During DNA duplication, the enzyme known as DNA polymerase joins nucleotides to create a new complementary strand of DNA.
This procedure is necessary for maintaining the genetic code in living things and for the correct transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that connects nucleotides to create a new complementary helix of DNA. A crucial enzyme in DNA replication, which is how cells create copies of their DNA, is DNA polymerase.
During DNA replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides one by one in a specific sequence in accordance with the base-pairing rules to create a new complementary strand of DNA using one strand of DNA as a template. (A with T, and C with G).
Additionally, DNA polymerase checks for and fixes any mistakes that might emerge during DNA replication to make sure the new DNA strands are exact and faithful duplicates of the original DNA.
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Infectious agents can be
transferred from one biological source to another through vertical or horizontal transfer. Using specific examples, discuss the various methods and their effectiveness in infection transmission (7 marks). 2.
Classify the following diseases according to their various water-related classes and give specific preventive measures as per their classification (8 marks). a.
Caliciviruses b.
Giardiasis c. Hepatitis
d. Japanese encephalitis e. Lymphatic filariasis f.
Pseudomonas Dermatitis g.
Trachoma h. Typhoid
fever
Vertical and horizontal transfer of infectious agents:
Infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, can be transferred from one biological source to another through vertical or horizontal transfer.
What is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by a variety of factors including viral infections, alcohol abuse, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. There are several different types of viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E.
Direct contact: Infectious agents can be transferred through direct contact with an infected person or animal. Examples include sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and bacterial infections like tuberculosis.
Indirect contact: Infectious agents can be transferred through indirect contact with contaminated objects, surfaces, or vectors. Examples include foodborne illnesses like Salmonella, vector-borne diseases like malaria, and airborne diseases like influenza.
Droplet transmission: Infectious agents can be transmitted through respiratory droplets produced by an infected person during coughing, sneezing, or talking. Examples include COVID-19 and influenza.
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Which of the following is not a reason that nonnative species are reared outside their native ecosystems?
a.
They are commercially important.
b.
They are used to replace native species.
c.
They are used for restocking programs.
d.
None of the above
carbon cycle bio edge 2023
16 years old female experiencing shin pain after getting kicked directly in the shin during soccer practice. what type of fracture.
What ratio of guinea pigs in the offspring would you predict from a Ss x ss cross?
All the offspring will have a recessive allele, but only half of them will have a dominant allele. Therefore, the predicted ratio of genotypes in the offspring is 1:1 for Ss:ss or 50%:50%.
What is Offspring?
Offspring refers to the biological or genetic descendants of an organism, usually produced through sexual or asexual reproduction. In the context of sexual reproduction, offspring are the result of the fusion of genetic material from two parents, each contributing half of the offspring's genetic makeup. The offspring inherit a unique combination of genetic traits from their parents, which determine their physical and behavioral characteristics.
Assuming "S" is dominant and "s" is recessive, the genotype of the parent Ss can produce two types of gametes, S or s. On the other hand, the genotype of the parent ss can only produce one type of gamete, s. Therefore, the possible genotypes of the offspring from this cross are:
Ss (offspring with one dominant and one recessive allele)
ss (offspring with two recessive alleles)
To determine the ratio of genotypes in the offspring, we can use a Punnett square:
| S | s
--|---|--
s | Ss| ss
s | Ss| ss
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The cumulonimbus cloud is associated with __________ to very severe weather with thunder and lightning.
Two reasons why the doctor wants to collect eggs just before they are released naturally
Answer:
The doctor may want to collect eggs just before they are released naturally for the following reasons:
Timing: Collecting eggs just before they are released naturally allows the doctor to have better control over the timing of the egg retrieval process. This is important because the timing of the egg retrieval is critical to the success of the procedure. By collecting eggs just before they are released naturally, the doctor can ensure that the eggs are retrieved at the optimal time for fertilization.
Quantity: Collecting eggs just before they are released naturally allows the doctor to collect a larger number of eggs than would be possible with natural ovulation. This is because the doctor can stimulate the ovaries with medications to produce multiple eggs, which can then be collected during the egg retrieval process. By collecting a larger number of eggs, the chances of a successful fertilization and pregnancy are increased.
The body uses the cell-mediated immune response primarily against ?
- extracellular pathogens
- intracellular pathogens.
-parasitic worms
- allergens
The immune response mediated by cells is mostly used by the body against intracellular pathogens.
