Each NADH carries two electrons and therefore a total of eight electrons enter into Complex I. Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields a total of four NADH molecules, one through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and three through the citric acid cycle.
Pyruvate oxidation is a metabolic process that involves oxidizing pyruvate to produce acetyl CoA. Either the loss of electrons or the addition of oxygen is referred to as oxidation. In this instance, the creation of acetyl CoA results in pyruvate losing electrons.
One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in a biological process known as glycolysis. Pyruvate is the byproduct of this process. The Krebs cycle intermediate acetyl CoA is created when pyruvate goes through pyruvate oxidation. The Krebs cycle, sometimes referred to as the citric acid cycle, is another metabolic mechanism that generates high-energy intermediates. In order to produce adenosine triphosphate, two pathways—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—both exist (ATP). The main source of energy in the body is ATP. It carries sufficient energy to drive numerous biological reactions, thus it is employed to fuel those processes.
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2. A chair is placed several feet from a fire in a fireplace. The fireplace has a glass screen. The side of the chair facing the fireplace gets warm because of____
Answer:
The heat
Explanation:
Because the fire place is facing the chair so heat is getting onto the chair
Write the adaptations of animals living in aboreal habitet.
Answer:
Arboreal animals are very well adapted to staying or hanging on to trees. Many of them have little bodies and clawed or sticky feet. Some of them have prehensile tails that they use to grasp tree branches.
Claws, adhesive pads, flexible ankle joints (such as a squirrel's) that can turn forwards and backwards are all adaptions useful for staying in place. Arboreal primates have hairless fingertips that allow the animal's hand to squeeze the branch between the fingertips to generate friction.
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These positively charged particles are found in the atomic nucleus:
A. Protons only
B. Electrons only
C. Protons and neutrons
D. Neutrons only
A. The atomic nucleus contains solely positively charged protons.
In contrast to neutrons, which are neutral particles found in the nucleus with protons, electrons are negatively charged particles that are found in the electron cloud, which is located outside the nucleus.
Atomic nucleusThe fundamental units of matter are called atoms, and they are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, three different subatomic particle kinds. In the nucleus, or the center region of an atom, protons are positively charged particles. Protons and neutrons can both be found in the nucleus, however neutrons, which are neutral particles and have no charge, are also present. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside of the nucleus in the electron cloud or the space around it.The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its atomic number, which in turn establishes the element that it belongs to.learn more about atomic nuclei here
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which of the following organisms would most likely be sensitive to natural penicillin? group of answer choices streptococcus pyogenes penicillium penicillinase-producing neisseria gonorrhoeae mycoplasma helminths
Penicillin is an antibiotic drug that specifically targets bacteria, so organisms that are sensitive to penicillin are primarily bacteria. Streptococcus pyogenes, a common cause of throat and skin infections, is highly sensitive to penicillin, as are certain species of Neisseria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea.
Mycoplasma, a type of bacteria, is also sensitive to penicillin. Penicillium, the type of fungi that produces penicillin, is, of course, not sensitive to the drug. Additionally, helminths, a type of parasitic worm, are not sensitive to penicillin because the drug only targets bacteria.
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panthers with teeth that are too short have difficulty capturing prey while panthers with teeth that are too long have difficulty chewing their food
Answer:
Yes, this is true, but certain panthers with deviations do not survive.
Explanation:
The thing is that the teeth of predatory animals are like hands, and if they are not in good condition, then they cannot use them correctly.
Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol? a. plain water b. carbonated liquids c. starchy foods d. meat products
b. Carbonated liquids are known to speed up the absorption of alcohol as they increase the rate at which the alcohol is emptied from the stomach and enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
This is because carbonated drinks create more pressure in the stomach, which can cause the pyloric valve to open more frequently, allowing alcohol to be absorbed more quickly. Drinking water or consuming starchy foods or meat products may slow down the absorption of alcohol, but they do not speed it up.
