the bond increases to $1111.91.

c. The findings in parts a and b show that the value of the bond is inversely related to the yield to maturity. When the yield to maturity increases, the present value of the bond decreases, and when the yield to maturity decreases, the present value of the bond increases. This relationship between the yield to maturity and the bond's value is known as the bond price-yield inverse relationship. The bond price-yield relationship is important for investors to understand because it helps them to assess the risk and return tradeoff of different bond investments.

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Planned Releases for C be required when company C have no safety stock policy for any lot sizewill be needed in every week to satisfy the customer's demand.

Safety stock is a concept in supply chain management that refers to the amount of extra inventory that a firm maintains to guarantee that the customer is satisfied when demand exceeds expectations. A safety stock policy is a strategy for determining how much inventory a firm should have on hand at any given moment to ensure that the customer's needs are met.

The company will be vulnerable to stockouts if they do not have a safety stock policy in place, this means that there is a greater likelihood of missed sales opportunities and lower customer satisfaction. Planned Releases for C will be necessary in every week to satisfy customer demand when the company does not have a safety stock policy for any lot size. The business must maintain the same amount of stock each week to fulfill demand without fail. This necessitates a weekly scheduling of the quantities to be released from the factory to fulfill the weekly demand.

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Whenever somebody deposits a check from Bank A into a checkable deposit at Bank B, Bank A's reserves decrease, and Bank B's reserves increase.

Therefore, the correct answer is: decrease; increase.

When a customer deposits a check from Bank A into their account at Bank B, Bank B sends the check to Bank A for processing. Bank A then transfers the funds from its reserves to Bank B's reserves to cover the amount of the deposit. This results in a decrease in Bank A's reserves and an increase in Bank B's reserves.

In general, reserves refer to assets that are set aside or kept in reserve for future use or as a contingency. Here are some examples of different types of reserves:

Financial reserves: These are funds set aside by an individual or organization to cover future expenses or emergencies. Examples include personal savings, emergency funds

Therefore, the correct answer is: decrease; increase.

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Any Minus sign shows that you have an overdraft which further implies that you have taken cash over what was present in your record.

An overdraft facility is proposed for specific customers of the bank. The Short sign likewise demonstrates that you have taken credit from the bank and you need to reimburse it.

If you have a statement with a minus sign before the sum due, it implies the bank owes you cash. It very well may be from a discount, or an excessive charge of your Mastercard bill. The negative sign shows an excessive charge of the bill and you might be qualified for a discount.

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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

What does it mean when it says any minus sign shown below signifies a credit amount?

Alex's decision to purposely use the wrong oil for a rude customer's car is an example of counterproductive work behavior, as it intentionally harms the customer and negatively impacts the organization

In this scenario, Alex is considering sabotaging the next rude customer's car by using the wrong type of oil. This action would be an example of counterproductive work behavior (

In contrast, task performance (a) is the process of carrying out one's job responsibilities effectively and efficiently.

Counterproductive work behavior(b)  refers to actions that intentionally harm an organization, its employees, or its stakeholders, such as customers.

Disengagement (c) refers to an employee's lack of involvement, dedication, or commitment to their work. Organizational citizenship behavior (d) involves voluntary actions that contribute positively to the organization, often going above and beyond one's job requirements.

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As a general rule, as the level of task interdependence increases, the need to organize people into teams also increases.

This is because tasks that are highly interdependent require close collaboration and coordination between team members in order to be completed successfully.

By working in a team, individuals can pool their skills and resources, share information, and support each other as they work towards a common goal. This helps to ensure that tasks are completed efficiently and effectively, and that the overall project or initiative is successful.

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Social networking websites facilitate communication in ways that are unique from one-on-one communicationin the terms of audience,  collective feedback, and communication speed.

Audience: In one-on-one communication, there is typically only one receiver. In contrast, social networking sites allow for communication with a wide range of people who are on one's friend list. A person's updates and messages can be seen by hundreds or thousands of people at once, and the response can also be seen by a wide range of individuals.