What defenses does the body have against extracellular pathogens?Infection is prevented or delayed by innate immunity, which is mediated by neutrophils, NK cells, NKT cells, T cells, complement, and microbicidal chemicals, until adaptive immunity may also react to the pathogen. Antibody-coated extracellular substances are eliminated by complement- and antibody-mediated processes.
Is intracellular pathogen immunity possible with cells?According to the accepted wisdom in the area, humoral immunity is crucial for defense against extracellular infections whereas cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is more significant for defense against intracellular pathogens.
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Cell Division Virtual Lab Activity
Instructions: The Virtual Cell Division Lab is on the lesson assessment page. On the image, it says “Click Anywhere to Start.” Follow the instructions as you move through the lab. The lab activity will keep count of your data on the right, and you can record this into the data table.
Title:
Objective(s):
Hypothesis:
Variables:
Data:
Record the number of cells you observed in the lab activity.
Stages Number of Cells
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Observations:
Record any observations about the cells you observed. What does the cell look like for each stage? What is a distinguishing visible feature of each stage of the cell cycle?
Stages Description of Cell
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Data Analysis:
Part 1: Calculate the percentage of the cell cycle spent in each stage. Number of cells in given stage ÷ total number of cells counted × 100 = % of the cell cycle spent in this stage
Part 2: Using your percentages in part 1, create a graph that represents the time spent in each stage of the cell cycle.
Insert chart [Hint: Don’t forget to consider the relationship between your data and the type of chart to best represent your data.]
Conclusion:
Include the following as a summary paragraph in the conclusion of your lab report:
Analysis of the results of the experiment
Based on your data, what can you infer about the length of time spent in each stage of the cell cycle?
What stages were the longest and shortest? Give a brief explanation of why these stages may have that time period.
Rationale for the support or rejection of the hypothesis
Questions:
Using what you have learned in the lesson and the virtual lab activity, answer the following questions in complete sentences.
What differences can you see when you compare the nucleus of a dividing cell with that of a non-dividing cell?
If your observation had not been restricted to the tip of the onion root, how would the results be different?
During interphase, the cell is in a period of growth and DNA replication. The cell appears round and the nucleus is visible.
What is Cell Division?
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, allowing living organisms to grow, develop, and repair tissues. Cell division is also necessary for the replication of genetic material and the transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells to the next.
During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves. The spindle fibers begin to form.
During metaphase, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate, and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores on each chromosome.
During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers.
During telophase, the nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromosomes, which begin to decondense. The spindle fibers break down.
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells.
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Milk of magnesia is a slippery, bitter-tasting white substance that is commonly used as a laxative. If the pH of milk of magnesia is between 10 and 11, it can best be described as a
A.
moderate base.
B.
strong acid.
C.
moderate acid.
D.
neutral compound.
A. Moderate base.
A basic material is magnesium hydroxide, also referred to as milk of magnesia or Mg(OH)2. The pH range of Milk of Magnesia is between 10 and 11, making it a fairly basic compound. If a material has a pH value greater than 7, it is classified as basic; the stronger the base, the higher the pH value. Due to its pH being just slightly above 7, Milk of Magnesia is classified as a weak base.
A weak base known as milk of magnesia is a basic material with a pH between 10 and 11. A substance is referred to as a base if its pH value is greater than 7; the stronger the base, the higher the pH value. Due to its pH being just slightly above 7, Milk of Magnesia is classified as a weak base. The ability of milk of magnesia to counteract gastric acid and aid in the relief of constipation makes it an efficient laxative.
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How many technologies are available today capable of solving 1/7 of the problem?
Answer:
A lot, but let's take some of them it is recycling of waste, plastic, water purification.
State any two Precautions you need to take while using the Microscope
Avoid using your fingers to contact the glass portion of the Microscope. To clean the glasses, only use specialised lens paper. When not in use, always keep your lens covered.
Can you not use the lens while doing this?Never use your fingertips to touch the lenses. The grease your body makes smears the glass. If this oil is kept on for too long, it may even etch the glass. You should only clean the window with LENS PAPER.
What dangers come with using a microscope?When using a microscope that is not at the proper height and angle, the user must hunch over and apply pressure to their forearms with the work area. As a consequence, prolonged microscope use frequently results in strains in the neck, forearms, and eyes.
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Which statement about radiation is FALSE? The polar regions do not receive as much solar radiation as the equator. Radiation can travel through the vacuum of space. Some radiation from the sun reflects off the clouds and back into space. All parts of earth's surface receive the same amount of radiation from the sun.
what are two disadvantages of selective breeding
Answer:
a decrease in the genetic variety and discomfort for animals with very pronounced traits.