The rate of alcohol absorption can be influenced by various factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, the concentration of alcohol in the drink, the carbonation of the drink, and other factors. Carbonated drinks have been shown to speed up the absorption of alcohol because the carbonation increases the pressure in the stomach, which can cause the pyloric valve to open more frequently. This allows alcohol to be absorbed more quickly into the bloodstream.
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four muscles that originate on the scapula, wrap around the joint, and fuse to form one large tendon are called the:
Answer: rotator cuff
Explanation: The four muscles that originate on the scapula, wrap around the joint, and fuse to form one large tendon are called the rotator cuff. These stabilize the shoulder joint and allow the arm to be lifted.
in a certain plant, when individuals with blue flowers are crossed with individuals with blue flowers, only blue flowers are produced. plants with red flowers crossed with plants with red flowers sometimes produce only red flowers, although other times they produce either red or blue flowers. when plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with blue flowers, sometimes only red flowers are produced; other times either red or blue flowers are produced. which gene is dominant?
the asnswer is red, means the red flower gene is dominant.
dna is considered a polymer: a large biological molecule composed of many smaller, repeating subunits. the smaller molecules that are covalently bonded together to make a large polymer are called monomers. what term is used to refer to the monomers of nucleic acids (like dna and as we will see later rna)?
The smaller molecules that are covalently bonded together to form a large polymer such as DNA are called nucleotides. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are the building blocks or monomers of nucleic acids, which are the large polymers that make up genetic material such as DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are critical molecules that store and transmit genetic information in living organisms.
Nucleotides are small organic molecules that consist of three main components: a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
The nitrogenous base can be one of four types: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA. The sugar molecule in DNA is called deoxyribose, while in RNA it is called ribose. The phosphate group is a functional group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
The nucleotides are covalently bonded together through a process known as condensation or dehydration synthesis, in which a phosphate group from one nucleotide forms a covalent bond with the sugar molecule of another nucleotide, resulting in the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
This repeated bonding of nucleotides forms a long chain, with the phosphate groups and sugar molecules forming the backbone, and the nitrogenous bases extending from the backbone. The sequence of the nitrogenous bases in the nucleotide chain determines the genetic information encoded in the nucleic acid.
Nucleotides play a crucial role in the structure and function of nucleic acids. They provide the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which are responsible for various cellular functions.
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA carries the genetic information that is passed from one generation to another during reproduction and plays a key role in the heredity and diversity of living organisms.
In summary, nucleotides are the smaller molecules that are covalently bonded together to form the large polymers known as nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.
They serve as the monomers or building blocks of nucleic acids, carrying the genetic information necessary for the structure and function of living organisms.
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what do you notice about the number of hydrogen bonds that exist between the nucleotides?
The number of hydrogen bonds that exist between the nucleotides are The Adenine - Thymine base pair is held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while the Guanine - Cytosine base pair is held together by 3 hydrogen bonds.
An biological molecule known as a nucleotide has the fundamental building blocks of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate.
As polynucleotides, DNA and RNA are composed of a chain of monomers with various nitrogenous bases. The execution of metabolic and physiological processes requires nucleotides.
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, serves as the energy standard for cells. Many metabolic activities require nucleotides, which combine to generate a variety of coenzymes and cofactors such coenzyme A, NAD, NADP, and others.
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indicate whether the label identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.
The label identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense are
Specific form: B-lymphocytes, Antibodies, Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and Plasma cellsNonspecific form: Skin, Neutrophils, and MonocytesWhat is non-specific immunity?The nonspecific immunity definition is the immunity you аre born with thаt provides generаlized protection аgаinst pаthogens. This generаlized defense system works аll the time to prevent infection. This is аlso cаlled innаte immunity. It includes:
Physicаl bаrriers, like skin аnd mucous membrаnesChemicаl deterrents, like аntimicrobiаl enzymes in bodily fluids аnd stomаch аcidReflexes, like coughing аnd sneezingCells, like mаcrophаges, bаsophils, аnd nаturаl killer T-cellsWhаt is specific immunity?Specific immunity, аlso known аs аcquired immunity, is developed аfter the body is exposed to specific pаthogens аs а form of future protection. It is the body's wаy of remembering whаt dаngers exist аnd how to fight them. The following cells help develop аnd retаin specific immunity.