Collective feedback: People who post updates or messages on social networking sites receive feedback from a range of individuals, not just one person. Although one person may provide feedback that is more in-depth, the collective feedback can provide a wider range of perspectives.

Communication speed: Communication on social networking sites is faster than one-on-one communication, because a message can be sent out to many people at once. In contrast, one-on-one communication often has a time delay because the person is not available to receive the message at that moment. Social networking sites also provide the option of real-time communication, which is not always possible in one-on-one communication.

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(a) The adjusting journal entry to record bad debt expense for the year can be calculated as follows:

Bad Debt Expense = Accounts Receivable x Estimated Uncollectible Percentage
Bad Debt Expense = $550,000 x 3%
Bad Debt Expense = $16,500

To record this in the books, the following adjusting journal entry needs to be made:

Bad Debt Expense       $16,500
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts   $16,500

(b) The ending (adjusted) balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts can be calculated by adding the unadjusted balance of $4,200 to the bad debt expense recorded in the adjusting journal entry, which is $16,500.

Ending (Adjusted) Balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $4,200 + $16,500
Ending (Adjusted) Balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $20,700

(c) The Cash (Net) Realizable Value can be calculated by subtracting the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts from the Accounts Receivable.

Cash (Net) Realizable Value = Accounts Receivable - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Cash (Net) Realizable Value = $550,000 - $20,700
Cash (Net) Realizable Value = $529,300

Therefore, the ending (adjusted) balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is $20,700, and the Cash (Net) Realizable Value is $529,300.

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The payee should record $25 as interest income for the year ending December 31, 20x1.

Simple interest is a type of interest that is calculated on the principal amount only. It does not take into account any interest that has already been earned.

The formula to calculate simple interest is;

Interest = Principal x Rate x Time

Where; Principal will be the amount borrowed or invested

Rate is the interest rate

Time is duration of the loan or investment

In this case, the principal is $1,000, the rate is 10% (0.10 as a decimal), and the time is 3 months (from October 1 to December 31).

To calculate the interest income, we need to first calculate the amount of interest by using the formula;

Interest = $1,000 x 0.10 x (3/12)

= $25

Therefore, the interest income is $25.

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Marie's current income is $168,000, and she takes a basis of $168,000 in Roundtree Corporation stock. Ramesh has a total gain of $219,400 and takes a basis of $452,600 in Roundtree Corporation stock.

To determine Marie and Ramesh's current income, gain, or loss and the basis each takes in Roundtree Corporation stock, follow these steps:

Step 1: Determine the value of contributions made by Marie and Ramesh
- Marie's contribution: Personal services with a fair market value (FMV) of $168,000
- Ramesh's contributions:
 1. Installment note receivable: Basis $25,000, FMV $30,000
 2. Land: Basis $50,000, FMV $170,000
 3. Inventory: Basis $377,600, FMV $472,000

Step 2: Calculate the income, gain, or loss for Marie and Ramesh
- Marie: As personal services are not considered a capital asset, there is no gain or loss for Marie. Her income is the FMV of her services, $168,000.
- Ramesh:
 1. Installment note receivable: Gain = FMV - Basis = $30,000 - $25,000 = $5,000
 2. Land: Gain = FMV - Basis

                        = $170,000 - $50,000

                        = $120,000
 3. Inventory: Gain = FMV - Basis  

                                = $472,000 - $377,600  

                                = $94,400

 Total gain for Ramesh: $5,000 + $120,000 + $94,400  

                                      = $219,400

Step 3: Calculate the basis each takes in Roundtree Corporation stock
- Marie: Basis in stock = FMV of her services = $168,000
- Ramesh: Basis in stock = Basis of contributed assets = $25,000 (installment note receivable) + $50,000 (land) + $377,600 (inventory) = $452,600

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The global pattern of gender inequality index scores is similar to the expected pattern of countries by level of economic development, with the exception of a few countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a measure of gender inequality at the country level, developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It takes into account three dimensions of gender inequality: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity.

The global pattern of GII scores generally follows the expected pattern of countries by level of economic development, with the exception of a few outliers.

