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Total energy of the cart-spring system is 11.25 Joules.

A more detailed explanation of the answer.

The total energy of the cart-spring system with a spring constant of 2.5×10⁴ N/m, a 1.4-kg cart, and an amplitude of vibration of 0.030 m calculated using the formula for the potential energy stored in a spring:

PE = (1/2) * k * x²

where k is the spring constant (2.5×10⁴ N/m) and x is the amplitude of vibration (0.030 m).

Step 1: Put the values into the formula given
PE = (1/2) * (2.5×10⁴ N/m) * (0.030 m)²

Step 2: Calculate the potential energy
PE = 0.5 * (2.5×10⁴ N/m) * (0.0009 m²)
PE = 11.25 J (Joules)

Since the system is oscillating and there is no external force or damping, the total energy of the cart-spring system will be constant and equal to the potential energy calculated. Total energy of the cart-spring system calculated is 11.25 Joules.

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The largest amplitude that will result from two positive waves of amplitude 4.0 meters and 6.0 meters interfering is 10.0 meters. This is because when two waves with the same frequency interfere constructively, the resulting wave has an amplitude equal to the sum of the individual amplitudes.

When two waves of the same wavelength interfere with each other, the resultant wave can be calculated by adding the displacement of each wave at each point on the medium. This addition results in a wave with either greater or lesser amplitude than the original wave. In this question, two waves of amplitude 4.0 meters and 6.0 meters interfere with each other. We need to find out the largest amplitude that will result.

When two waves interfere with each other, their amplitude is added up. If both the waves have the same amplitude and wavelength and are in-phase, their amplitude will be added up, and the maximum amplitude that will result will be 10 meters. However, in this case, the amplitudes of the two waves are different. One has an amplitude of 4.0 meters, while the other has an amplitude of 6.0 meters.

When waves of different amplitudes interfere with each other, the amplitude of the resulting wave can be calculated by using the following formula:

Resultant amplitude = (amplitude of wave 1) + (amplitude of wave 2)

The largest amplitude that will result when a wave of amplitude 4.0 meters interferes with a second wave of amplitude 6.0 meters is:

Resultant amplitude = (amplitude of wave 1) + (amplitude of wave 2)
                   = 4.0 + 6.0
                   = 10.0 meters

Therefore, the largest amplitude that will result is 10.0 meters.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The work done (in j) on a 1450 kg elevator car by its cable to lift it 42.5 m at constant speed, assuming friction averages 130 n is 5,525 J.

The work done by the cable to lift the elevator car can be calculated using the equation W = F × d, where W is the work done, F is the force applied, and d is the distance traveled. The force in this case is the average friction, or 130 N, and the distance traveled is 42.5 m. Thus, the work done is: W = 130 N x 42.5 m = 5,525 J.

To put this into perspective, consider that 5,525 J is the equivalent energy of lifting a 1.45 kg weight 5.525 m (roughly 18 ft) vertically against the force of gravity. It is also the equivalent energy of lifting 1.45 kg at a 45-degree angle over a distance of 3.937 m (roughly 13 ft).

This calculation demonstrates the amount of energy needed to lift the 1450 kg elevator car 42.5 m. Since this is done at a constant speed, it is a testament to the engineering that allows for such a feat with only 130 N of friction.

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At the geosynchronous orbit, the dipole magnetic field strength is 0.3 nT.

This means that the dipole magnetic field strength at geosynchronous orbit is around 10 000 nT. At the geosynchronous orbit, the strength of the dipole magnetic field is 0.3 nT. The dipole magnetic field is the simplest type of magnetic field that we know. It's generated by the magnetic moment of a simple magnet. This field, in contrast to other magnetic fields, is symmetric about a specific axis.

A geosynchronous orbit is a circular orbit that is equatorial and orbits the Earth. It has a period of 24 hours, which is the same as the Earth's rotation time. Since the Earth is not a perfect dipole, the dipole magnetic field strength varies at different locations. At the equator, the dipole magnetic field strength is 30 000 nT on the surface.

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Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf E = 42 \ J}[/tex]

Explanation:

Force = F = 6 N

Distance = d = 7 m

Energy = E = ?