Cytotoxic T-Cells. These cells аre identified by their аntigens.B-cells. They аttаch to а single аntigen.Аntibodies аre Y-shаped proteins thаt constаntly scаn the body for specific invаders.Helper T-Cells. They аre only аctivаted by specific pаthogens.Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can be seen in the attachment.
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if planet y orbits the sun bur does not rotate on its axis at all how long would a daybbe on planet y
If Planet Y does not rotate on its axis at all, then one day-night cycle on the planet would take as long as one full orbit around the Sun.
This is because the definition of a day is the time it takes for one complete rotation on its axis, and if Planet Y does not rotate on its axis, it does not have a day.
Assuming that Planet Y's orbit around the Sun is circular and has a period of one Earth year (365.25 Earth days), then one day on Planet Y would also be 365.25 Earth days long. Therefore, a year on Planet Y would also be 365.25 Earth days long, and the planet would have one day and one night each year.
What is an orbit?
An orbit is the path that an object takes as it moves around another object due to the influence of gravity. In astronomy, the most common example of an orbit is the path that a planet takes as it revolves around a star. Orbits are governed by the laws of motion, particularly Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe how the gravitational force between two objects affects their motion.
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Complete question is: If Planet Y does not rotate on its axis at all, then one day-night cycle on the planet would take as long as one full orbit around the Sun.
which four of the following are characteristics of a yeast artificial chromosome? multiple select question. centromere sequence cos site for phage packaging a selectable marker bacterial origin of replication multicloning site telomere sequences at each end
The four of the following are characteristics of a yeast artificial chromosome are centromere sequence, a selectable marker, bacterial origin of replication, and telomere sequences at each end
Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a vector that is used to clone the DNA fragments of more than 200 kb size, it is commonly used for genomic studies. In YAC, DNA of interest is cloned between two telomeres in yeast cells and YACs contain four essential features which are centromere sequence, bacterial origin of replication, telomere sequences at each end, and a selectable marker. The multicloning site and cos site for phage packaging are also included in YAC. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are used to clone large DNA fragments up to 2,000 kilobases in length.
YAC vectors contain four necessary components: a bacterial origin of replication, a centromere sequence, a telomere sequence, and a selectable marker. YAC vectors must include these components for efficient propagation in bacteria and yeast: a bacterial origin of replication to allow the vector to replicate in bacteria; a selectable marker to allow identification of cells that have taken up the vector; a centromere sequence to ensure proper mitotic segregation of the YAC and to allow for replication in yeast cells; and telomere sequences to protect the ends of the linear YAC from degradation by exonucleases. The YAC vector also contains a multi-cloning site (MCS), which allows for cloning of large DNA fragments, as well as a cos site for phage packaging.
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he evolution of photosynthesizing organisms on earth resulting in an oxygen-rich atmosphere led to a rapid diversification of life. what advantage does being able to use oxygen in the process of cell respiration offer cells compared to continuing to live under anaerobic conditions
Being able to use oxygen in the process of cell respiration offers cells an advantage over continuing to live under anaerobic conditions in that it generates more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
What is cell respiration?The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP is known as cell respiration. In other words, cell respiration is the process of energy production in a cell that includes the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which are collectively referred to as aerobic respiration.
Therefore, the ability to use oxygen in the process of cell respiration provides cells with a significant advantage in terms of energy production and allows them to carry out complex biochemical processes that are essential for their survival.
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Which feature is created by wave erosion?O loessO deltaO rillO stack
Wave erosion is a geological process that occurs along the coastlines of oceans, seas, and other bodies of water. It is caused by the impact of waves against the shoreline, which can create a variety of landforms.