In general, higher levels of economic development are associated with lower levels of gender inequality. Developed countries, such as those in Western Europe and North America, tend to have the lowest GII scores, indicating relatively high levels of gender equality.

Middle-income countries, such as those in Latin America and Asia, generally have higher GII scores, indicating greater gender inequality.

And low-income countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, tend to have the highest GII scores, indicating the greatest degree of gender inequality.

However, there are a few countries that do not follow this pattern. For example, some countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia and Yemen, have high levels of economic development but very high GII scores, indicating severe gender inequality.

On the other hand, some countries in Eastern Europe, such as Belarus and Ukraine, have relatively low levels of economic development but still have moderate levels of gender inequality, as measured by the GII.

These outliers may reflect the influence of cultural or political factors that contribute to gender inequality beyond the effects of economic development alone.

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The average number of days to sell inventory for Tinker in 2022 is approximately 96.5 days.

To calculate Tinker's average number of days to sell its inventory during 2022, we need to use the inventory turnover ratio formula. This formula is calculated as cost of goods sold divided by average inventory.
First, we need to calculate the average inventory for 2022.

This can be done by adding the beginning inventory ($208,000) and ending inventory ($188,000) for 2022 and dividing by 2.

The average inventory for 2022 is $198,000.
Next, we can use the cost of goods sold for 2022 ($750,000) and divide it by the average inventory ($198,000). This gives us an inventory turnover ratio of 3.7879.
To calculate the average number of days to sell inventory, we divide 365 days by the inventory turnover ratio.

In this case, the mean number of days to sell inventory for Tinker in 2022 is approx 96.5 days.
It is worth noting that while Tinker's cost of goods sold decreased from 2021 to 2022, their inventory turnover ratio also decreased, indicating that they were not selling their inventory as quickly in 2022 compared to 2021.

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The actual EIC amount may be lower than the maximum credit of $3,618.

To calculate the Earned Income Credit (EIC), we need to determine Juan and Lydia's earned income and their filing status.

Assuming that Juan and Lydia are both under 65 years old and their child meets the criteria to be a qualifying child, their maximum earned income for 2021 to qualify for the EIC is $21,430 for married filing jointly with one qualifying child.

Since their earned income is $19,400, which is less than the maximum amount, they are eligible for the EIC.

To calculate the EIC, we can use the EIC table in the IRS Publication 596. According to the table for tax year 2021, the maximum credit for a married couple filing jointly with one qualifying child and earned income of $19,400 is $3,618.

Therefore, the actual EIC amount may be lower than the maximum credit of $3,618.

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The price revolution of the sixteenth century, which saw a significant increase in prices of goods and services across Europe, was caused by two primary factors: the increase in human populations and the influx of silver and gold from the Americas.

The growth of European populations during this time period put a strain on food production, leading to a substantial increase in food prices. As more people competed for limited resources, the cost of basic necessities rose, making it difficult for many laborers to afford to buy enough food to eat.

At the same time, the influx of silver and gold from the Americas caused a significant decrease in the value of European currencies. With more money in circulation, prices for goods and services began to rise, as people had more money to spend.

Together, these two factors created a perfect storm for the price revolution of the sixteenth century. While some groups, such as laborers, struggled to keep up with the rising costs of living, others were able to take advantage of the situation and earn higher wages as producers began to understand the true value of their work.

Overall, the price revolution of the sixteenth century was a complex phenomenon that was driven by a combination of economic, demographic, and social factors. By understanding the primary causes of this event, we can gain a better understanding of how economic systems and societies have evolved over time.

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When searching for the keyword "Planning" on the website of Elsevier Science Direct, it yields various results. These include journals, books, book series, and reference works.

Here is a list of what was found:

1. Journals- The Journal of Transport Geography- Journal of Environmental Planning and Management- Land Use Policy- Urban Forestry & Urban Greening- Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services- Journal of Business Research

2. Books- Planning in the USA: Policies, Issues, and Processes- Planning Support Science for Smarter Urban Futures- Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities- Planning and Control of Maintenance Systems- Transit-Oriented Displacement or Community Dividends?- Understanding Spatial Planning- Regional Planning

3. Book Series- Planning, Development and Environment Series- Routledge Revivals Planning and Cities Series- Contemporary Perspectives in Urban Planning Series- Regional and Urban Policy and Planning Series- Planning, History, and Environment Series

4 Reference Works- Encyclopedia of Transportation- Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems- International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home- Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene- Encyclopedia of Energy Planning and Policy- The Elsevier Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences.

