in which country was the goldfish originally domesticated?
The goldfish was originally domesticated in China, where it has been selectively bred for ornamental purposes for more than a thousand years.
Goldfish were initially kept for their meat in China, but as early as the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), they began to be kept as ornamental fish in ponds and artificial lakes. Over time, breeders in China and Japan developed different varieties of goldfish with distinctive colors, shapes, and sizes, leading to the wide variety of goldfish that we see today.
From China, the domesticated goldfish was introduced to other parts of the world, including Europe and North America. Today, goldfish are one of the most popular ornamental fish species in the world and are kept by hobbyists and enthusiasts in many different countries.
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after water, which are the next most abundant substances in the human body? group of answer choices carbohydrates fats proteins minerals
The next most abundant substances in the human body after water are Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins and Minerals.
Carbohydrates are substances that are found in foods that we eat, such as rice, pasta, bread, and fruits. Carbohydrates are the human body's primary source of energy. We store extra carbohydrates in our liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.Fat is one of the body's key building blocks. Fats in the body perform a variety of functions, including insulating and cushioning organs, assisting in the absorption of vitamins, and serving as a secondary energy source when carbohydrates are unavailable.
Proteins are compounds composed of amino acids that are required for life. Proteins are essential components of all living cells and are responsible for a variety of essential bodily functions, including building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and allowing the body's immune system to function.Minerals are elements found in the earth's crust that are essential for human health. Minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc, are found in a variety of foods and are essential for good health.
The next most abundant substances in the human body after water are proteins, followed by fats, minerals, and carbohydrates. Here's a breakdown of their presence in the human body:
1. Water - approximately 60% of the human body
2. Proteins - approximately 16% of the human body
3. Fats - approximately 16% of the human body
4. Minerals - approximately 4% of the human body
5. Carbohydrates - approximately 1% of the human body
These percentages can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and overall health.
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What is the role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system?
a. To produce neurotransmitter molecules.
b. To serve as receptors for neurotransmitter molecules.
c. To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules.
The role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system is to break down neurotransmitter molecules. So option c is correct.
Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that degrades monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as tyramine and phenethylamine, which are compounds present in some foods. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle contraction, sensory perception, memory formation, and other functions. A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that transmits signals from one neuron to another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell. Neurotransmitters are responsible for the vast majority of communication between neurons in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
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which of the following is not a component of effective experimental designs in the early stages of a scientific study? group of answer choices experimental groups taking a placebo animal models repetitive testing small sample sizes short duration double blind experiments
Small sample sizes is not a component of effective experimental designs in the early stages of a scientific study.
The aim of a scientific study is to obtain trustworthy and precise conclusions regarding a hypothesis. Therefore, an effective experimental design must be implemented at the early stages of a scientific study.
Experimental design refers to the structure of an experiment, such as the number of treatment groups, the number of subjects or samples, and how subjects are assigned to groups. In experimental design, the following are the components:
Experimental groupsTaking a placeboAnimal modelsRepetitive testingShort durationDouble-blind experimentsHowever, small sample sizes is not a component of effective experimental designs in the early stages of a scientific study. This is because small sample sizes can result in inaccurate or imprecise findings, and the conclusions may not be generalizable. A large sample size is needed to produce reliable and accurate results. Therefore, effective experimental designs must include a sufficient number of samples or subjects to generate reliable and valid results.
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he primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is:
A) reabsorption.
B) filtration.
C) secretion.
D) increased retention of sodium ions.
E) None of the answers are correct.
The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is: secretion. The correct option is C.
The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is the secretion of salts, acids, and other substances. Secretion is an essential process in which the body eliminates waste, regulates electrolytes, and maintains a healthy pH. The distal convoluted tubule accomplishes its function by adjusting the composition of the tubular fluid.
It is situated within the renal cortex, and its terminal portion reaches the renal pelvis. Sodium ions are also excreted in the urine through this route by the kidney. The distal convoluted tubule plays an essential role in the secretion of potassium ions as well.