Here, Energy is gained in the form of work done. So, the formula will be:

E = Fd

Put the given data in the above formula.

E = (6)(7)

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

The clock face rule can be used to determine this magnet's polarity. Each face of a loop will display the North Pole if indeed the current is running anticlockwise. The South Pole is visible on the loop's face.

Correct option is, E.

This dipole establishes an axis that splits the surface of the Earth into two geomagnetic poles, which are antipodal points. Its magnetic north pole is located at 72.68°W longitude with 80.65°N latitude, or the magnetic south pole is located at 107.32°E longitude or 80.65°S latitude, according to the WMM2020 coefficients in 2020.0.

In the plane of a table inside the loop, the magnetic field is directed perpendicularly downward; beyond the loop, it is directed outward. The north pole is on the plane's top side, and the south pole is on the lower side.

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The observer hears a frequency of 1715 Hz if the speed of the observer is twice the speed of sound as it depends on the speed of the observer, the speed of the sound, and the frequency of the sound.

In this case, the observer is approaching the sound source at a speed twice the speed of sound. To calculate the frequency the observer will hear, we can use the formula given below:

frequency heard = (v ± u) / (v ± us) * frequency emitted where

v is the speed of sound

u is the speed of the observer

f emitted is the frequency of the sound emitted

The frequency of the sound source is given as 1000 Hz. The speed of sound in air is approximately 343 m/s. Therefore, we can calculate the frequency heard by the observer as follows:

f heard = (v + u) / (v + us) * f emitted

f heard = (343 + (2 × 343)) / (343 + (2 × 343 / 343)) * 1000

f heard = 1715 Hz

In physics, the Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is either moving toward the source of the wave or away from it. When an observer is moving toward a stationary sound source, he hears a higher frequency, and when he moves away from the sound source, he hears a lower frequency.

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Answer:

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. To calculate the volume of the piece of pine wood, you can rearrange the formula for density to solve for volume: Volume = Mass / Density.

First, we need to convert the mass of the wood from kilograms to grams: 3.84 kg * 1000 g/kg = 3840 g.

Now we can use the given values for mass and density to calculate the volume:

Volume = Mass / Density = 3840 g / 0.77 g/cm3 ≈ 4987 cm3

The piece of pine wood would take up a volume of approximately 4987 cubic centimeters (cm3).

The action spectrum is broader than the absorption spectrum because it takes into account all wavelengths of light that can drive a particular biological process, not just those absorbed by a specific pigment.

The action spectrum shows the efficiency of a biological process, such as photosynthesis or vision, at different wavelengths of light. It measures the biological response to each wavelength, regardless of which pigment is responsible for absorbing the light.

On the other hand, the absorption spectrum only shows the wavelengths absorbed by a particular pigment, such as chlorophyll or rhodopsin. Therefore, the action spectrum is broader than the absorption spectrum because it considers all the wavelengths that can activate the biological process, while the absorption spectrum only shows the wavelengths absorbed by a specific pigment.

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Mechanical waves are waves that require a medium in order to travel, such as air, water, and solids. They are created by vibrating objects, such as a tuning fork, and move in a direction by causing the particles in the medium to vibrate and transmit energy.

Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, do not need a medium to travel. They are created by charged particles that are in motion and do not require a medium to travel through, instead they travel through empty space.
Mechanical waves differ from electromagnetic waves because mechanical waves need a medium for their propagation while electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation.

The correct answer is option A. Factually accurate, professional, and friendly responses are always a priority. When responding to a question, provide a clear, accurate, and straightforward answer while adhering to the platform's policies and procedures.A mechanical wave is a type of wave that travels through a medium, such as a solid, liquid, or gas. Sound waves and seismic waves are examples of mechanical waves.

The vibration of particles within the medium is used to transport the wave, which is what sets it apart. In contrast, electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves, do not require a medium to propagate. These waves can travel through a vacuum, which is a space devoid of matter.

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The rf value for a spot in a TLC experiment if the solvent moved 12.8 cm and the spot moved 9.0 cm from the origin is 0.7031.

In a TLC experiment, the rf value can be calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the solute by the distance traveled by the solvent.