On clicking on a year filter or topic filter, various subfilters are presented for users to choose from. For instance, when a topic filter is selected, it presents different subfilters such as Architecture, Computer Science, Earth, and Planetary Sciences, Economics, etc.The choice of subfilter determines what the search will yield.

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Olivia's field of accounting is called managerial accounting.

Managerial accounting is the process of providing financial and non-financial information to management to help them make informed decisions that will improve the organization's efficiency and effectiveness. It involves analyzing data, identifying trends, and providing recommendations to help management make strategic decisions that align with the organization's goals and objectives. Managerial accountants use various tools and techniques, such as cost accounting, budgeting, and performance analysis, to provide information that supports management decision-making.

In Olivia's case, her father is excited that she specialized in this area because it is crucial for the success of any business, and having a skilled and knowledgeable managerial accountant like Olivia can greatly benefit the accounting firm.

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False. The production function q = f(l, k) does not display increasing returns to scale over the five-year period. To determine this, we can compare the proportional increases in inputs (l and k) to the proportional increase in output (q).

From year 1 to year 5, labor (l) increased by 117/78 = 1.5 times, and capital (k) increased by 216/144 = 1.5 times. Output (q) increased from 212 to 309, which is an increase of 309/212 ≈ 1.46 times.

Since the proportional increase in output (1.46) is less than the proportional increase in inputs (1.5), the production function does not display increasing returns to scale.

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Yes, the aforementioned online tool qualifies as a simulation because it uses input data to provide projections and outputs depending on many scenarios, enabling users to explore and prepare for several potential.

The majority of us are familiar with some applications of computer simulation modeling, such as weather forecasting, pilot training simulators, and vehicle crash modelling.

Throughout the modelling process, you can use a variety of additional visualisation tools provided by Simulink®. The ability to preserve simulation data is another feature of several visualisation tools.

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Copyright law and intellectual property are essential components of licensing contracts in the gaming industry. The clauses in these contracts typically restrict the licensee's use and distribution of the licensed IP and aim to protect the owner's intellectual property rights.

When it comes to securing a licensing contract, copyright law and intellectual property become even more critical, as the license will define the terms and conditions under which the licensee can use the game's IP.

In the context of gaming, an intellectual property contract typically includes clauses that limit the licensee's use of the licensed IP.

For example, a licensing agreement may limit the licensee's use of the IP to a specific territory or region. Another clause may prohibit the licensee from modifying the licensed IP or using it to create derivative works.

Moreover, the license may restrict the licensee's ability to distribute the game or its IP in specific channels or markets. For instance, the licensee may be restricted from distributing the game on certain platforms or in certain regions.

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The best measure of productivity for the supply chain student's charity fundraising activity would be "Output per unit of Input". In this case, the output is the total donations of $300 and the input is the time spent visiting houses, which is 5 hours. Therefore, the productivity can be calculated as:

Productivity = Output / Input

Productivity = $300 / 5 hours

Productivity = $60 per hour

So, the best measure of productivity for the supply chain student's charity fundraising activity is $60 per hour, which represents the amount of donations raised per hour of time spent visiting houses.

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The statement 'understanding a situation from another's point of view means making an effort to "Walk a mile in their shoes" is true.

This phrase emphasizes the importance of empathy and considering other people's perspectives in order to better understand their experiences and feelings.

"Walk a mile in their shoes" is a common idiom that means to try and understand another person's experience or perspective by imagining oneself in their situation. It emphasizes the importance of empathy and seeing things from someone else's point of view, in order to build understanding and connection.

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The expected rate of return on this stock is 7.01%. The answer is (i).