The overall function of the distal convoluted tubule is essential to maintain water and electrolyte balance in the body. The hormonal system plays an essential role in the function of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone, for example, regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body, which further affects the functioning of the distal convoluted tubule.
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Insert channel proteins into the membrane. Transport substances across the membrane. NOTE: You can only transport substances using channel proteins until there were
The sentence that follows ends abruptly and is not complete. The intended meaning of "till there was" is uncertain. To receive a full response, kindly add more information or define the sentence.
Insert channel proteins into the membrane. Transport substances across the membrane.By creating a hydrophilic channel or pore that permits particular molecules or ions to flow through the membrane's lipid bilayer, channel proteins are able to transport substances across the membrane. Based on the size, charge, and other characteristics of the molecules, these proteins are selective and only permit some types of chemicals to pass through.
What mechanisms do channel proteins use to move materials across cell membranes?Channel proteins, as opposed to carrier proteins, only create open pores in the membrane, enabling tiny molecules of the right size and charge to freely move through the lipid bilayer.
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Question 14 10 pts
(04.05 HC)
Analyze the given diagram of the carbon cycle below.
Part 1: Which compound does C represent?
Part 2: Name a process that could release this compound into the air.
Part 3: Explain how the elements that form it are conserved during the carbon cycle. Use complete sentences to explain your answer.
Justify how this compound was created from a recycling of carbon in the carbon cycle. Use complete sentences to explain your answer.
Part1: Carbon dioxide, that's the reply. Carbon dioxide makes up about 0.8 percent of the atmosphere. The gaseous phase is where it is at.
Part 2;Combustion, that's the answer. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are raised by human activities when burning fossil fuels. Due to carbon dioxide's role as a greenhouse gas, this has the unintended side effect of warming the globe.Part 3:The cycles of carbon are primarily retained in plants. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants absorb carbon dioxide and produce organic molecules (carbohydrates). Acting as carbon sinks first, as a result. Even the fossil fuels we consume are derived from plankton, which is a significant carbon sink.Part 4;A number of processes, including combustion and respiration, produce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Everyone who is alive breathes out.These CO2 emissions are absorbed and stored by plants. As a result of respiration, some of the carbon that animals get from plants is then released back into the atmosphere.For more information on carbon cycle kindly visit to
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You measure the lifetime of a random sample of 25 rats that are exposed to 10 Sv of radiation (the equivalent of 1000 REM) for which the id100is 14 days. The sample mean is = 13.8 days: Suppose that the lifetimes for this level of exposure follow a Normal distribution with unknown mean / and standard deviation o = 0.75 days: Suppose had measured the lifetimes of a random sample of 100 rats rather than 25. Which of the following statements is true? a. The margin of error for our 95% confidence interval would stay the same since the level of confidence has not changed. b. The margin of error for our 95% confidence interval would decrease. c. σ would decrease. d. The margin of error for our 95% confidence interval would increase.
The margin of error for the 95% confidence interval would decrease if the lifetimes of a random sample of 100 rats were measured instead of 25. This is because the standard error of the mean (SEM) decreases as the sample size increases. A larger sample size leads to a smaller standard error of the mean and, therefore, a narrower confidence interval.
What is a confidence interval?
A confidence interval is a range of values that are likely to contain the population parameter of interest with a given level of confidence. In this case, we are interested in estimating the true mean lifetime of rats exposed to 10 Sv of radiation using a sample mean and a confidence interval.
What is the standard error of the mean?
The standard error of the mean (SEM) is a measure of the precision of the sample mean estimate. It is defined as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean. The SEM decreases as the sample size increases, indicating that larger samples are more precise estimators of the population mean.
What is the formula for the margin of error?
The formula for the margin of error (ME) is ME = z* (SEM) where z* is the critical value of the standard normal distribution corresponding to the desired level of confidence. For a 95% confidence interval, z* = 1.96. Therefore, the margin of error decreases as the SEM decreases (with a constant level of confidence). Therefore, if the lifetimes of a random sample of 100 rats were measured instead of 25, the margin of error for the 95% confidence interval would decrease.