Give one specific example of a currently recognized problem with forensic science. In your answer, name a currently used technique and explain the reason why the scientific validity of that technique has been questioned. Lastly, explain what is being done to improve the technique, or forensic science, in general.
Answer:
One specific example of a currently recognized problem with forensic science is the use of bite mark analysis as a technique for identifying suspects in criminal cases. Bite mark analysis is a forensic technique that involves comparing the bite marks found on a victim's body or other surfaces with the dental impressions of a suspect in order to identify the perpetrator.
The scientific validity of bite mark analysis has been questioned in recent years due to several factors. One of the main criticisms of bite mark analysis is that it is subjective and lacks a scientific basis. There is no established protocol for analyzing bite marks, and the interpretation of the marks is often based on the subjective opinions of the analyst. This subjectivity can lead to unreliable results and wrongful convictions.
Additionally, recent studies have shown that bite mark analysis is not as reliable as previously thought. In one study, experts were asked to analyze bite mark evidence from a real criminal case. The results showed that the experts could not agree on whether the bite marks were consistent with the suspect's dental records, highlighting the unreliability of the technique.
To improve the scientific validity of bite mark analysis, efforts are being made to develop more objective and standardized methods for analyzing bite marks. Some researchers are exploring the use of digital imaging and computer analysis to improve the accuracy and reliability of bite mark analysis. Additionally, some forensic organizations have called for a reevaluation of the use of bite mark analysis in criminal cases and have recommended that the technique be used only in conjunction with other types of evidence. Overall, these efforts are aimed at improving the reliability and accuracy of forensic science techniques, and ensuring that they are based on scientific principles.
Amoeba are freshwater protists. What would happen to the amoeba if it was removed from the freshwater and placed into a saltwater pool? EXPLAIN. (Hint: think about osmosis)
Answer:
Amoeba are single-celled organisms that live in freshwater environments. To regulate osmotic pressure, most freshwater amoebae have a contractile vacuole (CV) that expels excess water from the cell. Water is transferred across the amoeba’s cell membrane by osmosis. Without a CV, the cell would fill with excess water and eventually burst.
If an amoeba was removed from freshwater and placed into salt water, it would be exposed to a hypertonic environment. This means there would be a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside. In this case, water would move out of the cell by osmosis to try to balance out the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.
Explanation:
When an amoeba is placed into a hypertonic environment, such as salt water, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside. This causes water to move out of the cell through the process of osmosis, which leads to the cell shrinking and becoming dehydrated. Without a contractile vacuole to expel excess water, the amoeba would eventually die due to dehydration.
Is it the paternal or maternal gamete that determines sex? Explain
Answer:
Sex of the baby is determined by the paternal gamete
Explanation:
Sex of the baby is determined at the time of fertilization as during this time the sperm from the male and the ovum from the female fuse with each other.
Women are homogametic and produce one type of ovum (maternal gamete) (22+X).
However the male companion is heterogametic and produces two types of sperm (paternal gamete) i.e. one 22+X and the other 22+Y in identical amounts.
Therefore the zygote would be off (44+XX or 44+XY) chromosomes depending on which kind of sperm fertilizes the ovum.
The zygote carrying 44+XX chromosomes would be a male baby whereas the other carrying 44+XY would be a female baby.
Therefore the sex of the baby is determined by the paternal gamete and not by the maternal gamete at the time of fertilization.
The mother gives an X chromosome to the child. The father may contribute an X or a Y. The chromosome from the father determines if the baby is born as male or female.
Which of the following is not a reason that nonnative species are reared outside their native ecosystems?
Nonnative species are often reared outside their native ecosystems for various reasons, including economic, scientific, or cultural purposes.
What is Species?
In biology, a species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring. This means that members of the same species can mate and produce offspring that can also mate and produce offspring themselves, ensuring the continuation of the species.
The concept of a species can be used to classify and organize the vast diversity of life on Earth. However, the definition of a species is not always clear-cut, and there is ongoing debate among biologists about what exactly constitutes a species. Some alternative definitions of a species include ecological, morphological, or genetic criteria, but these definitions are not always mutually exclusive.
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Which of the following is not a reason that nonnative species are reared outside their native ecosystems?
a.
They are commercially important.
b.
They are used to replace native species.
c.
They are used for restocking programs.
d.