The expected rate of return can be calculated using the formula:

Expected Return = (Probability of Boom × Return in Boom) + (Probability of Normal Economy × Return in Normal Economy) + (Probability of Recession × Return in Recession)

Substituting the given values, we get:

Expected Return = (0.14 × (-5.0%)) + (0.57 × 12.5%) + (0.29 × 2.0%)

Expected Return = -0.70% + 7.13% + 0.58%

Expected Return = 7.01%

Therefore, the expected rate of return on this stock is 7.01%. The answer is (i).

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To calculate Saunderstown's gross profit ratio if it elects LIFO, we need to first calculate its gross profit using the LIFO ending inventory.

Beginning inventory = Cost of goods available for sale - Net sales = $2,480 - $2,950 = -$470 (negative indicates a loss)

Ending inventory (LIFO) = $990

Cost of goods sold (LIFO) = Cost of goods available for sale - Ending inventory (LIFO) = $2,480 - $990 = $1,490

Gross profit (LIFO) = Net sales - Cost of goods sold (LIFO) = $2,950 - $1,490 = $1,460

Now we can calculate the gross profit ratio using the formula:

Gross profit ratio = (Gross profit / Net sales) x 100%

Gross profit ratio (LIFO) = ($1,460 / $2,950) x 100% = 49% (rounded to the nearest whole percentage)

Therefore, if Saunderstown elects LIFO, its gross profit ratio would be 49%.

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Amount will voltac report on its 2020 financial statements are, a. Inventory: $10,000, b. Cost of Goods Sold: $40,000, c. Sales: $96,000, d. Accounts Receivable: $8,400, e. Accounts Payable: $8,400, f. Cash: $7,000.

The cost of inventory purchased on March 1 is 100,000 pesos, which, using the exchange rate of $0.10 per peso on March 1, equals $10,000.

The cost of goods sold is calculated as the cost of the inventory sold. Voltac sold 60% of the inventory for 80,000 pesos on May 1. The cost of the inventory sold is 60% of the total cost of inventory, or 60% x 100,000 pesos = 60,000 pesos. Using the exchange rate of $0.12 per peso on May 1, the cost of goods sold is $7,200.

The amount of sales made on May 1 is 80,000 pesos. Using the exchange rate of $0.12 per peso on May 1, the sales are equal to $9,600.

The accounts receivable on August 1 is calculated as the amount of sales made on May 1 minus the amount collected by August 1. The amount of sales made on May 1 is 80,000 pesos, which, using the exchange rate of $0.12 per peso on May 1, equals $9,600. The amount collected on August 1 is 70,000 pesos, which, using the exchange rate of $0.13 per peso on August 1, equals $9,100. Therefore, the accounts receivable on August 1 is $500 ($9,600 - $9,100).

The accounts payable on September 1 is 60,000 pesos, which, using the exchange rate of $0.14 per peso on September 1, equals $8,400.

The cash balance on December 31 is calculated as the sum of the amount collected on August 1 and the amount collected after August 1 minus the amount paid on September 1. The amount collected on August 1 is 70,000 pesos, which, using the exchange rate of $0.13 per peso on August 1, equals $9,100. The amount collected after August 1 is the amount of sales made on May 1 minus the amount collected by August 1, which is $500 (calculated in part d). Therefore, the total cash balance is $9,600 ($9,100 + $500) minus the amount paid on September 1, which is $8,400 (calculated in part e), for a total of $1,200.

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The amount to be repaid is $2,650.60, and the option that corresponds to this is "repaid is $2,650.60".

Assuming that the finance charge of $250.60 is added to the loan amount, the total amount to be repaid would be:

$2,400 + $250.60 = $2,650.60

"Repaid" refers to the total amount of money that a borrower is required to pay back to the lender, including both the principal amount borrowed and any additional charges or fees, such as interest or finance charges. It represents the full amount of the loan that is returned to the lender over the course of the repayment period.

Therefore, the amount to be repaid is $2,650.60, and the option that corresponds to this is "repaid is $2,650.60".

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Tybee Industries Inc. uses a job order cost system, and the above journal entries record the summarized operations related to production for January. These entries will help the company track the costs associated with each job and calculate the cost of goods sold for completed jobs.