One of the features created by wave erosion is a stack. A stack is a tall, vertical column of rock that is isolated from the mainland and surrounded by water. It is formed by the gradual erosion and collapse of a headland, which is a rocky promontory that juts out into the sea. Over time, the constant pounding of waves against the headland can wear away the softer rock layers, leaving behind a tall stack of harder, more resistant rock. Stacks can be found in many coastal regions around the world, and they are often popular tourist attractions due to their dramatic appearance and the unique ecosystems that they support.
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The functions of fat include all of the following except?a. energy materialb. store the most energy in the bodyc. building and repairing networks
The functions of fat include all of the following except building and repairing networks.
Fats are one of the three macronutrients (along with proteins and carbohydrates) that are required in large amounts for energy, growth, and development in the human body. Fat serves several important functions in the body, including:
Energy storage: Fat is the most efficient form of energy storage in the body and can be used as a source of fuel when glucose is not available.Insulation: Fat helps to insulate the body, which helps to regulate body temperature.Protection: Fat serves as a protective cushion around vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, and liver.Hormone production: Fat cells produce hormones that regulate appetite, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity.Learn more about fats: https://brainly.com/question/24186437
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the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called . a) diapedesis b) chemotaxis c) margination
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called chemotaxis. The correct answer is option b.
What is chemotaxis?Chemotaxis is a directional movement of cells in response to a chemical gradient. Cells are drawn to higher concentrations of signaling molecules or other chemicals released by a target or source, resulting in migration in the direction of the chemical concentration gradient.
This system is common among prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, as well as some animal cells, such as leukocytes (white blood cells).Chemotaxis is the process of attracting neutrophils and other white blood cells to an inflammatory site.
This process is an essential aspect of host defense against invading pathogens, as well as the regulation of immune responses, the promotion of tissue regeneration and repair, and the development and maintenance of numerous biological processes, including neuronal growth, chemorepulsion, and cellular migration.
Thus, the correct answer is option b.
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During electron transport, which serves as a ready source for protons that can be pumped across the membrane? A. O2B. H2O C. ATP D. NADH E. glucose
During electron transport, NADH serves as a ready source for protons that can be pumped across the membrane. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the primary function of the final step of cellular respiration that leads to the creation of ATP molecules in oxidative phosphorylation.
The NADH and FADH2 molecules that are produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are oxidized, releasing high-energy electrons and H+ ions that are then passed to the electron transport chain. The ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. During electron transport, high-energy electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers that are embedded in the membrane.
As the electrons move through the chain, they lose energy, which is used to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space. This establishes an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, with a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. The protons then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, which uses the energy from their movement to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The NADH and FADH2 molecules that enter the electron transport chain are ultimately oxidized by molecular oxygen (O2), which is the final electron acceptor in the chain. As O2 is reduced to form water (H2O), it also accepts protons that have been pumped across the membrane, allowing the electron transport chain to continue to pump protons and produce ATP.
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Crystal made the following table to compare the different types of faults. What needs to be corrected?
Normal Faults Reverse Faults Strike-slip Faults
Involve dip movements Involve dip movements Invovle horizontal movement
Occur at convergent boundaries Occur at divergent boundaries Occure at transform boundaries
Dip-slip Dip-slip Strike-slip
Reverse faults involve horizontal movement and are strike-slip faults.
Normal faults involve horizontal movement and are strike-slip faults.
Reverse faults occur at transform boundaries and Strike-slip faults occur at divergent boundaries.
Normal faults occur at divergent boundaries and reverse faults occur at convergent boundaries.
Reverse faults occur at transform boundaries and Strike-slip faults occur at divergent boundaries.
Sudden movement along Earth's fault lines causes earthquakes. The motion releases "elastic strain" energy that has been accumulated inside the form of seismic waves, that travel through the Earth & cause the earth to tremble. A mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain system created by plate tectonics, is what is referred to as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The "elastic rebound theory" for earthquakes refers to this steady buildup & release of stress and strain. Reverse faults happen at convergent borders whereas normal faults happen at divergent boundaries.The abrupt elastic rebounding of previously energy stored is what causes most earthquakes. Tectonic plates, which are huge chunks of the lithosphere of the Earth, split away from one another during the geologic process of seafloor spreading.