None of the above
Briefly describe the 5 factors that influence recall.*
Answer:
1. Encoding: The way information is initially processed and stored in memory can affect recall. Information that is encoded deeply, such as through elaboration or association with existing knowledge, is more likely to be remembered than information that is encoded superficially.
2. Retrieval cues: The presence of cues or prompts that are associated with the information being recalled can facilitate retrieval. These cues may be external (such as environmental context) or internal (such as emotional state).
3. Interference: Other information that is similar to or competes with the target information can interfere with recall. This may occur due to proactive interference (when previously learned information interferes with new learning) or retroactive interference (when new learning interferes with previously learned information).
4. Time: The amount of time between encoding and retrieval can affect recall. Memory tends to decay over time, but this decay can be slowed by rehearsal or consolidation processes.
5. Individual differences: Factors such as age, intelligence, and personality can influence recall ability. For example, older adults may have more difficulty recalling specific details due to age-related changes in memory processes.
In a eukaryotic cell, the instructions for making proteins are physically located in the:
DNA molecules
nucleus
cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell, and it's considered the cell's control center. It contains most of the cell's DNA (which makes up chromosomes), and it is encoded with the genetic instructions for making proteins .
With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke and began the scientific study of cells. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. The cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839.
The three tenets to the cell theory are:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Which TWO of these contributed to formation of the cell theory?
Responses
A Theodor Schwann stated that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.Theodor Schwann stated that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.
B Matthias Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells.Matthias Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells.
C Spontaneous generation was a widely held belief that stated that some vital force contained in or given to organic matter can create living organisms from inanimate objects.Spontaneous generation was a widely held belief that stated that some vital force contained in or given to organic matter can create living organisms from inanimate objects.
D Robert Hooke observed cork cells under the microscope coining the term "cell."Robert Hooke observed cork cells under the microscope coining the term "cell."
E Leeuwenhoek observed motile organisms which included protozoans and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria, calling them "animalcules," .
B Matthias Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells.Matthias Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells.
The idea that almost all living entities are made up of one or even more cells is a part of the cell hypothesis. The basic unit for life is the cell, according to the cell hypothesis. Three conclusions reached by Schwann were crucial to the development of a cell theory.According to Matthias Schleiden, cells or cell products make up every structural component of a plant. According to Matthias Schleiden, cells or cell products make up every structural component of a plant. Initially, Schwann came to the conclusion that cells made up both plants and animals. Second, each of these cells has an own life. Third, the existence of the organism is susceptible to these autonomous lives.
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In your own words, explain how science effects human lives
Answer: Science plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It is the reason why new technologies are being produced to provide us with our basic needs such as food, water, and other basic activities. Without science, there's no human growth. This is why it is thought in schools so the next generation can provide us with even more advanced technology.
Explanation:
We can look at _____________ that existed at any point in Earth’s history which gives us detailed information about the history of life. We divide Earth’s history into different Eons.
We can look at geology that existed at any point in Earth’s history which gives us detailed information about the history of life. We divide Earth’s history into different Eons.
What is the name of Earth's past?Earth's geologic past, including the development of the continents, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere. The Earth's surface layers of rock retain evidence of the evolutionary processes that these elements of the terrestrial environment underwent during the times at which each layer was formed.The geologic time scale divides the earth's history into periods based on the types of life that have existed there since the planet's formation. Geochronologic units are what these divisions are known as (geo: rock, chronology: time).A geologist is a scientist who focuses on the processes that shape terrestrial planets and the solid, liquid, and gaseous stuff that makes up the Earth.For more information on geology kindly visit to
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How do solvent, solute, and solution relate to each other
Explain what will happen if the liver tissue was placed in pure water
What advantage did the rabbits with floppy ears have over the rabbits with striaght ears?
The advantage that rabbits with floppy ears have over rabbits with straight ears is not entirely clear, and there are different hypotheses that attempt to explain this trait.
What is Floppy Ears?
Floppy ears refer to ears that hang down rather than standing upright. This trait is commonly observed in some dog breeds, such as Basset Hounds, and in rabbits, such as the lop-eared breed.
In rabbits, the floppy ear trait is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development of cartilage in the ear. Normally, the ear cartilage is strong enough to support the weight of the ear and keep it standing upright. However, in rabbits with the mutation, the cartilage is weaker and less able to support the weight of the ear, causing it to flop down.