The solvent moved 12.8 cm. The spot moved 9.0 cm from the origin. To calculate the rf value,

we use the formula:

rf value = distance traveled by solute / distance traveled by solvent

rf value = 9.0 cm / 12.8 cm

rf value = 0.7031

Therefore, the rf value for the given spot in a TLC experiment is 0.7031.

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Aluminum is the metal with a specific heat capacity that is most similar to the measured value.

Definition of specific heat capacity

The amount of heat needed to increase a unit mass of a substance's temperature by one kelvin is known as the object's specific heat capacity.

Where c is the specific heat capacity and is the change in temperature, Q = mC

For this initial test, set the mass of the metal at 50 g and the mass of the water at 50 g.

It is determined how much heat the water absorbs.

Q = 50 x 4.184 x 8.4 Q = 1757.28J

For the initial test, the metal's specific heat capacity is determined as follows;

Heat from water is equal to heat from metal.

C = Q/m Δθ

17.57.28/50x8.4 C equals 4.184 J/goC.

For the second test, the metal's specific heat capacity was 200 g for 200 g of water.

C2 is equal to 1757.28/150x15.2 and 0.77 J/goC.

The metal's third trial's specific heat capacity is C3 = 1757.28/250x20.8 C3 = 0.34 J/goC.

Fourth trial specific heat capacity of the metal: C4 = 1757.28/350x25.4 C4 = 0.19 J/goC

For the sixth test, the metal's specific heat capacity was 1757.28/450x29.6 C5, or 0.13 J/goC.

C = 1.12 J/goC, the average specific heat capacity

Aluminum is a metal with a specific heat capacity that is comparable to the figure shown above.

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1) There is work done on Mercury as it revolves around the sun.

2) There is torque acting on Mercury as it revolves around the sun.  

3) The difference in speeds of Mercury from one month to another can be explained by its elliptical orbit.  

4) Using planetary values for Mercury, the period of revolution is 88 days.

1) There is work done on mercury as it revolves around the sun. As Mercury is in a relatively elliptical orbit, its speed will vary depending on its distance from the sun. This is because the force of gravity between the two objects causes a gravitational potential energy to be converted into kinetic energy.

As mercury orbits closer to the sun, its velocity increases, which means that the kinetic energy of the system is also increasing. As it moves farther away from the sun, its velocity decreases and kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy. This cycle repeats over and over again as mercury orbits the sun.

2) There is torque acting on mercury as it revolves around the sun. The torque is created by the gravitational pull of the sun on the planet, resulting in a change in its angular momentum. This torque is caused by the gravitational force of the sun, which causes a net force on the planet. Since this force is not aligned with the direction of motion of the planet, it creates a torque. This torque causes the planet to precess, which means that the direction of the axis of rotation changes over time.

3) The difference in speeds of mercury from one month to another can be explained by the eccentricity of its orbit. Mercury has a highly eccentric orbit, which means that it is not a perfect circle. When it is closer to the sun, it experiences a greater gravitational force and therefore moves faster. When it is farther from the sun, the gravitational force is weaker and it moves slower.

4) Using planetary values for mercury, we can find the period of revolution by using the formula:

T = 2π√(a^3/GM),

where T is the period of revolution, a is the semi-major axis of the orbit, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the sun.

For mercury, we have:

A = 5.79 × 10^10 meters, M = 1.99 × 10^30 kg

Plugging these values into the equation, we get:

T = 2π√[(5.79 × 10^10)^3/(6.6743 × 10^-11 × 1.99 × 10^30)]T = 87.96 days

Therefore, the period of revolution for mercury is approximately 88 days.

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When two parallel feeders are installed to each of the synchronous condensers, the conductors can be sized for double the value of the required ampacity.

Let's discuss it further below.

A synchronous condenser is a rotating electric device that performs reactive power compensation by either generating or absorbing reactive power to regulate voltage levels in power systems. The unit's active power output is small or zero.

A synchronous condenser's performance is often expressed in terms of its reactive power rating, which is specified in units of kilovolt-amperes-reactive (kVAR). It must be operated with a certain amount of mechanical power and is usually driven by an electric motor.