To record the summarized operations related to production, we need to create several journal entries.

First, we need to record the purchase of materials on account. The entry would be as follows:

Materials Purchased on Account: $2,500

Accounts Payable: $2,500

Next, we need to record the issuance of materials and factory labor used. The entry would be as follows:

Job 301

Materials: $2,260

Factory Labor: $1,990

Work in Process: $4,250

Job 302

Materials: $2,760

Factory Labor: $2,690

Work in Process: $5,450

Job 303

Materials: $1,830

Factory Labor: $1,310

Work in Process: $3,140

Job 304

Materials: $6,190

Factory Labor: $4,940

Work in Process: $11,130

Job 305

Materials: $3,930

Factory Labor: $3,760

Work in Process: $7,690

For General Factory Use

Materials: $770

Factory Labor: $2,950

Factory Overhead: $3,720

Note that the total of the Work in Process account should equal the total of the materials and factory labor used for all jobs.

Next, we need to record the factory overhead costs incurred on account. The entry would be as follows:

Factory Overhead: $4,320

Accounts Payable: $4,320

We also need to record the depreciation of machinery and equipment. The entry would be as follows:

Depreciation Expense: $1,410

Accumulated Depreciation: $1,410

Finally, we need to record the completion and shipping of jobs and billing of customers. The entry would be as follows:

Accounts Receivable: $30,200

Job 301: $7,370

Job 302: $7,980

Job 303: $14,850

Cost of Goods Sold: $28,520

Work in Process: $28,520

Note that the cost of goods sold is calculated as the total cost of completed jobs.

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Subtract the cost of further processing (dying) from the additional revenue from further processing for each type of wool to determine the financial benefit or drawback.

It is estimated just taking into account the pertinent charges. To determine whether there is a financial benefit or disadvantage, the incremental revenues and increased costs are combined. Financial advantage and financial disadvantage both relate to incremental changes in net operational income or loss.

The incremental production and selling costs and expenses are subtracted from the incremental revenue to determine the financial benefit (disbenefit) of accepting a special order.

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Reference checking is fraught with legal issues for the reference and the prospective employer. So, correct option is A.

Reference checking is a process in which a prospective employer contacts a job applicant's former employers, supervisors, or colleagues to verify the applicant's work history, job performance, and character.

While reference checking can provide valuable information for the hiring decision, it is also fraught with legal issues for both the reference and the prospective employer.

References must be handled with care, and prospective employers must be careful not to ask inappropriate questions that could lead to discrimination or invade the applicant's privacy. Moreover, references must be truthful in their responses, and if they provide false information, they could be held liable for defamation.

While reference checking is still commonly used by many employers, its validity as a selection method is debatable. Some studies suggest that references have little predictive value for job performance, while others argue that they can provide valuable insights into an applicant's character and work ethic.

Ultimately, the decision to conduct reference checks should be left to the discretion of the hiring manager or human resources professional, who should take the necessary steps to ensure that the process is conducted fairly, legally, and ethically.

So, correct option is A.

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Complete question is:

Reference checking:

a. is fraught with legal issues for the reference and the prospective employer

b. is not commonly used any longer

c. has high validity as a selection method

d. should always be conducted by Human Resource Managers

Vertical integration refers to the strategy of combining different stages of the production process within a single company, while horizontal integration refers to the strategy of merging with or acquiring competitors at the same stage of the production process.

Vertical integration is a strategy where a company expands its operations by acquiring or merging with other firms in the same supply chain, either upstream (suppliers) or downstream (distributors). This helps to control the production process, reduce costs, and ensure supply consistency.

Horizontal integration, on the other hand, involves a company expanding its operations by acquiring or merging with competitors in the same industry at the same level of the supply chain. This helps to increase market share, eliminate competition, and achieve economies of scale.

In summary, vertical integration focuses on controlling the supply chain, while horizontal integration aims to dominate the market by merging with competitors. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration, while John D. Rockefeller initially used horizontal integration before also adopting vertical integration.

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