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Four students created an experiment to determine the most efficient type of wheel and axle combination to use on a model racing car. The cars raced down a smooth, wooden incline track. Based on their results, what would be the best NEW combination Paulo should try on his next car if he wanted it to be more efficient?
The ideal new combination Paulo should attempt on his next car cannot be determined without understanding the precise outcomes of the experiment.
Depending on the particular parameters tested, the students' experiment may have examined different combinations of tire and axle sizes, materials, or shapes, and the results may have suggested varying levels of efficiency.
Paulo must therefore examine the experiment's findings and data before deciding which combo or combinations delivered the best results. Before choosing a new combination to try on his next vehicle, he should think about elements like cost, the accessibility of materials, and ease of assembly.
Paulo should examine the outcomes of the experiment carried out by the four students before deciding on the best new combination for his racing vehicle.
This would enable him to determine which wheel and axle combination(s) performed best in the situation. Paulo can select a different combination to test out on his next racing vehicle based on the outcomes. When choosing a novel combination, costs, material accessibility, and ease of assembly should all be taken into consideration.
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6. Detail: If resources need to make a product are very
generally
generally
then the supply is
likely to be more plentiful and easily accessible, which can result in a decrease in the product's price.
This is due to the fact that it is simpler for producers to access the materials they need to manufacture the product due to the widespread availability of resources, and price reductions due to competition among suppliers.
However, additional elements like demand, the state of the market, and governmental laws will also have an impact on the actual supply and price of a product.
A product's supply is often poor if the raw materials required to create it are extremely limited or uncommon. When resources are few, there is a low supply since production capacity is constrained.
Due to the product's scarcity, this frequently results in an increase in price, which can present problems for both producers and customers.
On the other side, if resources are plentiful, there may be a huge supply of the product, which could lead to reduced pricing because it is easier to produce. In the end, the supply of a product on the market can be significantly impacted by the cost and availability of resources.
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48. Which of the following is not true about the following figure?
1
23
12
4
6
11
10-
9
5
8
7-
Select one:
a. Number 2 produces blood cells
b. Numbers 4-9 are part of the diaphysis
Oc. Number 5 is mostly adipose tissue
Od. This is a child's bone
Oe. Number 3 used to be cartilage but has ossified in this individual
The statement that is not true about the given figure is option d, "This is a child's bone."
Which is not true about the following figure?The given figure represents a long bone in an adult human. The long bone has several identifiable parts, including the epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity, as well as features such as the periosteum, articular cartilage, and nutrient foramina.
Option a, "Number 2 produces blood cells," is true as the bone marrow inside the epiphysis produces red and white blood cells.
Option b, "Numbers 4-9 are part of the diaphysis," is true as the diaphysis is the long, tubular part of the bone that lies between the epiphyses.
Option c, "Number 5 is mostly adipose tissue," is true as the yellow bone marrow, which is mainly adipose tissue, fills the medullary cavity of the diaphysis.
Option e, "Number 3 used to be cartilage but has ossified in this individual," is true as the epiphyseal plate, also known as the growth plate, is made of hyaline cartilage during the bone's growth and development, but eventually ossifies as the bone matures.
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Question 5 of 10
Approximately how long does it take for coal to form?
OA. 1000 years
OB. 100 million years
C. 10 years
O D. 1 year
Answer: I’m not sure the exact answer, but the only reasonable answer there is 100 million years, so I’m sure it might be C.
Explanation:
100 million years is the most accurate option for the approximate duration of coal formation. Therefore option A is correct.
Coal is formed from the remains of plant material that accumulated in ancient swamps and marshes.
Over time, as these organic materials were buried by sediment, heat, and pressure gradually transformed them into coal. The process of coalification involves the gradual breakdown of complex organic compounds into carbon-rich coal.
The various stages of coal formation, from peat to lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite, occur over millions of years.
This slow geological process highlights the long-term nature of coal formation and its dependence on specific geological conditions and timescales.
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Hello I have a question about fish. How many scales a normal betta fish has?
Without the involvement of wounds or infections, natural factors can also result in scale loss in Betta fish.
General infections: what are they?We've all suffered from an illness at some point, whether it be a sinus infection, a urethral infection, or the typical cold. The organisms that cause infectious diseases include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. They can be transmitted through direct contact from one individual to another or through a bite from an animal or insect.
Why do infections occur?An infection happens when bacteria enter the body, multiply, and trigger a response in the body. An infection requires the occurrence of three factors: Source: Environments with active infectious agents Susceptible Individual having a point of entry for germs.
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