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the mushroom, psilocybe cubensis, is theorized to be the famed indic hallucinogenic substance known as soma. True or False?
It is false that the mushroom, psilocybe cubensis, is theorized to be the famed indic hallucinogenic substance known as soma.
Psilocybe cubensis is a species of mushroom that contains the psychoactive compound psilocybin, which can produce hallucinogenic effects when consumed. However, there is no evidence to support the theory that this mushroom was the source of the hallucinogenic substance known as soma in ancient Indian texts.
The identity of soma is a subject of debate among scholars, and it is not clear what plant or substance was actually used to produce its effects. Some researchers have suggested that soma may have been a type of mushroom, while others have proposed that it was made from a mixture of plant materials, or that it was a purely symbolic or mythical substance.
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the location of the greatest remaining natural biodiversity
Brazil is the country with the greatest biodiversity of flora and fauna on the planet. Brazil has the highest number of species of known mammals and freshwater fish, and more than 50,000 species of trees and bushes, it takes first place in plant diversity.
The range and variability of life on Earth is referred to as biodiversity or biological diversity. The term "biodiversity" refers to the measurement of variety at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecological (ecosystem diversity) levels.
Because of the warm environment and high primary productivity in the area close to the equator, biodiversity is not evenly distributed around the planet; it is typically higher in the tropics. Less than 10% of the area of the earth is covered by tropical forest ecosystems, which also house 90% of all species. The Western Pacific coasts, which have the warmest sea surface temperatures, and the mid-latitudinal band of all oceans typically have higher levels of marine life. Variations in species diversity can be found along latitudinal lines. As a result of deforestation, biodiversity has been rising over time and tends to concentrate in hotspots. Nevertheless, this increase will likely slow down in the coming years. It includes all of the biological processes—evolutionary, ecological, and cultural.
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in vessel elements and sieve tube elements, only sieve tube elements _____
In vessel elements and sieve tube elements, only sieve tube elements are alive.
What are vessel elements and sieve tube elements?
Sieve-tube elements are specialized cells in angiosperms that are responsible for conducting food. A sieve-tube element's long tube-like structure is made up of cells that have no nuclei, ribosomes, or vacuoles. Vessel elements are elongated cells in flowering plants' xylem that are specialized for water transportation.
They are shorter and broader than tracheid, and they are arranged end to end. Vessel elements are often found in pairs or clusters, and they have perforations in their end walls that allow for water to flow through them. Vessel elements and sieve-tube elements are non-living cells.
In both types of cells, the nuclei and other organelles are lost as the cells mature. However, sieve tube elements are unique in that they are living cells with organelles that can continue to function throughout the plant's lifetime. So, in vessel elements and sieve tube elements, only sieve tube elements are alive.
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What would happen to a cell if a chemical prevented mRNA from leaving the cell's nucleus?
Responses:
Translation would stop, and the cell could not produce proteins.
The nucleus would break down the mRNA until it could leave.
Proteins would be produced within the cell's nucleus.
Translation would proceed, allowing the cell to produce proteins.
Translation would halt and the cell would be unable to create proteins if a chemical prevented mRNA from exiting the nucleus. From the DNA in the nucleus, mRNA transports the genetic data to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the data is translated into a protein.
Translation cannot take place if mRNA cannot exit the nucleus and reach the ribosomes. The cell cannot generate proteins, which are necessary for numerous biological activities, without translation.
TranslationWhen a ribosome connects to an mRNA molecule at the start codon, translation can start. Based on the mRNA codon sequence, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules subsequently deliver amino acids to the ribosome.
The tRNA molecules carry the correct amino acid that corresponds to each codon and have an anticodon that matches the codon sequence in the mRNA.
The tRNA molecule is then released when the ribosome facilitates the development of a peptide bond between the amino acids. Up until it reaches a stop codon, the ribosome travels along the mRNA molecule, adding more amino acids to the expanding protein chain.