The synchronous condenser aids in the regulation of transmission voltage levels and the stabilization of power system operations in response to disturbances. When in the form of an electric motor, it also serves as a mechanical brake for turning devices when shut down.

A conductor is a material that carries an electrical current. Metals are typically good conductors. For electrical applications, copper and aluminum are widely used. Gold, silver, and copper are the best electrical conductors. Among metals, the most commonly used for electrical wiring are copper and aluminum.

Ampacity refers to the maximum amount of electrical current that can be carried by a conductor. It is a function of the conductor's cross-sectional area, the material it is composed of, and the temperature of the conductor.

The ampacity of a conductor must be greater than or equal to the load's current to prevent overheating and conductor failure. When multiple conductors are grouped together, derating factors are used to account for the increased temperature that results from the conductors' proximity to one another.

The ampacity of conductors connected to synchronous condensers may be sized for twice the value of the required ampacity when two parallel feeders are used.

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Answer:

Density is calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume. In this case, the mass of the cooking oil is 174 g and its volume is 200 mL (or 0.2 L). So the density of the oil can be calculated as follows:

Density = Mass / Volume Density = 174 g / 0.2 L Density = 870 g/L

So the density of the cooking oil is approximately 870 g/L.

Answer:

Electrical : Lightning

Mechanical : Compressed Springs

Elastic : Coiled Spring

Explanation:

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When two substances with different temperatures come into contact, thermal energy is transferred from the warmer substance to the cooler substance.

This is due to the fact that thermal energy flows from higher temperature regions to lower temperature regions in an attempt to reach thermal equilibrium, where both substances have the same temperature.

During this process, the warmer substance loses thermal energy as its temperature decreases, while the cooler substance gains thermal energy as its temperature increases. This transfer of thermal energy is called heat transfer and can occur through three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. The specific mechanism of heat transfer that occurs depends on the nature of the substances and the conditions under which they are in contact.

Therefore, the correct answer to your question is "Thermal energy is transferred from the warmer substance to the cooler substance."

What is thermal energy ?

Thermal energy is the energy that is associated with the temperature of an object or a system. It is a type of internal energy that is related to the random motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object or system. The greater the temperature of an object or system, the greater its thermal energy.

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The average acceleration of the baseball during the throwing motion is approximately 635.2 m/s^2.

We can use the following equation to calculate the average acceleration of the ball,

a = (v_f - v_i) / t

where a is the average acceleration, v_f is the final velocity (in this case, the velocity of the ball when it is released), v_i is the initial velocity (in this case, the velocity of the ball when it is behind the pitcher's body and has not yet been thrown), and t is the time taken to throw the ball.

We know that the speed of the ball when it is released is 42 m/s, and we can assume that it starts from rest when it is behind the pitcher's body.

v_f = 42 m/s

v_i = 0 m/s

We also know that the ball is thrown through a displacement of 3.5 m, and we can estimate the time taken to throw the ball using the average speed of the throwing motion. Let's assume that the average speed of the throwing motion is half the speed of the ball when it is released, or 21 m/s. Then, the time taken to throw the ball is,

t = d / v_avg

t = 3.5 m / 21 m/s

t = 0.1667 s

Now we can plug in our values for v_f, v_i, and t to find the average acceleration,

a = (42 m/s - 0 m/s) / 0.1667 s

a = 251.99 m/s^2

The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s^2, so we can add this to our previous calculation to get,

a_avg = a + g

a_avg = 251.99 m/s^2 + 9.81 m/s^2

a_avg = 635.2 m/s^2

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When a plumb bob hangs from the roof of a railroad car, the car moves in a circular path with a radius of 300.0 m at a speed of 90.0 km/h, it hangs at an angle of 81.3° relative to the vertical.

To determine the angle at which the plumb bob hangs relative to the vertical, we must first determine the force acting on the plumb bob.

The force acting on the plumb bob is a centripetal force given by the equation:

F = mv²/r

where F is the centripetal force, m is the mass of the plumb bob, v is the velocity of the car, and r is the radius of the circular path. We must first convert the speed of the car from km/h to m/s.