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Inside eukaryotic cells, several organelles have sections of membranes that have folds or protrusions. Examples include the inner membrane of the mitochondria, the thylakoids in the chloroplast, and the endoplasmic reticulums. What benefit do these organelles gain by having these structures?
The main benefit that these organelles gain by having folded or protruding membrane structures is an increased surface area. This increased surface area allows for more efficient functioning of the organelle by providing more space for important cellular processes to occur.
For example:
1. In the mitochondria, the inner membrane has folds called cristae, which increase the surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP production to take place more efficiently.
2. In chloroplasts, the thylakoid membranes contain the photosynthetic pigments and electron transport chain components necessary for photosynthesis. The increased surface area provided by the thylakoids allows for more efficient light absorption and energy conversion.
3. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a network of membrane folds that provide more surface area for protein synthesis (in the rough ER) and lipid synthesis (in the smooth ER).
In summary, the folded or protruding structures in these organelles allow for increased surface area, which in turn enables more efficient cellular processes and better overall functioning of the organelle.
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Why are the questions of philosophy, such as 'who are we?' and 'why are we here?', not considered scientific?
Philosophical questions like 'who are we?' and 'why are we here?' are not deemed scientific because they can't be empirically tested or quantified. Such questions deal with abstract, subjective concepts as opposed to scientific study which seeks measurable and provable results.
Explanation:The reason why philosophical questions such as 'who are we?' and 'why are we here?' are not considered scientific is because these questions cannot be empirically tested or measured. Science is concerned with examining the natural world through a structured method of observation and experimentation. It seeks answers that can be quantitatively measured and proven.
Philosophical questions, on the other hand, deal with abstract concepts and ideas that could be subjective and differs from person to person. We often use philosophy to dig into these complex questions, pondering the nature of existence, purpose, morality, consciousness, and more. While these questions indeed form a crucial part of human curiosity, they fall outside the scope of the scientific method due to their inherently subjective and unquantifiable nature.
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what is d shape tentacles present contractile vacuoles present trichocysts defence cilia helps movement transverse division
The description provided seems to be related to the characteristics of a group of organisms known as ciliates.
Ciliates are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are used for movement and feeding. They also have contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation, trichocysts for defense against predators, and transverse division for reproduction.
Additionally, some ciliates have tentacles that can aid in capturing food. The presence of these characteristics distinguishes ciliates from other unicellular organisms such as bacteria and archaea.
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What effect would el niño most likely have on organisms? a. el niño would cause the extinction of an entire species. b. el niño would cause changes in the genetic makeup of organisms. c. el niño would cause continents to move to different parts of the planet. d. el niño would cause organisms to move in search of food and better conditions.
The most likely effect of El Niño on organisms is: El Niño would cause organisms to move in search of food and better conditions. Therefore the correct option is option D.
Changes in sea surface temperatures and precipitation patterns brought on by El Nio may have an impact on the quantity and spread of marine organisms like plankton, fish, and marine mammals.
Terrestrial ecosystems, such as grasslands and rainforests, can be impacted by changes in temperature and precipitation, which can have an effect on the distribution and behaviour of land creatures.
In reaction to these changes, organisms may move in search of a suitable environment and food sources. It is crucial to remember that based on the particular ecosystem and the intensity of the El Nio event, the effects of El Nio on organisms can change.
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Can someone please help me
Answer:
I THINK that the answer is c, but dont hold me to that, let me double check
Explanation:
What happens to water after it falls as precipitation?
Answer: It becomes runoff.
Explanation: What is precipitation?
Precipitation is the step in the water cycle where water falls in a variety of forms such as rain, sleet, hail, and snow.
What is runoff?
Runoff is when the water that came down slides off of rocks, mountains, hills, etc.