The finished protein molecule is now released from the ribosome and begins to fold into its final three-dimensional form.
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The Institute for Therapeutic Massage offers an oncology massage-certificate program that exceeds the training hour
requirements for certification in New Jersey. How many hours does the course comprise?
800
700
600
900
The 700-hour, NJ State-approved OMCP massage therapy programme may be finished in 10 months while attending our daytime sessions.
The cost of massage therapy education in New Jersey?We at NJ School of Massage support an easy and transparent application procedure. The cost of tuition is $7,000.00* and it includes a school t-shirt and free tutoring. Although it is not necessary to purchase a massage table in order to enrol, the school may obtain one for you at a great discount.
You will be prepared to become a New Jersey licenced massage therapist after completing this 684-hour complete curriculum. 48 online hours, 536 lecture and lab hours, and 100 hours of supervised clinical practise make up the curriculum.
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Chocolate Piece
1st (closest to candle)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th (farthest from candle)
Time to Start Melting
(minutes : seconds)
In general, the chocolate closest to the candle would start melting first, followed by the chocolate pieces progressively farther away.
The exact time it would take for each chocolate piece to start melting would depend on the factors like the size and shape of the chocolate pieces.
What is chocolate melting?
Chocolate melting refers to the process of changing solid chocolate into a liquid state by heating it. Chocolate is made up of cocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and other ingredients such as milk powder or flavorings. When heated, the cocoa butter in chocolate melts and becomes a liquid, which makes the chocolate soft and malleable.
Melting chocolate is a crucial step in many chocolate recipes, such as truffles, ganache, and chocolate-covered fruits or nuts. It can also be used as a topping or filling for cakes, cookies, and other desserts.
There are several ways to melt chocolate, including using a double boiler, microwave, or oven. It's important to melt chocolate slowly and gently, as overheating can cause the chocolate to become grainy, separate, or scorch. It's also important to stir the chocolate frequently during melting to ensure that it melts evenly and doesn't burn.
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the only place where alligators and crocodiles coexist is ?
The only place where alligators and crocodiles coexist is in the southeastern United States. Both species are found in marshes, rivers, lakes, and swamps.
American crocodiles and American alligators are carnivorous and primarily eat fish, turtles, and small mammals, although they have been known to attack larger prey such as deer and cattle. They are also important predators in their respective ecosystems, playing a critical role in maintaining ecological balance. While both species are considered dangerous and should be treated with caution, American crocodiles are generally more reclusive and less likely to attack humans than American alligators. However, it's important to remember that any interaction with either species should be avoided for your own safety and the safety of the animals.
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Which sentence correctly describes inducers and co-repressors?
A. They bind to each other to either repress or de-repress expression of an operon.
B. They bind simultaneously to different sites on the same protein to control expression of an operon.
C. Both interact with a cognate repressor to regulate transcription of an operon.
D. Both are encoded by structural genes found on their respective operons.
E. Both are DNA-binding proteins.
The correct sentence that describes inducers and co-repressors is A. They bind to each other to either repress or de-repress expression of an operon.
Inducers and co-repressors are small molecules that regulate the expression of operons in prokaryotes. They bind to each other to either repress or de-repress expression of an operon. Inducers and co-repressors are small molecules that regulate the expression of operons in prokaryotes. They are responsible for binding to each other in order to either repress or de-repress the expression of an operon. The relationship between inducers and co-repressors is crucial to the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic organisms.
Inducers are small molecules that can activate the transcription of specific genes. They do this by binding to transcription factors and stimulating the transcription process. Co-repressors, on the other hand, can repress the transcription of genes. They do this by binding to transcription factors and preventing the transcription process from occurring. Both inducers and co-repressors are important for regulating the expression of operons in prokaryotic organisms.