1 km/h = 0.278 m/s

Therefore, 90.0 km/h = 25.0 m/s

The mass of the plumb bob is not given, so we will assume it to be 1 kg. The centripetal force acting on the plumb bob is:

F = (1 kg)(25.0 m/s)²/300.0 mF = 520.8 N

Next, we need to resolve the forces acting on the plumb bob in order to determine the angle at which it hangs relative to the vertical. The forces acting on the plumb bob are its weight and the centripetal force. The weight of the plumb bob is given by:

W = mg

where W is the weight, m is the mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, which is 9.81 m/s².

W = (1 kg)(9.81 m/s²)

W = 9.81 N

To resolve these forces, we use the following equation:

tanθ = F/W

where θ is the angle relative to the vertical.

θ = tan⁻¹(F/W)

θ = tan⁻¹(520.8 N/9.81 N)

θ = 81.3°

Therefore, the plumb bob hangs at an angle of 81.3° relative to the vertical.

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The value of magnetic field pointing into the page so that the proton just misses colliding with the opposite plate is 0.136 T.
The proton's motion can be explained by the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force formula is F = q(v x B), where F is the force on the particle, q is the particle's charge, v is the velocity of the particle, and B is the magnetic field. For a particle traveling in a straight line through a magnetic field, the Lorentz force provides a centripetal force that bends the particle's path into a circle. The centripetal force on the proton is given by: F = mv^2/r where m is the proton's mass, v is its velocity, and r is the radius of its path. The centripetal force is also given by F = qvB, so we can set these two equations equal to each other to get: mv^2 / r = q v B. We can rearrange this equation to solve for B: B = m v / q r. Since the proton travels through the slit between the plates, it will collide with the opposite plate if the radius of its path is less than the distance between the plates.

So, we need to solve for the magnetic field that will cause the radius of the proton's path to be just equal to the distance between the plates: r = d/2. Because the plates are parallel, the magnetic field must be perpendicular to the plane of the plates. So, the magnetic field must point into the page. Therefore, the value of magnetic field pointing into the page so that the proton just misses colliding with the opposite plate is B = m v / (q d/2). Now, let's substitute the given values: m = 1.67 x 10^-27 kg, v = 3.5 x 10^6 ms^-1, q = 1.6 x 10^-19 C, d = 0.23 m. So, B = (1.67 x 10^-27 kg) (3.5 x 10^6 ms^-1) / (1.6 x 10^-19 C) (0.23 m / 2) B = 0.136 T

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I don't really know this the right answer, but i the answer is 2.00cm

Answer: 24 cm

Explanation:

F = 15 cm; d = 40 cm;

f - ?

[tex] \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{15} - \frac{1}{40} = \frac{1}{24} [/tex]

f = 24 cm (according to the proportion)

1. Total Mechanical Energy ≈ 5.2 J

2. Smallest x ≈ 0.3m

3. Largest x ≈ 1.8m

A more detailed explanation of the answer.

1. To find the total mechanical energy of the system, we need to add the potential energy (PE) and the kinetic energy (KE) at x=1.0m. From the figure, we can approximate that the potential energy at x=1.0m is around 1.6 J. Given that the kinetic energy is 3.6 J, the total mechanical energy can be calculated as:

Total Mechanical Energy = PE + KE
Total Mechanical Energy = 1.6 J + 3.6 J
Total Mechanical Energy ≈ 5.2 J

2. To find the smallest value of x the particle can reach, we need to look for the smallest x value where the potential energy is less than or equal to the total mechanical energy (5.2 J). By examining the figure, we can approximate the smallest value of x the particle can reach:

Smallest x ≈ 0.3m

3. To find the largest value of x the particle can reach, we need to look for the largest x value where the potential energy is less than or equal to the total mechanical energy (5.2 J). By examining the figure, we can approximate the largest value of x the particle can reach:

Largest x ≈ 1.8m

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The rate of heat removal from refrigerator  is 0.703 kw.

A Carnot refrigerator removes the heat from the cold reservoir and discharges it to the hot reservoir with the help of external work input.

The Carnot coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is given as:

COP = QL / W

where,

QL is the heat removed from the cold reservoir

W is the work input in the refrigerator.