After runoff occurs, the water either collects in a puddle or returns to a body of water.
the loss of the lumbricids' trochophore larval stage is an obvious adaptation to a more terrestrial environment group of answer choices true false
The loss of the lumbricids' trochophore larval stage is a true adaptation to a more terrestrial environment because the larvae require a marine environment to survive. The absence of a trochophore stage means that the lumbricid is better adapted to the terrestrial environment and can reproduce more easily in it.
Lumbricids are earthworms that belong to the phylum Annelida. They are generally found in soils in a variety of habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and agricultural land. Lumbricids have a segmented body that is long and narrow, with a reddish-brown color. They have no legs, and instead, they move by contracting and relaxing their muscles to push themselves through the soil.The trochophore larval stage is an early stage in the development of many invertebrate animals. It is characterized by a ciliated band that encircles the animal's body, allowing it to swim freely in the water. The trochophore larval stage is seen in many marine invertebrates, such as molluscs and annelids. It is also found in some freshwater invertebrates, such as certain species of snails and clams.The loss of the lumbricids' trochophore larval stage is an adaptation to a more terrestrial environment. This adaptation enables the lumbricids to live in soils instead of water. Since the trochophore larval stage is adapted to a free-swimming lifestyle in water, it is no longer necessary for lumbricids living on land. Instead, lumbricids have evolved a direct mode of development, in which they hatch from eggs and develop directly into miniature versions of adults.Learn more about trochophore larval stage: https://brainly.com/question/26971426
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what is the correct order of stages of the cell cycle, ordered longest to shortest, in mammalian cells in culture ?Cytokinesis, Mitosis, Interphase.Cytokinesis, Interphase, MitosisMitosis, Cytokinesis, InterphaseInterphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
The correct order of stages of the cell cycle, ordered longest to shortest, in mammalian cells in culture is Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis. Interphase, which is the longest stage, is further divided into three phases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2).
During G1, the cell grows and carries out its normal metabolic processes; during S, the DNA replicates; and during G2, the cell grows and prepares for mitosis. Mitosis is the stage in which the cell's nucleus divides into two identical nuclei, and it is followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
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in which organism would you expect to find hemolymph? group of answer choices toxoplasma (protist) vampire bat (mammal) meganeura (dragonfly) wood frog (amphibian) schistosoma (flatworm)
In Meganeura (dragonfly) we could expect to find hemolymph.
Hemolymph is primarily present in invertebrates and not in vertebrates such as mammals, reptiles, or birds.
What is hemolymph?Hemolymph is a term used to describe the fluid found in the open circulatory system of several invertebrates. Hemolymph, which is a combination of blood and interstitial fluid, has various functions in the body of the invertebrates. This fluid is responsible for transporting nutrients, waste products, and hormones in the body of invertebrates.
Hemolymph also provides support for the invertebrates' internal structures and serves as a cushion against shocks and sudden movements. Hemolymph, unlike blood in mammals, does not transport oxygen. Instead, invertebrates depend on a network of tubes to supply oxygen throughout their bodies.
The circulation of hemolymph through the vessels is influenced by various factors such as contraction of the invertebrate's body muscles and movement of other organs, particularly those that squeeze and stretch the hemolymph vessels.
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What do we call objects that do not easily allow heat to travel through them?
A; Insulators
B; Idolaters
C; Protectors
D; Transfers
Answer:
Insulators do not allow heat to pass through them.
targeted therapies are used in patients with a set gene expression pattern. a targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogren receptor in breast cancer would be beneficiail to which type of patient
Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer could be beneficial to patients with ER-positive breast cancer.
ER-positive breast cancer is caused by cells that have too many estrogen receptors, which can cause them to grow uncontrollably. The targeted therapy would prevent the estrogen receptor from being activated, thus preventing cell growth. This type of therapy could potentially be used as an alternative to chemotherapy, which can have negative side effects. Additionally, it could be used in combination with other treatments, such as radiation therapy, in order to maximize the efficacy of the treatment. Targeted therapies are an important part of the fight against breast cancer, and the prevention of the activation of the estrogen receptor could be beneficial to many patients.
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