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Compare the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems against the percent of Earth’s surface area they occupy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Aquatic ecosystems cover about 70% of Earth’s surface while terrestrial ecosystems cover about 28.26% 12. However, terrestrial ecosystems are much more productive than aquatic ecosystems per unit area. Terrestrial ecosystems account for about 2/3 of the biosphere’s primary producers while aquatic ecosystems account for only about 1/3, despite occupying a larger surface area 3. This means that terrestrial ecosystems are 5-6 times more productive than aquatic ecosystems per unit area 3.
The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called?
Answer:
Transpiration
Explanation:
Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapour into the air from their leaves
Why is it important to scientists that mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar characteristics as bacteria?
in a chloroplast, where is carbon dioxide used to produce a carbohydrate?
Answer:
In plants, carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the chloroplast through the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast—the site of the Calvin cycle reactions where sugar is synthesized.
Explanation:
Explain how nitrogen moves through the cycle between the atmosphere and the earth. Discuss some ways that human activity disrupts the nitrogen cycle.
Answer:
When creatures produce waste or pass away and are broken down by bacteria and fungus, nitrogen is released back into the soil. By converting nitrate and nitrite into nitrogen gas, bacteria release nitrogen back into the atmosphere (also called denitrification).
Humans are altering the global cycle of N via combustion of fossil fuels, production of nitrogen fertilizers, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing legumes, and other actions
Explanation:
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Which type of mixture is it, if the solid settles out of the mixture over time? O suspensiono homogenouso colloidsolution
If the solid settles out of the mixture over time, the mixture is a suspension.
The mixture termed a suspension if the solid eventually separates from it.
In a suspension, solid particles that are large enough to settle out over time are spread throughout a liquid. The combination is therefore not homogeneous, and the particles are visible to the unaided eye.
A homogeneous mixture, usually referred to as a solution, is a sort of mixture in which the particles are dispersed uniformly and do not settle out. A colloid is a form of mixture in which the particles are not soluble over time and are an intermediate size between those in a suspension and those in a solution.
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what two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?
The two muscles that attach distally to the calcaneal tendon are: (b) gastrocnemius and soleus.
Calcaneal tendon is also known by other names like Achilles tendon or heel cord. It is present at the back of the lower leg and attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone. This is the thickest tendon of the human body. The tendon is composed of tough fibrous tissues.
Gastrocnemius acts as the chief muscle of the calf in the leg. It supports the actions of walking and posture. Soleus is a powerful muscle, situated deep to the gastrocnemius. Both of these muscles along with another muscle called plantaris form the triceps surae which runs into the calcaneal tendon.
Therefore the correct answer is option b.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
What two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?
a. tibialis posterior and popliteus
b. gastrocnemius and soleus
c. flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
d. tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
e. extensor hallucis longus and fibularis longus
Which stressor causes high concentrations of abscisic acid to travel from the roots to the shoot?A) DroughtB) FloodingC) High temperatureD) SalinityE) Heavy metal toxicity
Drought causes high concentrations of abscisic acid to travel from the roots to the shoot.
Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that plays a role in regulating plant responses to stress. During drought, water availability decreases, and this triggers the production of abscisic acid in the roots.
The abscisic acid then moves through the xylem to the shoot, where it triggers a variety of responses that help the plant conserve water. These responses include closing of stomata, reduction in shoot growth, and increase in root growth. By reducing water loss, these responses help the plant survive during periods of drought stress.
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1. How is it possible to choke on your food?
Windpipe tissue breaks down.
There are excess cilia in the trachea.
The epiglottis gets overloaded.
Mucus moves downward instead of upward.
Answer:
C) The epiglottis gets overloaded.
as they walked through the haunted house, every room heightened their fear and anxiety. the walls of one room moved to close in around them, while in another they had to lie in coffins, which then opened up beneath them. which division of their ans was most active, and which neurotransmitter(s) would be involved in this pathway? select all that apply.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is likely most active during the haunted house experience. The SNS is the part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body's "fight-or-flight" response.
This response causes a release of the neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline, resulting in increased heart rate, sweating, and other physiological changes.