Since the refrigerator is Carnot, the coefficient of performance is COP = TC / (TH - TC)

The temperature of the cold reservoir is Tc = 5.1°C

The temperature of the hot reservoir is Th = 15.9°C.

The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is: COP = 5.1 / (15.9 - 5.1)= 0.406

The work input required by the refrigerator is W = QL / COP

where, QL is the heat removed from the cold reservoir.

The heat removed from the cold reservoir is equal to the heat discharged to the hot reservoir since the refrigerator is Carnot.

The rate of heat removal from the refrigerator is given as: P = QL = W * COP = 1731 * 0.406= 702.786 W= 0.7028 kW

Thus, the rate of heat removal from the refrigerator is 0.7028 kW.

Answer: 0.703 kW (rounded to 3 decimal places)

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A) It takes thousands of years to make non-renewable resources, so we could run out.

B) preventing habitat destruction and by reducing pollution.

The correct answer is A: It takes thousands of years to make non-renewable resources, so we could run out. Non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Once they are depleted, they cannot be replaced for thousands or even millions of years. As a result, it is crucial to conserve and find alternatives for non-renewable energy to ensure a sustainable energy supply for future generations.

The correct answer is B: preventing habitat destruction and by reducing pollution. Conservation practices aim to reduce the use of natural resources, minimize waste, and protect the environment. By using fewer resources and producing less waste, conservation helps to preserve natural habitats and prevent environmental degradation. This, in turn, helps to reduce pollution and protect biodiversity. While conservation alone cannot solve all environmental problems, it is an essential component of sustainable development and can help to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on the planet.

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Kinetic energy rises along with the skater's pace. The kinetic energy rises as the speed falls.

A skateboard will have greater kinetic energy as it glides more quickly up or down a slope. Some of this kinetic energy, which was transformed into motion through friction, will be lost as heat when skaters reach the bottom of the ramp and begin travelling again in a horizontal direction (between surfaces).

As the skateboarder changes positions along the track and changes velocities, her potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy (KE), or the energy of motion. The system's total potential energy determines how much kinetic energy the skateboarder can have at any given time.

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The possible resonant values m can take for a system with asymmetric boundary conditions are given below:

Asymmetric boundary conditions, such as a string fixed at one end and free at the other end, have resonant m-values that are odd integers (1, 3, 5, etc.). The first resonant frequency occurs when the length of the string is equal to half the wavelength of the standing wave.

The resonant frequencies of a string with asymmetric boundary conditions, such as a string fixed at one end and free at the other, are all odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency (1f, 3f, 5f, etc.). Standing waves have antinodes at the open end of the string and nodes at the fixed end, resulting in odd harmonics.

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The period of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit is 24 hours. This is because a geosynchronous orbit is an orbit around the Earth with a period of one day, meaning the satellite revolves around the Earth at the same rate that the Earth rotates on its axis.

A satellite is a space vehicle or a machine that orbits the Earth, the Moon, or other planets, or celestial bodies to collect data, take images, and conduct experiments. There are two types of satellite orbits: Geostationary Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The geosynchronous orbit is the location at which a satellite orbits around the Earth with the same period as the Earth's rotation. A satellite's orbital period, which is determined by the distance of the orbit from the Earth's center, can be calculated using Kepler's laws.

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Answer:

The ice pack must extract 15.75 kJ of thermal energy from the water to reduce its temperature by 15°C.

Explanation:

The amount of thermal energy (heat) required to change the temperature of a substance is given by the equation:

Q = m * c * ΔT

Where Q is the amount of thermal energy, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity of the substance, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the substance.

In this problem, we know the mass of the water (m = 0.25 kg), the specific heat capacity of water (c = 4.2 kJ/(kg°C)), and the change in temperature (ΔT = -15°C, since the temperature is decreasing). We want to find the amount of thermal energy (Q) that the ice pack must extract from the water to achieve this temperature change.

Plugging in the values, we get:

Q = (0.25 kg) * (4.2 kJ/(kg°C)) * (-15°C)

Q = -15.75 kJ

Since the temperature is decreasing, the thermal energy (heat) must be negative. Therefore, the ice pack must extract 15.75 kJ of thermal energy from the water to reduce its temperature by 15°C.