In addition, other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin may also be involved. Dopamine is typically involved in feelings of pleasure, but when released too quickly or in large quantities it can cause feelings of fear. Serotonin is linked to feelings of well-being, but it can also be involved in feelings of anxiety.
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As they walked through the haunted house, every room heightened their fear and anxiety. the walls of one room moved to close in around them, while in another they had to lie in coffins, which then opened up beneath them. which division of their answer was most active, and which neurotransmitter(s) would be involved in this pathway? select all that apply.
A. sympathetic nervous system
B. Central nervous system
C. Peripheral nervous system
D. none
what type of molecule contained within the capsule of some organisms can cleave antibodies, rendering them useless?
The molecule you are referring to is called a "capsule polysaccharide," and it can interfere with the binding of antibodies to the surface of bacteria, rendering them ineffective.
Capsule polysaccharides are complex carbohydrate molecules that are found on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. These polysaccharides can inhibit the binding of antibodies to the bacterial surface, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and eliminate the bacteria. This can be particularly problematic in the case of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is a major cause of pneumonia and meningitis, especially in young children and elderly individuals.
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what is the outstanding characteristic of the kingdom fungi? group of answer choices members absorb dissolved inorganic matter. members absorb dissolved organic matter. all members are macroscopic. all members are microscopic. all members are photosynthetic.
The characteristic feature of the kingdom fungi is that its members absorb dissolved organic matter. The correct option B is: Members absorb dissolved organic matter.
Fungi are a distinct group of heterotrophic microorganisms with diverse ecological roles, including symbiotic mutualisms with plants and nutrient cycling in soils, plant litter, and aquatic environments.The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. Most fungi reproduce sexually, but some may also reproduce asexually. They're found in practically every environment on Earth, from the arctic to the tropics and from the tops of mountains to the bottom of the sea.Most fungi are decomposers and absorb dissolved organic matter. Some are parasitic, deriving their nutrients from a host, while others are mutualistic, providing benefits to a host in exchange for nutrients. Some fungi are harmful pathogens that cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals.Learn more about kingdom fungi: https://brainly.com/question/10878050
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in smooth muscle, the structures analogous to z lines in skeletal muscle are called group of answer choices s lines gap junctions. intercalated disks mlck dense bodies
In smooth muscle, the structures analogous to Z lines in skeletal muscle are called dense bodies. The correct answer is dense bodies.
Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary, non-striated muscle that contracts and relaxes involuntarily, sometimes referred to as visceral muscle. It is found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, esophagus, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, and blood vessels, among others.
The structures analogous to Z lines in skeletal muscle are called dense bodies in smooth muscle. Z-lines are responsible for anchoring the sarcomere and giving the muscle fiber its characteristic striated appearance.
Dense bodies in smooth muscle, on the other hand, are responsible for anchoring the actin filaments and providing a contraction site for the muscle fiber. As a result, in smooth muscle, the dense bodies can be considered the equivalent of Z-lines in skeletal muscle.
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why is fermentation a required pathway for providing cellular energy when oxygen is unavailable or in insufficient supply?
-NAD+ is not regenerated by the electron transport chain
-ATP production requires oxygen
-NADH cannot be reduced to NAD+
-lactic acid or ethanol can be used to generate oxygen
-cells need either lactic or ethanol when oxygen is low
Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that helps provide cellular energy when oxygen is unavailable or in insufficient supply.
Fermentation allows cells to use anaerobic respiration to break down sugars, such as glucose, and produce ATP during which, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not regenerated by the electron transport chain, which is why it is used to help power the cell when oxygen is limited. ATP production requires oxygen to be present in order for the electron transport chain to occur and NADH (reduced form of NAD+) cannot be reduced to NAD+ without oxygen.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, releasing NADH in the process while Ethanol fermentation occurs when pyruvate is converted to ethanol, also releasing NADH. Therefore, cells need either lactic acid or ethanol when oxygen is low in order to generate ATP and provide energy for the cell.
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